scholarly journals Geoffrey Knight and his contribution to psychosurgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1278-1284
Author(s):  
Francesco Marchi ◽  
Francesco Vergani ◽  
Iacopo Chiavacci ◽  
Richard Gullan ◽  
Keyoumars Ashkan
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Stereotactic Operation ◽  
Stereotactic Device ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Frontal Lobotomy ◽  
Deep Brain

This paper retraces the fundamental achievements of Geoffrey Knight (1906–1994), a British neurosurgeon and a pioneer in the field of psychosurgery. His career developed in the 1950s and 1960s, when—following the unregulated practice of frontal lobotomies—strong criticism arose in the medical community and in the general public against psychosurgery. Geoffrey Knight's clinical research focused on identifying new, selective targets to limit the side effects of psychosurgery while improving the outcome of patients affected by mental disorders. Following the example of William Beecher Scoville, he initially developed restricted orbital undercutting as a less invasive alternative to standard frontal lobotomy. He then developed stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, with the use of an original stereotactic device. Knight stressed the importance of the anatomy and neurophysiology of the structures targeted in subcaudate tractotomy, with particular regard to the fibers connecting the anterior cingulate region, the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the hypothalamus. Of interest, the role of these white matter connections has been recently recognized in deep brain stimulation for major depression and anorexia nervosa. This is perhaps the most enduring legacy of Knight to the field of psychosurgery. He refined frontal leucotomies by selecting a restricted target at the center of a network that plays a crucial role in controlling mood disorders. He then developed a safe, minimally invasive stereotactic operation to reach this target. His work, well ahead of his time, still represents a valid reference on which to build future clinical experience in the modern era of neuromodulation for psychiatric diseases.

scholarly journals Role of the Perigenual Anterior Cingulate and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Contingency Learning in the Marmoset

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 3273-3284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey A. W. Jackson ◽  
Nicole K. Horst ◽  
Andrew Pears ◽  
Trevor W. Robbins ◽  
Angela C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Contingency Learning

scholarly journals An Overview of Robotics in Functional Neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 006-010
Author(s):  
Vikas Vazhayil ◽  
Madhav Rao ◽  
Manish Beniwal ◽  
Nishanth Sadashiva ◽  
Narasinga Lakshmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Stereotactic Techniques ◽  
Natural Progression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stereotactic Device ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractStereotactic techniques are used in a wide range of neurosurgical procedures. The procedures demand a high degree of spatial accuracy and minimal error. There are diverse functional surgeries that require stereotactic procedures, including deep brain stimulation, brain biopsies, and epilepsy procedures. Though the disease processes are diverse, all these procedures require accurate targeting of deep structures without visual guidance. The use of robots for stereotactic procedures is a natural progression in the surgeon's quest for higher accuracy and lower complications. This paper reviews the role of robots in stereotactic procedures and outlines current status of robots in stereotactic procedures. The shortcomings of current systems and an outline of an ideal stereotactic device are presented.

scholarly journals Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Folloni ◽  
Lennart Verhagen ◽  
Rogier B. Mars ◽  
Elsa Fouragnan ◽  
Charlotte Constans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Ultrasound Stimulation ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Deep Brain

SummaryThe causal role of an area within a neural network can be determined by interfering with its activity and measuring the impact. Many current reversible manipulation techniques have limitations preventing their focal application particularly in deep areas of the primate brain. Here we demonstrate a transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (TUS) protocol that manipulates activity even in deep brain areas: a subcortical brain structure, the amygdala (experiment 1), and a deep cortical region, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, experiment 2), in macaques. TUS neuromodulatory effects were measured by examining relationships between activity in each area and the rest of the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In control conditions without sonication, activity in a given area is related to activity in interconnected regions but such relationships are reduced after sonication. Dissociable and focal effects on neural activity could not be explained by auditory artefacts.

scholarly journals Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction

Neuroscience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.Z. Goldstein ◽  
D. Tomasi ◽  
S. Rajaram ◽  
L.A. Cottone ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Cocaine Addiction ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Drug Cues

