Synthesis of 4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde via Selective Monomethylation of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Shan Jin ◽  
Li-Ming Zhang ◽  
Zhi-Wei Yan ◽  
Feng-Yan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Methoxyl Group ◽  
Naturally Occurring

4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde, a naturally occurring product, has a range of industrial applications in the preparation of organic compounds, drugs and therapeutic agents. 4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde can be synthesised via selective monomethylation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in toluene in the presence of NaHCO3 in higher yield using cheaper reagents with little production of dimethylation product compared to previous methods. The location of the methoxyl group was confirmed by conversion to 3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin by condensation with ethyl acetoacetate.

Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: one arrow, two targets

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Muin Fardoun ◽  
Dina Maaliki ◽  
Nabil Halabi ◽  
Rabah Iratni ◽  
Alessandra Bitto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Flavonoids exert their anti-atherogenic effects by increasing nitric oxide (NO), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, flavonoids alleviate ATI by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as by attenuating inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, flavonoids inhibit synthesis of fatty acids and promote their oxidation. In this review, we discuss the effect of the main classes of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, on atherosclerosis and ATI. In addition, we dissect the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for these flavonoids. We conclude by supporting the potential benefit for flavonoids in the management or treatment of CVD; yet, we call for more robust clinical studies for safety and pharmacokinetic values.

The Modification and Design of Antimicrobial Peptide

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 904-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yidan Gao ◽  
Hengtong Fang ◽  
Lu Fang ◽  
Dawei Liu ◽  
Jinsong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Biochemical Modification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Application Prospects

The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of unique naturally occurring anti-microbial compounds with around 50 amino acids. It represents promising therapeutic agents to the infectious disease without concerning about drug resistance. However, commercial development of these peptides for even the simplest application has been hindered by the limitations of sources, instability, toxicity and bioavailability. To improve the properties of the artificial synthesized AMPs, the modification and design are the hotspots of the AMPs research. In fact, more than half of the known AMPs are naturally modified. In this review, two types of modification strategies, biochemical modification and chemical modification were summarized. Although, the chemical modification is versatile and direct, the manufacturing cost is greatly increased compared to the antibiotics. With the recent progress of the protein modification enzyme, the biochemical modification of the antimicrobial peptide followed by heterologous expression has great application prospects.

Flavonoids as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (42) ◽  
pp. 5468-5487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Sood ◽  
Bimlesh Kumar ◽  
Sachin Kumar Singh ◽  
Pankaj Prashar ◽  
Anamika Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Secondary Complications ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. These phenolic compounds are classified into various subgroups based on their structures: flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, and anthocyanins. They are known to perform various pharmacological actions like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antiallergic, etc. Diabetes is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder that affects several biochemical pathways and leads to secondary complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Among them, the management of diabetic neuropathy is one of the major challenges for physicians as well as the pharmaceutical industries. Naturally occurring flavonoids are extensively used for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications due to their antioxidant properties. Moreover, flavonoids inhibit various pathways that are involved in the progression of diabetic neuropathy like the reduction of oxidative stress, decrease in glycogenolysis, increase glucose utilization, decrease in the formation of advanced glycation end products, and inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. This review entails current updates on the therapeutic perspectives of flavonoids in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This manuscript explains the pathological aspects of neuropathic pain, the chemistry of flavonoids, and their application in amelioration of neuropathic pain through preclinical studies either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

Natural Compounds and Drug Discovery: Can Cnidarian Venom Play a Role?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Gian Luigi Mariottini ◽  
Irwin Darren Grice
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Biological Compounds

Natural compounds extracted from organisms and microorganisms are an important resource for the development of drugs and bioactive molecules. Many such compounds have made valuable contributions in diverse fields such as human health, pharmaceutics and industrial applications. Presently, however, research on investigating natural compounds from marine organisms is scarce. This is somewhat surprising considering that the marine environment makes a major contribution to Earth's ecosystems and consequently possesses a vast storehouse of diverse marine species. Interestingly, of the marine bioactive natural compounds identified to date, many are venoms, coming from Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals). Cnidarians are therefore particularly interesting marine species, producing important biological compounds that warrant further investigation for their development as possible therapeutic agents. From an experimental aspect, this review aims to emphasize and update the current scientific knowledge reported on selected biological activity (antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumoral, anticoagulant, along with several less studied effects) of Cnidarian venoms/extracts, highlighting potential aspects for ongoing research towards their utilization in human therapeutic approaches.

