In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Carbopol-Essential Oils hydrogels

Background and Objectives: The main purpose of the drug therapy of any disease is to maintain the desired therapeutic concen-tration of the drug for the entire duration of the treatment. The aim of this study is to formulate mixed essential oils loaded hydrogel, and evaluate its antibacterial activity against some pathogens. Materials and Methods: Different hydrogels were formulated by using different concentration of essential oils. Antibacterial evaluation was done using disk diffusion method. Screening for antibacterial activity of essential oils were studied prior to hydrogel formulation to compare the changes in activity after incorporation in the hydrogel. Results: Clove oil exhibited the strongest activity towards all the tested pathogens, compared to other tested essential oils (clove > cinnamon > tea tree > rosemary). The formulation containing mixed essential oils showed the best results, with synergistic effect against all tested pathogens. Hydrogels were further subjected to evaluation of physical properties like color, clarity, pH, viscosity and animal skin irritation study. The zone of inhibition of the final formulation containing only 3% from the selected three essential oils was between 18‐23 mm for S. aureus, 17‐20mm for E. coli, and 14‐18mm for P. aeruginosa. The hydrogels were non-irritant, stable, and free of any microbes at room temperature. Conclusion: Activity of essential oils was much affected by incorporation in hydrogel. The loaded hydrogel showed better antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms used in the study, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the effectiveness and potential toxic effects in-vivo.

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Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their blends against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from episodes of sheep mastitis

RENDICONTI LINCEI ◽

10.1007/s12210-021-00991-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Filippo Fratini ◽

Margherita Giusti ◽

Simone Mancini ◽

Francesca Pisseri ◽

Basma Najar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Thymus Serpyllum

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are among the major causes of mastitis in sheep. The main goal of this research was to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of several essential oils (EOs, n 30), then five of them were chosen and tested alone and in blends against staphylococci isolates. Five bacteria were isolated from episodes of ovine mastitis (two S. aureus and three S. xylosus). Biochemical and molecular methods were employed to identify the isolates and disk diffusion method was performed to determine their antimicrobial-resistance profile. The relative percentage of the main constituents in the tested essential oils and their blends was detected by GC-EIMS analysis. Antibacterial and bactericidal effectiveness of essential oils and blends were evaluated through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). All of them showed sensitivity to the used antimicrobials. The EOs with the highest antibacterial activity were those belonging to the Lamiaceae family characterized by high concentrations of thymol, carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene, together with cinnamon EO, rich in cinnamaldehyde. In terms of both MIC and MBC values, the blend composed by Thymus capitatus EO 40%, Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO 20%, Thymus serpyllum EO 20% and Satureja montana EO 20% was found to be the most effective against all the isolates. Some essential oils appear to represent, at least in vitro, a valid tool against ovine mastitis pathogens. Some blends showed a remarkable effectiveness than the single oils, highlighting a synergistic effect in relation to the phytocomplex.

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Antibacterial and Toxicity Evaluation of Eastern Medicine Formulation Eczegone for the Management of Eczema

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820956798 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 155932582095679

Author(s):

Muhammad Amjad Chishti ◽

Ejaz Mohi-Ud-Din ◽

Shahbaz Ahmad Zakki ◽

Muhammad Rahil Aslam ◽

Sheraz Siddiqui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Toxicity ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Lawsonia Inermis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Skin Keratinocytes

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity, in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity, cell viability and safety of Eastern Medicine coded medicinal formulation Eczegone comprising extracts of Azadirachta indica (Azin) , Fumaria indica (Fuin) , Sphaeranthus indicus (Spin) and Lawsonia inermis (Lain). This work also evaluated antibacterial activity of Eczegone formulation having above mentioned plants ethanolic extracts against different bacteria’s by disk diffusion method. In vitro toxicity of Eczegone formulation was investigated by using human skin keratinocytes HaCaT cell line, crystal violet stained cells, and methyl tetrazolium cytotoxicity (MTT) assay. In vivo acute oral and dermal cytotoxicity was determined by using Swiss albino mice and albino rabbits, respectively. The Eczegone formulation showed antibacterial activity against 3 gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and a gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. We didn’t observe any toxic effect of Eczegone formulation on the skin keratinocytes. Furthermore, the Ezcegone formulation was non-irritant according to draize score (OECD TG404, 2002). After rigorous safety evaluation by in vitro and in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicity analysis, we concluded that Eczegone formualtion possessses antibacterial effects and is safe, non-toxic, non-irritant, and the drug would be subjected for further biochemical and clinical studies.

