THE EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON MICROORGANISMS CAUSING CARIES AND PERIODONTITIS

The oral cavity contains a large number of bacteria, some of which are involved in the development of caries and periodontitis (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, Lactobacilli spp, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, and T. forythus). The disadvantages of existing antiseptics used in dentistry necessitate the study of antibacterial properties of herbal medicines, and, in particular, of essential oils. The aim of this review is to provide the analysis of literature sources from PubMed and Google Scholar databases related to the effects of essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components on cariogenic and periodontopathic microflora. It was found out that the most in vitro studies evaluated the effects of essential oils or isolated compounds (eugenol, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, eucalyptol, and terpinene-4-ol) on S. mutans, which is considered to be the most cariogenic of oral streptococci, and the researchers limited to defining the susceptibility of the microorganism and effects on biofilm formation. Only in a few studies, the effects of essential oils on the virulence factors of oral pathogens, in particular glycosyl transferase, are represented. Clinical trials of essential oils, their components and combinations confirm the therapeutic potential of these agents in vivo, but raise the question of their effectiveness, taking into account the short-term action, which does not exceed the potency of chlorhexidine. Essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components should be used for treating caries and periodontitis. They are also promising when used as agents of the oral care products, preservatives of the dental medicinal forms, and as remedies for halitosis. With a rational prescription, essential oils can be useful in improving the quality of dental treatment and preventive procedures.

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In Vitro Efficacy of Essential Oils from Melaleuca Alternifolia and Rosmarinus Officinalis, Manuka Honey-based Gel, and Propolis as Antibacterial Agents Against Canine Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Strains

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9060344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

Gabriele Meroni ◽

Elena Cardin ◽

Charlotte Rendina ◽

Valentina Rafaela Herrera Millar ◽

Joel Fernando Soares Filipe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽

Tea Tree

Essential oils (EOs) and honeybee products (e.g., honey and propolis) are natural mixtures of different volatile compounds that are frequently used in traditional medicine and for pathogen eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) EO (TTEO), Rosmarinus officinalis EO (ROEO), manuka-based gel, and propolis against 23 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolated from canine pyoderma. Antimicrobial resistance screening was assessed using a panel of nine antimicrobial agents coupled with a PCR approach. An aromatogram was done for both EOs, using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the compounds. Among the 23 SP strains, 14 (60.9%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 11 strains (47.8%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSP), and 9 (39.1%) were non-MDR. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone for Melaleuca and Rosmarinus were 24.5 ± 8.8 mm and 15.2 ± 8.9 mm, respectively, resulting as statistically different (p = 0.0006). MIC values of TTEO and ROEO were similar (7.6 ± 3.2% and 8.9 ± 2.1%, respectively) and no statistical significances were found. Honeybee products showed lower MIC compared to those of EOs, 0.22 ± 0.1% for Manuka and 0.8 ± 0.5% for propolis. These findings reveal a significant antibacterial effect for all the tested products.

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Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4568 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mayara Castro de Morais ◽

Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza ◽

Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho ◽

Silvio Santana Dolabella ◽

Damião Pergentino de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Natural Products ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

New Drugs ◽

Important Group

Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.

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Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.601335 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Hayate Javed ◽

Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran ◽

Niraj Kumar Jha ◽

Shreesh Ojha

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Host Cells ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Plasma Therapy ◽

Drug Candidates ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019, resulting in the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses are solely accountable for rising mortality and socioeconomic saddles. Presently, there are few repurposed drugs such as remdesivir or favipiravir approved for the treatment of COVID-19, although vaccines and plasma therapy is also subject to emergency approval. However, some potential natural treatments and cures have also been proposed. Molecules of natural origin showed therapeutic importance such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, and could be useful drug candidates for treating COVID-19. In recent years, essential oils have shown promising therapeutic effects against many viral diseases. Carvacrol is one of the monoterpene phenol with abundant presence in essential oils of many aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. It is being used as food flavoring, additive, and preservatives. Carvacrol is also used as a fragrance in cosmetic products. A number of research studies have shown biological actions of carvacrol with its therapeutic potential is of clinical significance. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown multiple pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic. This review highlights the various biological and pharmacological properties of carvacrol within the scope of COVID-19.

