Pyrolysis Kinetics and Emission Characteristics of Waste Disposable Paper Cups Using the Thermogravimetric-FTIR Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiwang Song ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yushan Zhang ◽  
Yuhui Ma
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Master Plots ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Fwo Method ◽  
Paper Cups

The pyrolysis of waste disposable paper cups (WDPCs) was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The activation energies of the pyrolysis reactions were obtained by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods respectively. The kinetic model was determined by the master plots method. Thermogravimetric results showed that the highest weight loss rate occurred from 345 to 365 °C as the heating rate was increased from 10 to 30 °C min−1, indicating the pyrolysis of cellulosic material in the WDPC. The weight loss between 400 and 500 °C can be attributed to the decomposition of polyethylene. By analysing the FTIR spectra, it was found that the absorbance of all the evolved gaseous products had peaks at 360 °C due to the decomposition of cellulose fibres and the cracking of polyethylene at 485 °C led to the emergence of a second hydrocarbon peak. Ketones were the most abundant condensable organic products and CO2 was the dominating gaseous product, which can also be produced via secondary cracking of the small molecule organics above 400 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed that the average activation energy of the pyrolysis of the WDPC was 153.75 kJ mol−1 from the FWO method and 151.43 kJ mol−1 from the KAS method. The reaction mechanism can be described by the R3 model.

scholarly journals Influences of the selected additives on the weight loss and organoleptic properties of marinated mussels and squids

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metin Guldas ◽  
Canan Hecer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Konjac Flour ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mouth Feel ◽  
First Time

Effects of seven different solutions prepared from various additives (carrageenan, konjac flour, phosphate, yeast extract, xanthan gum and maltodextrin) were used to test for the first time in the marination of experimental seafood. The additives were added into the marination solutions and the samples were analyzed before and after marination. Statistically, the experimental solutions did not cause significant changes in pH, acidity and salt content of the samples (P < 0.05). The highest weight gains were obtained from the solution which contained 0.1% of konjac flour (E425 I) as 4.01, 5.21, 4.61 and 4.88 % in the mussels, big squids, diced squids and small squids, respectively. However, this solution was not preferred by the panellists because of its sticky texture. Inversely to red meat products, the solution containing phosphate caused weight loss during marination. The results indicate that the solution containing 0.2% carrageenan LM (low methoxyl) was the best solution in the marination process. Dipping into this solution caused weight gains of 4.69, 2.98, 4.04 and 2.78% in the big squids, the mussels, the small squids and the diced squids, respectively (P < 0.01). The organoleptic properties (mouth feel, flavour and softness) of mussels and squids were also improved by carrageenan LM addition.

Maximum heating rates for producing undistorted glassy carbon ware determined by wedge-shaped samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2368-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Maleki ◽  
Lawrence R. Holland ◽  
Gwyn M. Jenkins ◽  
R. L. Zimmerman ◽  
Wally Porter
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Solid Bodies ◽  
Polymeric Carbon ◽  
Maximum Heating

Polymeric carbon artifacts are particularly difficult to make in thick section. Heating rate, temperature, and sample thickness determine the outcome of carbonization of resin leading to a glassy polymeric carbon ware. Using wedge-shaped samples, we found the maximum thickness for various heating rates during gelling (300 K–360 K), curing (360 K–400 K), postcuring (400 K–500 K), and precarbonization (500 K–875 K). Excessive heating rate causes failure. In postcuring the critical heating rate varies inversely as the fifth power of thickness; in precarbonization this varies inversely as the third power of thickness. From thermogravimetric evidence we attribute such failure to low rates of diffusion of gaseous products of reactions occurring within the solid during pyrolysis. Mass spectrometry shows the main gaseous product is water vapor; some carboniferous gases are also evolved during precarbonization. We discuss a diffusion model applicable to any heat-treatment process in which volatile products are removed from solid bodies.

scholarly journals Evaluation and identification of walnut heartwood extractives for protection of poplar wood