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In Vitro Efficacy of Essential Oils from Melaleuca Alternifolia and Rosmarinus Officinalis, Manuka Honey-based Gel, and Propolis as Antibacterial Agents Against Canine Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Strains

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9060344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

Gabriele Meroni ◽

Elena Cardin ◽

Charlotte Rendina ◽

Valentina Rafaela Herrera Millar ◽

Joel Fernando Soares Filipe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽

Tea Tree

Essential oils (EOs) and honeybee products (e.g., honey and propolis) are natural mixtures of different volatile compounds that are frequently used in traditional medicine and for pathogen eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) EO (TTEO), Rosmarinus officinalis EO (ROEO), manuka-based gel, and propolis against 23 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolated from canine pyoderma. Antimicrobial resistance screening was assessed using a panel of nine antimicrobial agents coupled with a PCR approach. An aromatogram was done for both EOs, using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the compounds. Among the 23 SP strains, 14 (60.9%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 11 strains (47.8%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSP), and 9 (39.1%) were non-MDR. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone for Melaleuca and Rosmarinus were 24.5 ± 8.8 mm and 15.2 ± 8.9 mm, respectively, resulting as statistically different (p = 0.0006). MIC values of TTEO and ROEO were similar (7.6 ± 3.2% and 8.9 ± 2.1%, respectively) and no statistical significances were found. Honeybee products showed lower MIC compared to those of EOs, 0.22 ± 0.1% for Manuka and 0.8 ± 0.5% for propolis. These findings reveal a significant antibacterial effect for all the tested products.

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THE EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON MICROORGANISMS CAUSING CARIES AND PERIODONTITIS

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 253-259

Author(s):

N.M. Devyatkina ◽

N.O. Bobrova ◽

E.M. Vazhnichaya

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Oral Care ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Oral Streptococci ◽

Tea Tree

The oral cavity contains a large number of bacteria, some of which are involved in the development of caries and periodontitis (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, Lactobacilli spp, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, and T. forythus). The disadvantages of existing antiseptics used in dentistry necessitate the study of antibacterial properties of herbal medicines, and, in particular, of essential oils. The aim of this review is to provide the analysis of literature sources from PubMed and Google Scholar databases related to the effects of essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components on cariogenic and periodontopathic microflora. It was found out that the most in vitro studies evaluated the effects of essential oils or isolated compounds (eugenol, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, eucalyptol, and terpinene-4-ol) on S. mutans, which is considered to be the most cariogenic of oral streptococci, and the researchers limited to defining the susceptibility of the microorganism and effects on biofilm formation. Only in a few studies, the effects of essential oils on the virulence factors of oral pathogens, in particular glycosyl transferase, are represented. Clinical trials of essential oils, their components and combinations confirm the therapeutic potential of these agents in vivo, but raise the question of their effectiveness, taking into account the short-term action, which does not exceed the potency of chlorhexidine. Essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components should be used for treating caries and periodontitis. They are also promising when used as agents of the oral care products, preservatives of the dental medicinal forms, and as remedies for halitosis. With a rational prescription, essential oils can be useful in improving the quality of dental treatment and preventive procedures.