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Essential Oils and Bioactive Components against Arthritis: A Novel Perspective on Their Therapeutic Potential

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9101252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1252

Author(s):

Mariangela Marrelli ◽

Valentina Amodeo ◽

Maria Rosaria Perri ◽

Filomena Conforti ◽

Giancarlo Statti

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Point Of View ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Negative Results ◽

Potential Therapeutic Application ◽

In Vitro Effects

Essential oils (EOs) are known to possess a number of beneficial properties. Their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cancer-preventing activities have been extensively reported. Due to their wide use as food preservers and additives, as well as their use in agriculture, perfumes, and make-up products, these complex mixtures of volatile compounds have gained importance from a commercial point of view, not only in the pharmaceutical industry, but also in agronomic, food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. An analysis of the recent scientific literature allowed us to highlight the presence of an increasing number of studies on the potential antiarthritic properties of EOs and their main constituents, which seems to suggest a new interesting potential therapeutic application. The aim of this review is to examine the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of essential oils in the treatment of arthritic diseases, providing an overview of the reports on the in vivo and in vitro effects of EOs. Furthermore, this review critically examines the recent findings on the potential roles of the main components of EOs in the exerted beneficial effects. Obtained negative results are also reported.

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Aromatic Herbs, Medicinal Plant-Derived Essential Oils, and Phytochemical Extracts as Potential Therapies for Coronaviruses: Future Perspectives

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9060800 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 800 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem ◽

William N. Setzer

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽

Aromatic Herbs

After its recent discovery in patients with serious pneumonia in Wuhan (China), the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), named also Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread quickly. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine for treating human this coronavirus infection is available yet. Numerous options for controlling or preventing emerging 2019-nCoV infections may be predicted, including vaccines, interferon therapies, and small-molecule drugs. However, new interventions are likely to require months to years to develop. In addition, most of the existing antiviral treatments frequently lead to the development of viral resistance combined with the problem of side effects, viral re-emergence, and viral dormancy. The pharmaceutical industry is progressively targeting phytochemical extracts, medicinal plants, and aromatic herbs with the aim of identifying lead compounds, focusing principally on appropriate alternative antiviral drugs. Spices, herbal medicines, essential oils (EOs), and distilled natural products provide a rich source of compounds for the discovery and production of novel antiviral drugs. The determination of the antiviral mechanisms of these natural products has revealed how they interfere with the viral life cycle, i.e., during viral entry, replication, assembly, or discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets. Presently, there are no appropriate or approved drugs against CoVs, but some potential natural treatments and cures have been proposed. Given the perseverance of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, this review paper will illustrate several of the potent antiviral chemical constituents extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants, natural products, and herbal medicines with recognized in vitro and in vivo effects, along with their structure–effect relationships. As this review shows, numerous potentially valuable aromatic herbs and phytochemicals are awaiting assessment and exploitation for therapeutic use against genetically and functionally different virus families, including coronaviruses.

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Effect of essential oils on Leishmania amazonensis: a systematic review

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182020001304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 (13) ◽

pp. 1392-1407 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Célia Eliane de Lara da Silva ◽

Jully Oyama ◽

Fabiana Borges Padilha Ferreira ◽

Marielle Priscila de Paula Lalucci-Silva ◽

Tarcísio Vitor Augusto Lordani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Oral Route ◽

Leishmania Amazonensis ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Carapa Guianensis

