scholarly journals Phenomena of crystal splitting during growth as a result of the Sternberg-Punin and Rebinder effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 485 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-620
Author(s):  
E. M. Spiridonov

The causes of growth blocking, splitting, twisting of crystals are considered. These phenomena are the result of the combined effect of the Punin effect (total autodeformation due to intersectorial heterometry, appearing when impurities are unequally captured by different faces or their parts) and the Rehbinder effect (a sharp decrease in the strength of the surface layer of a growing crystal several times covered by a film of mother solution containing active substances).

Author(s):  
N. A. Ilyushina ◽  
Yu. A. Revazova

In order to overcome resistance to individual pesticides and improve their effectiveness, formulations containing two or more active substances are constantly being developed and put on the market over recent years. Mixtures of residual amounts of pesticides can be present in water and food and enter the human and animal bodies. However, the combined effect of pesticides on living organisms, including genetic structures in cells, has not been studied enough and it is not yet possible to predict the genotoxic effects of their mixtures based on available data. The purpose of this review was to collect and summarize literature information on the genotoxicity of pesticide combinations obtained at different objects. The results of studies conducted in different countries of the world are discussed, examples of detected synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects are given, indicating the need for testing the genotoxicity of preparative forms of pesticides containing several active substances, as well as mixtures of jointly used pesticides in order to ensure the safe use of pesticides for public health.


Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim. V. Zdorovets ◽  
Kanat Dukenbayev ◽  
Artem. L. Kozlovskiy

This paper presents the results of a systematic study of helium swelling and the subsequent process of degradation of the near-surface layer of aluminum-based nitride ceramics. The samples were irradiated with 40 keV He2+ ions at temperatures of 300 and 1000 K with a fluence of 1 × 1017–5 × 1017 ions/cm2. The choice of radiation doses and temperature conditions was due to the possibility of simulating reactor tests of structural materials. It has been established that an increase in the irradiation fluence leads to the formation of large agglomerates of clusters of helium bubbles, as well as an increase in the degree of roughness and waviness of the surface with the formation of crater-like inclusions. In the case of irradiation at high temperatures, there was a slight decrease in the average size of helium inclusions compared with irradiation at room temperature. However, the density of inclusions and surface roughness were much higher. It is established that irradiation at room temperatures leads to a sharp decrease in ceramics density, as well as deformation of the crystal structure due to an increase in the density of dislocations and macrostresses in the structure. The decrease in ceramics density due to the formation of helium inclusions led to an increase in porosity and a defective fraction in the structure of the surface layer of ceramics.


Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrielle Rodrigues Costa ◽  
José Weverton Almeida Bezerra ◽  
Rafael Pereira da Cruz ◽  
Maria Audilene de Freitas ◽  
Viviane Bezerra da Silva ◽  
...  

The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been a major problem for the WHO. In this context, research with natural products is promising in the discovery of new active substances. Thus, this work evaluated the antifungal effect of a medicinal plant (i.e., Mesosphaerum suaveolens) against strains of the genus Candida, tested the combined effect with the drug fluconazole, and, finally, determined the phenolic constituents present in the species. Initially, aqueous extracts of leaves (AELMs) and aerial parts (AEAPMs) of the species were prepared. For microbiological assays, the minimum fungicidal concentration was determined by broth microdilution, and the combined effect of fluconazole extracts were verified by sub-inhibitory microdilution concentrations (CFM/8) followed by spectrophotometric readings which were used to determine the IC50. HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, detecting eight compounds present in the samples of which caffeic acid and quercetin were major components. The AELMs modulated fluconazole activity since it decreased fluconazole’s IC50 from 7.8 µg/mL to an IC50 of 4.7 µg/mL (CA LM 77) and from 28.8 µg/mL to 18.26 µg/mL (CA INCQS 40006) for the C. albicans strains. The AEAPMs were able to potentiate the effect of fluconazole more effectively than the AELMs. Such an effect was significant for the 16 µg/mL concentration for CA LM 77 and 32 µg/mL for CA INCQS 40006. The AEAPMs as well as the AELMs presented clinically relevant activities for C. tropicalis strains. For the C. tropicalis LM 23 strain, the AEPMs obtained an IC50 of 25 µg/mL and the AELMs an IC50 of 359.9 µg/mL.