Pondok Pesantren Sebagai Lembaga Pendidikan Alternatif

KUTTAB ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Salman Zahidi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Exploratory Approach ◽  
The Times ◽  
Modern Era

Ali Bin Abi Talib once said that children should be educated in accordance with the  development of the times. The Ali bin Abi Talib’s statement could be considered as his attention more to the development of human civilization. For that reason, there should be studies focused on the role of educational institutions in facing the challenges of the times. On this stand, the writer raises the existence of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) for being considered to have been able to survive amid the onslaught of civilization increasingly obscuring cultural identity. In addition, this study also aims to identify and discuss the role of pesantren in the modern era. This is a literature study using a descriptive and exploratory approach. It can be concluded that pesantren are non-formal Islamic educational institutions. Pesantren have permanent and distictive methods and learning models. The purpose of pesantren education is the same as Islamic education in general, instilling a sense of virtue, familiarizing themselves with courtesy, preparing for a holy, sincere and honest life entirely. Pesantren could be seen from three aspects: (a) pesantren that are seen from facilities and infrastructures, (b) pesantren that are seen from disciplines taught, and (c) pesantren that are seen from the fields of knowledge.

A scientific research study on the management of Manyasthamba (Cervical Spondylosis) with Nasya and Nasapana

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Unnikrishnan V S ◽  
Prashanth A S ◽  
Madhusudan Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Treatment Aspect

The science of life Ayurveda, not only deals with the prevention of diseases by maintaining health but also with the alleviation of diseases. In this ultra modern era due to change in lifestyles, sedentary works and food habits, people are unable to follow the Dinacharya and Ritucharya as explained in the classics, which may lead to different diseases. Due to improper postural habits, weight bearing and other unwholesome diets and habits there are higher the chances of discomfort and disease pertaining to spinal cord. Manyasthambha is one such condition that disturbs a big population due to today’s alterations in lifestyle. Here an effort is made to study and understand the role of Nasya Karma, Nasaapana and Shamanaushadhi like Vyoshadi Guggulu in the treatment aspect of this disease. Nasya Karma and Nasaapana provided highly significant results in all the symptoms of Manyasthambha. As per the clinical data, ‘Nasaapana is found to be more effective than Nasya Karma’. So it can be concluded that better results can be obtained with Shaddharana Yoga as Amapachana, Nasaapana with Mashabaladi Kwatha followed by Vyoshadi Guggulu as Shamanoushadhi.

scholarly journals Applying a Sensing-Enabled System for Ensuring Safe Anterior Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongzhi Huang ◽  
Binith Cheeran ◽  
Alexander L. Green ◽  
Timothy J. Denison ◽  
Tipu Z. Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Chronic Therapy ◽  
Provide Pain Relief ◽  
Surgical Options ◽  
Effective Pain Relief ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was offered to chronic pain patients who had exhausted medical and surgical options. However, several patients developed recurrent seizures. This work was conducted to assess the effect of ACC stimulation on the brain activity and to guide safe DBS programming. A sensing-enabled neurostimulator (Activa PC + S) allowing wireless recording through the stimulating electrodes was chronically implanted in three patients. Stimulation patterns with different amplitude levels and variable ramping rates were tested to investigate whether these patterns could provide pain relief without triggering after-discharges (ADs) within local field potentials (LFPs) recorded in the ACC. In the absence of ramping, AD activity was detected following stimulation at amplitude levels below those used in chronic therapy. Adjustment of stimulus cycling patterns, by slowly ramping on/off (8-s ramp duration), was able to prevent ADs at higher amplitude levels while maintaining effective pain relief. The absence of AD activity confirmed from the implant was correlated with the absence of clinical seizures. We propose that AD activity in the ACC could be a biomarker for the likelihood of seizures in these patients, and the application of sensing-enabled techniques has the potential to advance safer brain stimulation therapies, especially in novel targets.

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