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS L. GROWING IN MOROCCO AND ITS IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CLINICAL BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.27307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 365 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fatima El Kamari ◽

Amal Taroq ◽

Yassine El Atki ◽

Imane Aouam ◽

Badiaa Lyoussi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

University Hospital ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Strong Activity ◽

Agnus Castus

Objective: The aim of the current study is to determine the chemical composition and evaluate antibacterial activity of Vitex agnus-castus L. (VAC) essential oils against some bacteria causing nosocomial infections in the neonatal and intensive care rooms at the university hospital center of Fez Morocco. Methods: The phytochemical screening of essential oils was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry analysis. The antibacterial test was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis) using disc diffusion method. Results: Twenty-nine components were identified in the fruits’ oil representing 93.1% of total oil. The major components in the fruits oil are 1,8-cineole (11.6%), α-thujene (9.3%), phyllocladene (8.2%), α-pinene (7.9%), caryophyllene (5.9%), and cubenol (5%). Furthermore, 28 components were identified in the leaf essential oil. The main component was caryophyllene (9.5%), followed by 1,8-cineole (8.7%), manoyl oxide (7.3%), eugenyl acetate (7.1%), phyllocladene (6.8%), and α-pinene (5.2%). Antibacterial activity of both oils showed a strong activity against nosocomial bacteria tested. Conclusion: Essential oils of Moroccan VAC could be exploited as natural drugs for bacteria, especially those who have acquired resistance to conventional antibiotics.

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Effect of Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Other Natural Components against Anaerobic Periodontal Bacteria

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194519 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4519

Author(s):

Marzena Kucia ◽

Ewa Wietrak ◽

Mateusz Szymczak ◽

Paweł Kowalczyk

Keyword(s):

Alveolar Bone ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Growth Media ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

In this present study, the bacteriostatic effect of Salistat SGL03 and the Lactobacillus salivarius strain contained in it was investigated in adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on selected red complex bacteria living in the subgingival plaque, inducing a disease called periodontitis, i.e., chronic periodontitis. Untreated periodontitis can lead to the destruction of the gums, root cementum, periodontium, and alveolar bone. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and others. Our hypothesis was verified by taking swabs of scrapings from the surface of the teeth of female hygienists (volunteers) on full and selective growth media for L. salivarius. The sizes of the zones of growth inhibition of periopathogens on the media were measured before (in vitro) and after consumption (in vivo) of Salistat SGL03, based on the disk diffusion method, which is one of the methods of testing antibiotic resistance and drug susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, each of the periopathogens analyzed by the reduction inoculation method, was treated with L. salivarius contained in the SGL03 preparation and incubated together in Petri dishes. The bacteriostatic activity of SGL03 preparation in selected periopathogens was also analyzed using the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using the Salistat SGL03 dietary supplement in the prophylaxis and support of the treatment of periodontitis—already treated as a civilization disease.

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USING ESSENTIAL OILS TO COMBAT THE THREAT OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.13564 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jenies Grullon ◽

James P. Mack ◽

Albert Rojtman

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Scientific Discovery ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Human Beings ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cinnamon Bark

<div class="WordSection1">Objective: The development of antibiotics was a revolutionary scientific discovery and medical advancement that greatly extended the life expectancy of mankind. Through less than 100 y of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacteria, some of these highly adaptive organisms have developed resistance to the drugs. The healthcare field is greatly concerned with the threat of many common infections that have been considered treatable for decades, regaining its ability to be severely fatal; thus, making alternative treatments currently in high demand. This study concentrated on investigating an alternative treatment for a specific gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a resistance-gaining bacteria that commonly infects hospitalized patients with weakened immune systems and/or open wounds.Methods: Prior to the age of modern medicine, human beings relied on nature for medicinal treatments. In our research, we focused on determining the in vitro efficacy of using the essential oils, cassia and cinnamon bark, their major component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as the major component of manuka honey, methylglyoxal, as an alternative treatment against P. aeruginosa We tested cassia, cinnamon bark, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method; the diameter of the zone of inhibition for each treated bacterial sample was measured and compared with the standard antibiotic treatments, tobramycin, and amikacin.Results: This study showed that the selected essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal were as effective or better in inhibiting the growth of P. aeruginosa compared to the standard aminoglycoside antibiotics.Conclusion: The tested essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal may be useful as an alternative treatment for infections caused by P. aeruginosa and may also provide communities where antibiotics are not readily available, a cost-effective way to treat this infectious disease.</div>