Author(s):  
S.A. Zaides ◽  
Quang Le Hong

To restore the shape of low-stiff cylindrical parts such as shafts and axles, straightening by transverse bending with the subsequent processing of workpieces by the method of surface plastic deformation based on the transverse burnishing with smooth plates is proposed. The experimental and calculated results are presented to determine the effect of absolute compression on the main characteristics of the quality of the surface layer of parts such as surface roughness and residual stresses. The analysis of experimental data for the evaluation of the parts after straightening by transverse burnishing showed the following positive changes: a sharp decrease in the initial roughness, the formation of equilibrium residual compressive stresses in the surface layers and ensuring stabilization of the accuracy of the processed part in size and shape. Depending on the magnitude of the absolute reduction, the surface quality increases by 2–3 classes, and rather large compressive residual stresses are formed (up to 375 MPa). The results of the work justify recommending the proposed method of straightening by transverse burnishing with smooth plates for implementation into the technology of machine part restoration.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
А. Норман ◽  
A. Norman ◽  
В. Смоленцев ◽  
V. Smolentsev ◽  
В. Золотарев ◽  
...  

The mechanism of plating on low-melting alloys (for example, aluminum) cast-iron coatings having a high fusion temperature is considered. By means of this method one achieves in light aluminum alloy parts higher performance attributes to which belong reliable protection of parts with a coating against aggressive influence of chemically active substances. Besides, antifriction properties of parts operating in friction units are improved. The technological modes are developed and a coating process is designed. The example of the method offered is shown.


2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder P. Singh ◽  
Mike Suk ◽  
Thomas R. Albrecht and ◽  
William T. Kozlovsky

A novel technology to smooth the metal tab surfaces using a pulsed laser beam is applied to reduce the wear of the load/unload ramps used in disk drives that employ load/unload technology. The laser pulse length, pulse energy and the pulse repetition rate are so chosen that they cause the surface layer of the load/unload tab, approximately 2–3 um deep, to melt and refreeze quickly. As the surface layer melts, the surface tension of the melt removes most of the micro roughness and a smooth surface is obtained. The reduction in the micro surface roughness is confirmed by the AFM traces and a sharp decrease in the light scattered from the tab surface. In wear tests, such tabs show a remarkable improvement in the wear of the plastic load/unload ramps, allowing 5–10 × more load/unload cycles for a given amount of ramp wear.