AbstractThis systematic review investigated the evidence for the therapeutic potential of essential oils (EOs) against Leishmania amazonensis. We searched available scientific publications from 2005 to 2019 in the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, according to PRISMA statement. The search strategy utilized descriptors and free terms. The EOs effect of 35 species of plants identified in this systematic review study, 45.7% had half of the maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 10 < IC50 ⩽ 50 μg mL−1 and 14.3% had a 10 < IC50μg mL−1 for promastigote forms of L. amazonensis. EOs from Cymbopogon citratus species had the lowest IC50 (1.7 μg mL−1). Among the plant species analyzed for activity against intracellular amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, 39.4% had an IC50 10 < IC50 ⩽ 50 μg mL−1, and 33.3% had an IC50 10 < IC50μg mL−1. Aloysia gratissima EO showed the lowest IC50 (0.16 μg mL−1) for intracellular amastigotes. EOs of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Copaifera martii and Carapa guianensis, administered by the oral route, were effective in reducing parasitic load and lesion volume in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. EOs of Bixa orellana and C. ambrosioides were effective when administered intraperitoneally. Most of the studies analyzed in vitro and in vivo for the risk of bias showed moderate methodological quality. These results indicate a stimulus for the development of new phytotherapy drugs for leishmaniasis treatment.

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In Vitro Anti-cancer, Anti-hypertensive and Antihyperglycaemic effect of Hypoxis colchicifolia

Journal of Natural Remedies ◽

10.18311/jnr/2021/25315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Suggessan Moodley ◽

Depika Dwarka ◽

Himansu Baijnath ◽

John Jason Mellem

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Positive Control ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Hek 293 ◽

Anti Cancer

Economic challenges associated with non-communicable diseases and the sociocultural outlook of many patients especially in Africa has increased the dependence on traditional herbal medicines for these diseases. Hypoxis colchicifolia is a traditional medicinal plant used in Southern Africa against an array of ailments. This study evaluated the in vitro antidiabetic (α-amyalse and α-glucosidase), antihypertensive (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and anticancer potential of H. colchicifolia corm as well as leaf (acetone, methanol and aqueous) extracts. Results showed that extracts have a moderate anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive potential, with great anti-cancer potential. The acetone extract of both fresh and dried corms produced significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition with ACE inhibited predominantly by the dried corms methanolic extract (IC50 368.2 μg/mL). Methanolic extract of dried leaves showed the least cytotoxicity against the noncancerous cell line HEK-293 while exhibiting the highest inhibition of MCF-7 cells (IC50 3.24 μg/mL). All extracts exhibited a greater inhibitory potential in A549 cells than the positive control camptothecin (IC50 304.2μg/mL). This study reveals that H. colchicifolia has therapeutic potential as an anti-diabetic and anticancer agent; however, further in vivo studies need to be conducted.

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Efficacy of fungicides and essential oils against bacterial diseases of fruit trees

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-012-0075-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 467-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Artur Mikiciński ◽

Piotr Sobiczewski ◽

Stanisław Berczyński

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Active Substance ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Test Plant ◽

Copper Oxychloride ◽

Protective Activity

Abstract In the framework of the performed studies, the antibacterial activity of the following fungicides was evaluated: Miedzian 50 WG (active substance - a.s. 50% copper oxychloride), Ridomil MZ Gold 68 WG (a.s. 3.8% metalaxyl-M and 64%, mancozeb), Euparen Multi 50 WG (a.s. 50% tolylfluanid), Captan 80 WG [a.s. 80% N-(captan)], Dithane Neotec 75 WG (a.s. 75% mancozeb). The evaluation also concerned the essential oils: lavender, sage, lemon balm, clove, and a preparation based on thyme oil (BioZell). Each preparation and compound was tested against the following bacterial pathogens: Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, X. arboricola pv. juglandis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (presently Rhizobium radiobacter). Each preparation and compound was tested at a concentration of 1,000 ppm of active substance. Copper oxychloride was also tested at a concentration of 1,500 ppm. Among the tested fungicides, metalaxyl-M with mancozeb, mancozeb alone, and copper oxychloride inhibited all of the tested strains of pathogenic bacteria. Tolylfluanid did not inhibit any of the bacteria used. Out of the investigated essential oils, the strongest inhibitors of bacteria were: sage, cloves, and BioZell. The protective activity of the above mentioned fungicides was also evaluated in vivo. They were assessed against fire blight on apple blossoms and pear fruitlets, against bacterial canker on sweet cherry fruitlets, and against crown gall on sunflower seedlings (the test plant). All fungicides were applied at the same concentrations as those in the in vitro tests. Only copper oxychloride was found to show protective activity against the studied diseases. This result indicates that the antibacterial properties of the other fungicides did not correspond with their activity on the plant organs used in the in vivo experiment.