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EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM, EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA, AND ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samira Hsaine ◽

Reda Charof ◽

Khadija Ounine

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽

Streptococcus Oralis ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽

Broth Dilution

Objective: Streptococcus oralis plays an important role in the biofilm formation of dental plaque and the occurrence of periodontal disease. Thepresent study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of three essential oils, namely, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eugenia caryophyllata,and Rosmarinus officinalis against S. oralis.Methods: The antibacterial activity of essential oils was investigated by diffusion method using sterile discs (or aromatograms). The minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils showing important antibacterial activity was measured using the broth dilution method.Results: Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of three essential oils as determined by the aromatogram technique showed that the essential oilof R. officinalis had no effect on S. oralis, while the latter was extremely sensitive to the other two essential oils, but with a higher efficiency of theessential oil of C. zeylanicum (42 mm diameter) than E. caryophyllata (20 mm diameter). Similarly, the MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) were higher for the essential oil of C. zeylanicum than the essential oil of E. caryophyllata. The MBC/MIC ratio is of the order of 2. The essentialoils studied therefore appear to exert bactericidal activity against S. oralis.Conclusion: The findings suggest that essential oils of C. zeylanicum and E. caryophyllata may be used as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics.Keywords: Essential oil, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Antimicrobial activity, Streptococcus oralis.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Combined Plant Extract of Pyracantha crenulata and Zanthoxylum armatum

Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights ◽

10.51129/ujpah-2020-29-2(5) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (29) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Semwal Amit Negi Sweta

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽

Plant Extraction

Abstract-Medicinal plants represent an essential source of drugs and have played an important role in healthcaresystem.PyracanthacrenulataandZanthoxylum armatumhave been used as traditional medicine. The main aim of the study was to find the antibacterial activity of the selected plants against bacterialspecies:E.coliandPseudomonasaeruginosa. The solvents used for plant extraction were hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by Agar disk diffusion method. The hexane and aqueous extracts showed moderate activity whereas theethanolicextractsshowedasignificantantibacterial activity. In the study Tetracycline was used as standard. The combined ethanolic extract of both the selected plant showed the synergistic effect on the bacterial strain tested. This leads to the conclusion that the combined effect can have possible application in the development of products as antimicrobial.

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Molecular Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Five Essential Oils Extracted from Nigella sativa L. Seeds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Comparative Study

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6643765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Mohammed Dalli ◽

Salah-eddine Azizi ◽

Hind Benouda ◽

Ali Azghar ◽

Maroua Tahri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Microdilution Method

Nigella sativa L. (NS) and its volatile compounds are well known for their broad spectrum of effects. This study aimed to investigate the variability of the chemical composition and the in vitro antibacterial activity of five essential oils (Eos) originated from Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, India, and France. These five samples were grown under different edaphic and climatic conditions. The agar diffusion method and microdilution method in 96-well plates were used to test the sensitivity of multidrug-resistant strains clinically isolated from patients (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii), for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and bactericidal concentration. Among all the investigated Eos, the monoterpenes were highly present in the chemical composition. Moroccan, Saudi Arabian, and Syrian seeds were characterized by the presence α-phellandrene (20.03–30.54%), β-cymene (12.31–23.82 %), and 4−caranol (9.77–14.27%). The Indian seeds were rich with 4-caranol (18.81%), β-cymene (14.22%), α-phellandrene (10.58%), and β-chamigrene (9.54%), while France NS was rich with estragole (20.22%) and D-limonene (14.63%). The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentration (MBC) obtained for the four Eos (with the exception of France because of the low yield) tested were ranging from 3 to 40 μl/ml. Gram-positive (+) bacteria were slightly sensitive to the Eos tested than the Gram-negative (−) bacteria. The results of this study showed that the Eos of NS seeds show interesting antibacterial activity which could be associated to the existence of different bioactive compounds. Indeed, these compounds can be used for preventive or curative purposes in the face of the noncontrolled emergence of resistance to antibiotics.

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