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Seyyed Khalil Hosseini Hashemi ◽  
Ahmad Jahan Latibari
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Vacuum Desiccator ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Complete Saturation ◽  
Heartwood Extractives

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) heartwood extractives were identified and their potential for protection of poplar wood was evaluated. Test specimens were prepared from poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) to meet BS 838:1961 requirements. Samples were impregnated with heartwood extractive solution (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w/w in ethanol-toluene), followed by 5 hours vacuum desiccator technique to reach complete saturation. Impregnated specimens were exposed to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks according to BS 838:1961 applying the kolle-flask method. The weight loss of samples was determined after exposure to white-rot fungus. The highest weight loss (36.96%) was observed for untreated control samples and the lowest weight loss (30.40%) was measured in samples treated with 1.5% extractives solution. The analyses of the extracts using GC/MS indicated that major constituents are benzoic acid,3,4,5-tri(hydroxyl) and gallic acid (44.57 %). The two toxic components in the heartwood are juglone (5.15 %) and 2,7-dimethylphenantheren (5.81 %).

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPOSIÇÃO DA SALMOURA SOBRE OS PARÂMETROS FÍSICO-SENSORIAIS E MICROBIOLÓGICOS DE FILÉS DE PEITO DE FRANGO MARINADOS POR IMERSÃO

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA CLAUDIA SIMAS PORTO ◽  
REGINA COELI DE OLIVEIRA TÔRRES ◽  
EUNICE CASSANEGO ILHA ◽  
MARILDE TEREZINHA BORDIGNON LUIZ ◽  
ERNANI SEBASTIÃO SANT’ANNA
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Gain And Loss ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Avaliou-se a influência da composição da salmoura sobre os parâmetros físicosensoriais e microbiológicos de filés de peito de frango marinados por imersão. O experimento foi constituído por cinco formulações de salmoura. A proporção salmoura:frango foi de 2:1 (v/p). O processo de marinação ocorreu a temperatura de 5 C/12 horas, seguido de drenagem por 30 minutos. As amostras destinadas ao acompanhamento da vida de prateleira, 6 e 11 dias, foram armazenadas a 5 C. Foram avaliados ganho de peso durante a marinação e perda de peso no cozimento, sendo efetuadas determinação de pH, contagem de microrganismos aeróbios psicrotróficos, contagem de Staphylococcus aureus e pesquisa de Salmonella sp. Os menores ganhos de peso foram verificados para os tratamentos com adição de vinagre na salmoura, fato atribuído à redução do pH próximo ao ponto isoelétrico da carne. Estes tratamentos evidenciaram as maiores perdas de peso durante o cozimento. A matériaprima apresentou ausência de Salmonella sp. e contagens de Staphylococcus aureus e microrganismos psicrotróficos dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelo ICMSF. Após 11 dias de armazenamento, apenas os tratamentos com vinagre na composição da salmoura apresentaram contagem de microrganismos aeróbios psicrotróficos dentro do limite estabelecido pelo ICMSF (107 UFC/g). As melhores texturas foram verificadas nos tratamentos com adição de alecrim na composição da salmoura. Abstract It was evaluated the influence of brine composition on physicosensory and microbiological parameters in breast fillet of marinated chicken by immersion. The experiment was constituted by five brine formulations. The proportion of brine:fillet was 2:1 (v/w) for all treatments. The marination process occurred at 5 C/12 hours, following of drainage for 30 minutes. The samples were stored at 5 C at 6 and 11 days to monitor shelflife. It was then evaluated weight gain and loss, pH determination, count of psicrotrophics microorganisms and Staphylococcus aureus and absence of Salmonella sp. The lowest values of weight gain were observed in treatments with addition of vinegar in brine, probably due to the decrease of pH close to the meat isoelectric point. This treatments also evidenced the highest weight loss during the cooking. The raw material presented absence of Salmonella sp. and a count of Staphylococcus aureus and psicrotrophics microorganisms within quality limits established by ICMSF. After 11 days of storage, the treatments with vinegar in the brine composition presented count of psicrotrophics microorganisms within limits established by ICMSF (107 CFU/g). The best textures were presented in treatments with addition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in brine composition.