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Efficacy of essential oils in the management of soft rot caused by Pectobacterium aroidearum in lettuce

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-54179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. e37095

Author(s):

Karol Alves Barroso ◽

Xênia Bastos de Oliveira ◽

Márcia Ferreira Queiroz ◽

Camila De Oliveira Almeida ◽

Vitor Prates Lorenzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Susceptible Variety ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Chromatographic Characterization ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Lettuce is susceptible to several diseases, especially soft rot caused by bacteria of the genus Pectobacterium. Due to the adaptability of this pathogen and the lack of disease control registered for the crop, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of essential oils in the management of soft rot caused by P. aroidearum in lettuce. The study was developed at the Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil, and the essential oils (EOs) of orange, bergamot, lemongrass, palmarosa, citronella, cloves, tea tree, rosemary, sage, and ginger were used in concentrations of 0.25; 0.5; 0.75 and 1.0% to assess the in vitro growth inhibition of the bacterium. Subsequently, the curative effects of the disease were evaluated by applying the EOs that obtained the best results in vitro in lettuce plants of the susceptible variety “Mônica”. The treatments were applied, via spraying, 12 hours after inoculation using the bite method with bacterial suspension. The best in vivo treatment was selected to assess its preventive and curative activity, as well as to find the ideal concentration for reducing epidemiological variables and chromatographic characterization. The EOs of palmarosa, sage, citronella, lemongrass, and cloves (0.25%), and that of sage (0.75%), inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. The EO of salvia showed the best results in vivo, inhibiting the growth of the disease in concentrations of 0.50 and 0.75%, so it was selected for the preventive and curative control tests alone. The preventive treatment was not efficient for the management of soft rot in lettuce, however, from the regression analysis, a concentration of 0.64% of the salvia EO was found as a potential for curative control of this bacteriosis, as it reduces the incidence and severity of the disease. Linalyl acetate and linalool were found in higher concentrations in the chromatographic analysis. These components, probably, conferred the bactericidal capacity of the EO of sage, being potential for the use in the control of P. aroidearum in lettuce.

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In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Carbopol-Essential Oils hydrogels

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.2547.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 564-571

Author(s):

Esam Yahya ◽

Muhanad Abdullah Abdulsamad

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Entire Duration ◽

Animal Skin

Background and Objectives: The main purpose of the drug therapy of any disease is to maintain the desired therapeutic concen-tration of the drug for the entire duration of the treatment. The aim of this study is to formulate mixed essential oils loaded hydrogel, and evaluate its antibacterial activity against some pathogens. Materials and Methods: Different hydrogels were formulated by using different concentration of essential oils. Antibacterial evaluation was done using disk diffusion method. Screening for antibacterial activity of essential oils were studied prior to hydrogel formulation to compare the changes in activity after incorporation in the hydrogel. Results: Clove oil exhibited the strongest activity towards all the tested pathogens, compared to other tested essential oils (clove > cinnamon > tea tree > rosemary). The formulation containing mixed essential oils showed the best results, with synergistic effect against all tested pathogens. Hydrogels were further subjected to evaluation of physical properties like color, clarity, pH, viscosity and animal skin irritation study. The zone of inhibition of the final formulation containing only 3% from the selected three essential oils was between 18‐23 mm for S. aureus, 17‐20mm for E. coli, and 14‐18mm for P. aeruginosa. The hydrogels were non-irritant, stable, and free of any microbes at room temperature. Conclusion: Activity of essential oils was much affected by incorporation in hydrogel. The loaded hydrogel showed better antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms used in the study, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the effectiveness and potential toxic effects in-vivo.

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