Assimilation of various organic carbon sources by Haematococcus strains

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
M. Zych ◽  
A. Stolarczyk ◽  
K. Maca ◽  
A. Banaś ◽  
K. Termińska-Pabis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Mixotrophic Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Organic Carbon Sources ◽  
Secondary Carotenoids ◽  
Colour Changes

Differences in the assimilation of individual organic compounds (5 mM sugars and L-asparagine) under mixotrophic growth conditions were described for three naturally occurring Haematococcus strains.The effects of assimilation were measured by the growth intensity and size of algal cells, and the effect of colour changes in the cultures was observed. Some compounds caused the cell colouration to change from green to yellow, being the result of chlorophyll disappearance and the accumulation of yellow secondary carotenoids. In the present experiment none of the cultures turned red, thus excluding the intense accumulation of the commercially interesting carotenoid, astaxanthin.

scholarly journals Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1050-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Ahmed Barhoum ◽  
Yen S Chan ◽  
Alain Dufresne ◽  
Michael K Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their tunable physical, chemical and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterparts. NMs are categorized depending on their size, composition, shape, and origin. The ability to predict the unique properties of NMs increases the value of each classification. Due to increased growth of production of NMs and their industrial applications, issues relating to toxicity are inevitable. The aim of this review is to compare synthetic (engineered) and naturally occurring nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured materials (NSMs) to identify their nanoscale properties and to define the specific knowledge gaps related to the risk assessment of NPs and NSMs in the environment. The review presents an overview of the history and classifications of NMs and gives an overview of the various sources of NPs and NSMs, from natural to synthetic, and their toxic effects towards mammalian cells and tissue. Additionally, the types of toxic reactions associated with NPs and NSMs and the regulations implemented by different countries to reduce the associated risks are also discussed.

scholarly journals Vitamins A and E: metabolism, roles and transfer to offspring

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Debier ◽  
Y. Larondelle
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Transport

Vitamins A and E are essential, naturally occurring, fat-soluble nutrients that are involved in several important biological processes such as immunity, protection against tissue damage, reproduction, growth and development. They are extremely important during the early stages of life and must be transferred adequately to the young during gestation and lactation. The present article presents an overview of their biological functions, metabolism and dynamics of transfer to offspring in mammals. Among other topics, the review focuses on the biochemical aspects of their intestinal absorption, blood transport, tissue uptake, storage and catabolism. It also describes their different roles as well as their use as preventive and therapeutic agents. Finally, the mechanisms involved in their transfer during gestation and lactation are discussed.

scholarly journals Inhibition of the Self-Assembly of Aβ and of Tau by Polyphenols: Mechanistic Studies

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuchen Zheng ◽  
Micheal T. Kebede ◽  
Merc M. Kemeh ◽  
Saadman Islam ◽  
Bethany Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Plaques ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Aβ Oligomerization ◽  
Β Sheet

The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and tau protein are thought to play key neuropathogenic roles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both Aβ and tau self-assemble to form the two major pathological hallmarks of AD: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. In this review, we show that naturally occurring polyphenols abundant in fruits, vegetables, red wine, and tea possess the ability to target pathways associated with the formation of assemblies of Aβ and tau. Polyphenols modulate the enzymatic processing of the amyloid-β precursor protein and inhibit toxic Aβ oligomerization by enhancing the clearance of Aβ42 monomer, modulating monomer–monomer interactions and remodeling oligomers to non-toxic forms. Additionally, polyphenols modulate tau hyperphosphorylation and inhibit tau β-sheet formation. The anti-Aβ-self-assembly and anti-tau-self-assembly effects of polyphenols increase their potential as preventive or therapeutic agents against AD, a complex disease that involves many pathological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Colorful World of Microbes: Carotenoids and Their Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushwaha Kirti ◽  
Saini Amita ◽  
Saraswat Priti ◽  
Agarwal Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Saxena Jyoti
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Photooxidative Damage ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Yellow Orange

Microbial cells accumulate pigments under certain culture conditions, which have very important industrial applications. Microorganisms can serve as sources of carotenoids, the most widespread group of naturally occurring pigments. More than 750 structurally different yellow, orange, and red colored molecules are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes with an estimated market of $ 919 million by 2015. Carotenoids protect cells against photooxidative damage and hence found important applications in environment, food and nutrition, disease control, and as potent antimicrobial agents. In addition to many research advances, this paper reviews concerns with recent evaluations, applications of microbial pigments, and recommendations for future researches with an understanding of evolution and biosynthetic pathways along with other relevant aspects.

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