scholarly journals Py–FTIR–GC/MS Analysis of Volatile Products of Automobile Shredder Residue Pyrolysis

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2734
Author(s):  
Bin Yang ◽  
Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Automobile Shredder Residue ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Volatile Products

Automobile shredder residue (ASR) pyrolysis produces solid, liquid, and gaseous products, particularly pyrolysis oil and gas, which could be used as renewable alternative energy resources. Due to the primary pyrolysis reaction not being complete, the yield of gaseous product is low. The pyrolysis tar comprises chemically unstable volatiles before condensing into liquid. Understanding the characteristics of volatile products will aid the design and improvement of subsequent processes. In order to accurately analyze the chemical characteristics and yields of volatile products of ASR primary pyrolysis, TG–FTIR–GC/MS analysis technology was used. According to the analysis results of the Gram–Schmidt profiles, the 3D stack plots, and GC/MS chromatograms of MixASR, ASR, and its main components, the major pyrolytic products of ASR included alkanes, olefins, and alcohols, and both had dense and indistinguishable weak peaks in the wavenumber range of 1900–1400 cm−1. Many of these products have unstable or weaker chemical bonds, such as =CH–, =CH2, –C=C–, and –C=CH2. Hence, more syngas with higher heating values can be obtained with further catalytic pyrolysis gasification, steam gasification, or higher temperature pyrolysis.

The pyrolysis of acetylene at temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C

1964 ◽  
Vol 280 (1380) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Triplet State ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Chain Character

Several features of the pyrolysis of acetylene in the temperature range 500 to 1000 °C suggest that the underlying mechanism is the same as that in operation at both lower and higher temperatures. Thus the rate of consumption of acetylene obeys a second-order kinetic law and is little affected by additions of the gaseous products; the observed velocity constants agree closely with those expected if a single mechanism were in operation over the whole temperature range 350 to 2500 °C. The analytical results show conclusively that the sole initial product of the reaction is vinylacetylene. Diacetylene appears to be formed by heterogeneous decomposition of vinylacetylene and this reaction can occur at ambient temperatures in the presence of carbonaceous deposits. Methylacetylene and benzene probably arise from the further reaction of C 6 species which are formed during the building-up of polymer chains. Methane is the predominant final gaseous product of the reaction at the temperatures investigated. A mechanism is proposed which accounts for both the chain character of the reaction and the apparent existence of equilibria. It appears that acetylene is first converted to the triplet state by a surface reaction. This initial stage is then followed either by the production of C 4 and subsequent species in the triplet state by a series of step-wise reactions involving further acetylene or by the regeneration of stable species as a result of reaction, at a surface, of the corresponding excited species.

Combustion properties and pyrolysis kinetics of flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilei Chen ◽  
Lili Huo ◽  
Jianbo Liu ◽  
Chuanmei Jiao ◽  
Shaoxiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomers ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fwo Method ◽  
Kinetics Of

Flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) have been prepared using trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP) as flame retardant. The combustion performances and thermal decomposition properties of PUEs were studied using cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method were adopted to discuss the pyrolysis kinetics of PUEs. The experimental results showed that TCEP has good flame-retardant effect for PUE. With the increase of TCEP, the peak heat release rate and total heat release values decrease. A good diagram of linear regression can be obtained from both Kissinger and FWO methods. The activation energy values of flam- retardant PUE can be calculated from FWO method at different conversion rates.

