scholarly journals How does the food in the first 1000 days affect infant and toddler brain development?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Ksenia Varakina-Mitrail ◽  
Yuliya Berezovskaya ◽  
Viktoriya Nechaeva ◽  
Irina Kholodova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Today, hundreds of millions of children under the age of 5 fall short of their development potential. Advances in neuroscience have confirmed that adult health and well-being are based on the developmental conditions and opportunities they had in early childhood, from conception to 24 months (first 1000 days) and then to the age of 5 (second 1000 days). Young children, who eat a healthy balanced diet, who are treated with care and attention, and who have more opportunities to learn, have a better chance to thrive. Data from a survey of adopted children, as well as experimental and quasi-experimental studies, showed that prevention of stunting is most effective during the first 1000 days and developmental delays in both the first and second 1000 days. External factors affect cognitive development significantly less after this period, and the older a person becomes, the less effective educational programs are, and the longer it takes to learn a new skill. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the degree of influence of nutrient components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and lutein, on the cognitive development of the child in the first year of life, as it determines the intellectual potential of the person throughout life. The goal of this review is to review the existing literature to find out how certain food components (polyunsaturated fatty acids and lutein) affect infant and toddler brain development.Keywords: omega-3, omega-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids, lutein, cognitive development

scholarly journals Nutritional Intervention as an Essential Part of Multiple Sclerosis Treatment?

2018 ◽  
pp. 521-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. PENESOVÁ ◽  
Z. DEAN ◽  
B. KOLLÁR ◽  
A. HAVRANOVÁ ◽  
R. IMRICH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Inflammatory Status

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In addition to the genetic, epigenetic and immunological components, various other factors, e.g. unhealthy dietary habits, play a role in the MS pathogenesis. Dietary intervention is a highly appealing approach, as it presents a simple and relatively low risk method to potentially improve outcomes in patients with brain disorders in order to achieve remission and improvement of clinical status, well-being and life expectancy of patients with MS. The importance of saturated fat intake restriction for the clinical status improvement of MS patients was pointed for the first time in 1950s. Recently, decreased risk of first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination associated with higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids particularly originating from fish was reported. Only few clinical trials have been performed to address the question of the role of dietary intervention, such is e.g. low saturated fat diet in MS treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effect of different dietary approaches (diets low in saturated fat and dietary supplements such as fish oil, lipoic acid, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, seeds oils, high fiber diet, vitamin D, etc.) on neurological signs, patient’s well-being, physical and inflammatory status. So far the results are not conclusive, therefore much more research is needed to confirm and to understand the effectiveness of these dietary interventions in the long term and well defined studies.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, EPA and DHA: Bridging the Gap between Supply and Demand

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Tocher ◽  
Monica Betancor ◽  
Matthew Sprague ◽  
Rolf Olsen ◽  
Johnathan Napier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Long Chain

The omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids, are well accepted as being essential components of a healthy, balanced diet, having beneficial effects on development and in mitigating a range of pathological conditions. However, their global supply from all the traditional sources of these nutrients is insufficient to satisfy human nutritional requirements. For two decades there has been considerable research carried out into all possible alternatives to the main sources of n-3 LC-PUFA, marine fish oil and fishmeal, driven largely by the aquaculture sector, as both the major user and provider of EPA and DHA. In the last few years these efforts have focused increasingly on the development of entirely new supplies of n-3 LC-PUFA produced de novo. Recently, this has resulted in various new sources of EPA and/or DHA that are already available or likely to available in the near future. In this short review, we briefly summaries the current gap between supply and demand of EPA and DHA for human requirements, the role of aquaculture in providing n-3 LC-PUFA to human consumers, the range of potential novel sources, and suggest how these new products could be used effectively. We conclude that all the new sources have potentially important roles to play in increasing the supply of n-3 LC-PUFA so that they are available more widely and in higher concentrations providing more options and opportunities for human consumers to obtain sufficient EPA and DHA to support more healthy, balanced diets.

scholarly journals Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Clinical Outcomes of Preterm Infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lapillonne ◽  
Sissel J. Moltu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Long Chain

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play specific roles during the perinatal period and are very important nutrients to consider. The possible effects of LCPUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on various clinical outcomes of preterm infants are discussed in this paper. Since DHA accumulates in the central nervous system during development, a lot of attention has focused on the effects of DHA on neurodevelopment. Experimental studies as well as recent clinical trials show that providing larger amounts of DHA than currently and routinely provided is associated with better neurological outcomes at 18 months to 2 years. This early advantage, however, does not seem to translate into detectable change in visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes or behavior when assessed in childhood. There is growing evidence that, in addition to effects on development, omega-3 LCPUFAs may reduce the incidence or severity of neonatal morbidities by affecting different steps of the immune and anti-inflammatory response. Studies in preterm infants suggest that the omega-3 LCPUFAs may play a significant role by reducing the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis and possibly retinopathy of prematurity and sepsis. Overall, evidence is increasing to support the benefits of high-dose DHA for various health outcomes of preterm infants. These findings are of major clinical relevance mainly because infants born preterm are at particularly high risk for a nutritional deficit in omega-3 fatty acids, predisposing to adverse neonatal outcomes. Further studies are warranted to address these issues as well as to more precisely determine the LCPUFA requirement in order to favor the best possible outcomes of preterm infants.

scholarly journals Fish, Fish Oils and Cardioprotection: Promise or Fish Tale?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay Goel ◽  
Naga Pothineni ◽  
Mayank Singhal ◽  
Hakan Paydak ◽  
Tom Saldeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids

Fish and commercially available fish oil preparations are rich sources of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the most important fatty acids in fish oil. Following dietary intake, these fatty acids get incorporated into the cell membrane phospholipids throughout the body, especially in the heart and brain. They play an important role in early brain development during infancy, and have also been shown to be of benefit in dementia, depression, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Early epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between fish consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease. This led to the identification of the cardioprotective role of these marine-derived fatty acids. Many experimental studies and some clinical trials have documented the benefits of fish oil supplementation in decreasing the incidence and progression of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke. Possible mechanisms include reduction in triglycerides, alteration in membrane fluidity, modulation of cardiac ion channels, and anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-arrhythmic effects. Fish oil supplements are generally safe, and the risk of toxicity with methylmercury, an environmental toxin found in fish, is minimal. Current guidelines recommend the consumption of either one to two servings of oily fish per week or daily fish oil supplements (around 1 g of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids per day) in adults. However, recent large-scale studies have failed to demonstrate any benefit of fish oil supplements on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Here, we review the different trials that evaluated the role of fish oil in cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Modern prospects for using polyene unsaturated fatty acids in obstetrics and gynecology

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Michail A. Kiselev ◽  
Natalia B. Repina ◽  
Julia S. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Eicosanoid Synthesis ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Key Block

Unsaturated fatty acids is the key block of cellular membranes, they determine the specificity of high-differentiated cells and are the precursors of eicosanoid synthesis (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes). A marked antiinflammatory, antisclerotic, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective and other effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, established in biochemical and experimental studies, stimulated implementation of a large number of epidemiological and clinical investigations. Successful application of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiology, neurology and other fields of therapy focuses on such spheres as obstetrics and gynecology.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders—A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
Tomasz Wysoczański ◽  
Jolanta Wagner ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Robert Bodkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cardiac Effect ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role

Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.

Micronutrient provision in a woman during pregravid preparation, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Challenges and prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
E.E. Grodnitskaya ◽  
◽  
E.A. Palchik ◽  
O.P. Duyanova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Periconceptional Period ◽  
Excessive Intake ◽  
Normal Gestation

Adequate micronutrient provision in a woman at the stage of pregravid preparation, during pregnancy is very important for its normal course, as well as for the well-being of the woman and her future offspring. In the periconceptional period, throughout pregnancy, as well as during breastfeeding, the need for a number of micronutrients increases. A balanced diet can compensate for it only to some extent, given that in our country there is a deficiency of micronutrients which are essential for the normal course of pregnancy, and the need for their supplement remains from the preconceptional period until the end of lactation. Excessive intake of vitamins carries certain risks: long-term administration of multicomponent vitamin-mineral complexes is associated with an increase in the risk of fetal macrosomia, and as the number of their components increases, so does the probability of pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic interactions between them. The desire to reach the optimal dosage of one of the components with its true hypovitaminosis can lead to a violation of the dosage of its other components. Thus, nutritional support during pregnancy requires a basic supplement of strictly defined vitamins and microelements essential for normal gestation, such as folic acid, iodine, vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids at dosages corresponding to the daily physiological requirement established for pregnant women. Key words: pregnancy, vitamins, vitamin D, iodine, lactation, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregravid preparation, folates

scholarly journals Fighting Fat With Fat: n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Adipose Deposition in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjeong Kim ◽  
Brynn H. Voy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fat Accretion

Modern broiler chickens are incredibly efficient, but they accumulate more adipose tissue than is physiologically necessary due to inadvertent consequences of selection for rapid growth. Accumulation of excess adipose tissue wastes feed in birds raised for market, and it compromises well-being in broiler-breeders. Studies driven by the obesity epidemic in humans demonstrate that the fatty acid profile of the diet influences adipose tissue growth and metabolism in ways that can be manipulated to reduce fat accretion. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can inhibit adipocyte differentiation, induce fatty acid oxidation, and enhance energy expenditure, all of which can counteract the accretion of excess adipose tissue. This mini-review summarizes efforts to counteract the tendency for fat accretion in broilers by enriching the diet in n-3 PUFA.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acids efficacy in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Agnieszka M. Piróg-Balcerzak ◽  
Anna K. Bażyńska ◽  
Katarzyna Biernacka ◽  
Joanna Brągoszewska ◽  
Lidia Popek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Eating Attitude ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Eat 26

Objective. Omega–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were tested in adolescent depression and in several neurodevelopmental disorders with partial success. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by deficiencies in fatty food intake and frequent comorbidity, including depressive and cognitive symptoms. Thus supplementation with PUFAs may be beneficial in this group of patients. The aim of the study was to assess whether PUFAs as an add-on treatment is associated with better improvement of body mass index (BMI) and psychopathological symptoms than placebo in patients with AN. Method. 61 female adolescent inpatients with AN were randomly allocated to omega–3 PUFAs supplementation or placebo for 10 weeks. Patients also participated in the behavioural programme and eclectic psychotherapy (treatment as usual, TAU). At baseline and follow-up visits, patients’ BMI and psychopathology were assessed with Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Patient Global Impression Scale (PGI), and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). Results. After 10 weeks, both groups showed improvement in all parameters. Improvement in CGI scores was observed greater in placebo vs. PUFA-s group (p = 0.015) while other differences were not statistically significant. Omega–3 PUFAs supplementation appears not to be effective as an add-on treatment in inpatient adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Conclusions. The results should be analysed with caution due to small sample size and heterogeneity in TAU. As the TAU turned out to be highly effective, additional therapeutic effect of PUFA might not be visible. Nevertheless, that does not explain the tendency for better improvement in the placebo group.

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