Author(s):  
M. Bursau ◽  
N. Hartsevich ◽  
N. Dimitriadi ◽  
L. Ivashko

The article represents the analysis results of the main reasons for formation of the concrete products surface defects, caused by the physical and chemical interaction of the agent components and concrete at the interaction boarder with the mould, as well as describes the ways to prevent them. As a result of the performed analysis, the reasons for the defects formation of the concrete products surfaces were detected and analysed: grease stains, blowholes, concrete dyeing, loose deposit (scab), rusty stains on the surface of the finished product, destruction of the concrete surface layer of the finished product. It was found out that the defects formation on the concrete surface of the finished product is caused by the following factors: a mismatched blend composition of the mould release agent, not considering the technological peculiarities of the concrete product manufacturing, an insufficient or excessive agent consumption. The article provides the practical recommendations, allowing to significantly decrease or exclude a possibility of the defects formation on the surface of the finished concrete and reinforced concrete products. As a result of the performed studies it was found out that the consumption within 7-10 g/m2of the agent active material will ensure proper demoulding of the product, and at the consumption more than 20-30 g/m2the following can be often observed: grease stains form on the concrete surface, the colour changes, the concrete surface layer looses etc. Dyeing of the concrete surface can be caused by the following: dyeing components in the agent; presence of the substances in the agent, capable of the physical and chemical interaction with the concrete mixture components. In most cases the surface blowholes on the concrete are the result of the air bubbles concentration at the interaction boarder between the concrete mixture and mould release agent. The size of the bubbles depends to a certain degree on the release agent. Adding of the surface active substances to the agent composition will contribute to the bubbles split to the tiniest sizes (less than 1 mm). The surface active substances in the agent, as well as calcium and aluminium ions in the concrete will contribute to the formation of the scab on the concrete surface. The volume of the scab decreases when adding fatty acid to the agent composition. After stripping of the concrete and reinforced concrete products, their surfaces can be exposed to the rust stains, appeared as a result of the surface dyeing with the steel mould corrosion products. The mould corrosion can appear if the applied mould release agent does not have enough capability to protect them from corrosion under the conditions of the moulded products solidification, especially, in case of the steam treatment. In order to ensure the anticorrosion protection of the steel moulds, corrosion inhibitors are added to the agent composition. Destruction of the finished product surface layer is caused by the physical and chemical interaction of the agent components and concrete mixture. In case of improper ratio of the agent components, the reaction products in the form of a thin loose deposit layer can accumulate on the concrete and(or) mould surface. In case of proper ratio of the agent components, the layer of the reaction products is so thin that it cannot be seen visually. The obtained results of the studies can be used as the basis for development of the mould release agents’ formulation. В статье представлены результаты анализа основных причин образования дефектов поверхности бетонных изделий, вызванных физико-химическим взаимодействием компонентов смазки и бетона на границе соприкосновения с формой, и описаны способы их предупреждения. В результате выполненного анализа выявлены и проанализированы причины возникновения дефектов бетонных поверхностей изделий: масляные пятна, раковины, окрашивание бетона, рыхлый осадок (налет), ржавые пятна на поверхности готового изделия, разрушение поверхностного слоя бетона готового изделия. Установлено, что возникновение дефектов на поверхности бетона готового изделия обусловлено следующими факторами: неправильно подобранным компонентным составом разделительной смазки без учета технологических особенностей производства бетонных изделий, недостаточным или излишним расходом смазки. Даны практические рекомендации, позволяющие значительно уменьшить или исключить возможность возникновения дефектов на поверхности готовых бетонных и железобетонных изделий. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что расход в пределах от 7 до 10 г/м2 действующего вещества смазки обеспечивает качественное отделение изделия от формы, а при расходе более 20–30 г/м2 на поверхности бетона часто образуются масляные пятна, наблюдается изменение цвета, разрыхление поверхностного слоя бетона и др. Окрашивание поверхности бетона может быть вызвано следующими причинами: наличие в составе смазки окрашивающих компонентов; присутствие в ней веществ, способных вступать в физико-химическое взаимодействие с компонентами бетонной смеси. В большинстве случаев поверхностные раковины на бетоне являются следствием концентрации воздушных пузырей на границе взаимодействия бетонной смеси и разделительной смазки. Размер пузырей в определенной степени зависит от используемой смазки. Введение в состав смазки поверхностно-активных веществ способствует дроблению пузырей до мельчайших размеров (менее 1 мм). Формированию налета на поверхности бетона способствуют поверхностно-активные вещества в составе смазок и ионы кальция и алюминия в составе бетона. При введении жирной кислоты в состав смазки величина налета снижается. После распалубки бетонных и железобетонных изделий на их поверхности могут возникать ржавые пятна, которые образуются в результате окрашивания поверхности продуктами коррозии стальных форм. Коррозия форм возникает, если нанесенная разделительная смазка не обладает достаточной способностью защитить их от коррозии в условиях твердения заформованных изделий, особенно при термовлажностной обработке. Для антикоррозионной защиты стальных форм в состав смазки вводят ингибиторы коррозии. Разрушение поверхностного слоя готового изделия обусловлено физико-химическим взаимодействием компонентов смазки и бетонной смеси. При неправильном подборе соотношения компонентов смазки продукты реакции в виде тонкого слоя рыхлого вещества способны откладываться на поверхности бетона и (или) формы. При удачном подборе соотношения компонентов смазки слой продуктов реакции настолько тонкий, что визуально незаметен. Полученные результаты исследований можно использовать в качестве основы для разработки рецептуры разделительных смазок.


Author(s):  
D. N. Braski ◽  
P. D. Goodell ◽  
J. V. Cathcart ◽  
R. H. Kane

It has been known for some time that the addition of small oxide particles to an 80 Ni—20 Cr alloy not only increases its elevated-temperature strength, but also markedly improves its resistance to oxidation. The mechanism by which the oxide dispersoid enhances the oxidation resistance is being studied collaboratively by ORNL and INCO Alloy Products Company.Initial experiments were performed using INCONEL alloy MA754, which is nominally: 78 Ni, 20 Cr, 0.05 C, 0.3 Al, 0.5 Ti, 1.0 Fe, and 0.6 Y2O3 (wt %).Small disks (3 mm diam × 0.38 mm thick) were cut from MA754 plate stock and prepared with two different surface conditions. The first was prepared by mechanically polishing one side of a disk through 0.5 μm diamond on a syntron polisher while the second used an additional sulfuric acid-methanol electropolishing treatment to remove the cold-worked surface layer. Disks having both surface treatments were oxidized in a radiantly heated furnace for 30 s at 1000°C. Three different environments were investigated: hydrogen with nominal dew points of 0°C, —25°C, and —55°C. The oxide particles and films were examined in TEM by using extraction replicas (carbon) and by backpolishing to the oxide/metal interface. The particles were analyzed by EDS and SAD.


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