Radiolysis of Trifluoroacetic Acid

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (20) ◽  
pp. 3389-3393
Author(s):  
J. Betts ◽  
E. A. Cherniak
Keyword(s):  
Trifluoroacetic Acid ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Gaseous Products

The gaseous products of the 60Co-γ radiolysis of liquid CF3COOH at 23 °C and solid CF3COOH at −196 °C have been identified and their G-values have been determined. The products and G-values are, for the radiolysis of liquid CF3COOH; CO2(7.1), CO(0.71), CF3H(0.27), C2F6(1.36), H2(0.031) and, for the radiolysis of solid CF3COOH; CO2(2.5), CF3H(0.30), C2F6(0.39). CO and H2 are not produced in the radiolysis of solid CF3COOH and CF4 and C2F4 are not produced in the radiolysis of solid and liquid CF3COOH. The mechanisms of gaseous product formation in the radiolysis of solid and liquid CF3COOH are compared.

Assessment of Titanium Carbide Chlorination by Statistical Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eltefat Ahmadi ◽  
E.M. Sereiratana ◽  
S.A. Rezan ◽  
F.Y. Yeoh ◽  
M.N. Ahmad Fauzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Titanium Carbide ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Experimental Values

In present study, the effects of the process parameters on chlorination of Titanium Carbide (TiC) was studied. Besides that, process parameters were investigated by using experimental design of experiment (DOE) and statistical analysis. The chlorination of the samples was carried out at temperatures between 400 to 500°C. Effects of three parameters, namely temperature, soaking time, and molar ratio of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to hydrochloric acid (HCl) were investigated. The interaction, on the rate of chlorination of TiC were statistically evaluated by using DOE. The weight loss (wt. %) was the main response taken into account in this paper. The results of the experimental design indicated that the main significant factor for chlorination of TiC was higher temperature, soaking time and higher molar ratio of KMnO4 to HCl. DOE results have demonstrated that the highest extent of chlorination obtained at the highest weight loss (wt. %) was about 54.59 wt. % at 500°C with a soaking time of 180 minutes and KMnO4 to HCl molar ratio of 0.17 respectively. The amounted to a titanium extraction of about 96.39 %. On the other hand, the lowest wt. lost was 30.76 wt. % and this was obtained at 500°C for 120 minutes with KMnO4 to HCl molar ratio of 0.09 respectively. The results obtained from this work will be employed as a guide for the future studies on chlorination of nitrided/carburized Malaysian ilmenite or titanium oxycarbonitride. The final aim was to produce TiCl4 at low temperatures (≤500°C) using the latter samples. The experimental values are in good agreement with calculations from the statistical model.

scholarly journals Wear of Ceramics Systems with Different Surface Applications in a Chewing Simulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 670-679
Author(s):  
Mehmet Çağatay Ulucan ◽  
Giray Bolayır ◽  
Ayşegül Saygın ◽  
Koray Soygun
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Optical Profilometer ◽  
Substance Loss ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Chewing Simulator

Objective:   This study was aimed to compare the wear of four types of the ceramic dental materials with different surface treatments. Material and Methods: Porcelain (low-fusing feldspathic, monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate glass, and leucite glass-ceramic) samples (9 x 3 mm) were prepared with different surface treatments (glazed and mechanical polished). Samples were mechanically loaded in a chewing simulator (600.000 cyles of 50N) and 64 teeth were used to simulate as the antagonist. To evaluate the wear of the samples before and after the test, samples were scanned by 3D scanner, Dental Wings 7 Series. Then they were transformed into the digital platform. Surface analysis was performed by using an optical profilometer and scanning electron microscope. A sensitive digital scale was used for weight measurements of antagonist's teeth. Results: It was a significant difference between the volume values of the groups with mechanical polish and the groups with glaze, except for zirconia samples (p<0.05). While the least change in volume and surface roughness was observed in the zirconia mechanic polished group (ZP), this change was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In terms of the weight measurement results of the antagonist teeth, while  leucite reinforced overglazed group (PRG) has the highest weight loss as a result of wear, ZP group has the least weight loss. Conclusion: It was concluded that glazed groups of ceramics lose more substances than polished groups, and that causes more wear on antagonist teeth. Zirconia ceramics showed less substance loss, and that causes less wear on antagonist teeth.

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