scholarly journals Modern laboratory diagnostic methods of allergy to help the practicing physician

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
E.A. Rybnikova ◽  
◽  
A.P. Prodeus ◽  
T.G. Fedoskova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Food History ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

The prevalence of allergic diseases in the population varies in different countries from 10 to 40%. Improving the quality of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases is an urgent public health problem. The article deals with the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis of allergic diseases. The main stages of allergy diagnosis include a number of specific and non-specific examination methods. In particular, the authors consider various methods of laboratory diagnostics, discuss the indications and contraindications, and the benefits and drawbacks of various diagnostic methods. Although skin testing conducted by an allergist is the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergies, it has several contraindications and limitations, in the presence of which it is possible to perform laboratory diagnostic methods in vitro. For laboratory tests, it is necessary to choose a laboratory that uses modern methods of the third generation with an accuracy of 0.1 kU/L to detect allergic reactions, starting with the first class of significance. However, despite the importance of laboratory diagnostic methods, the conclusion should be made only after comparing with the following: clinical picture, data of the allergic, pharmacolo gical and food history, results of instrumental studies and skin tests (in t he absence of contraindications to their use). KEYWORDS: atopy, allergy, laboratory diagnostics, immunochemiluminescence assay, skin test, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, dermato-pulmonary syndrome. FOR CITATION: Rybnikova E.A., Prodeus A.P., Fedoskova T.G. Modern laboratory diagnostic methods of allergy to help the practicing physician. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):43–49. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-43-49.

Nanoparticles and Its Implications in HIV/AIDS Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor B. Oti
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Hiv Aids

The use of Antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV/ AIDS patients has enormously increased their life spans with serious disadvantages. The virus infection still remains a public health problem worldwide with no cure and vaccine for the viral agent until now. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS is an emerging technology of the 21st century. NPs are solid and colloid particles with 10 nm to <1000 nm size range; although, less than 200 nm is the recommended size for nanomedical usage. There are NPs with therapeutic capabilities such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanocapsules. The particle enters the body mainly via oral intake, direct injection and inhalation. It has been proven to have potentials of advancing the prevention and treatment of the viral agent. Certain NPs have been shown to have selftherapeutic activity for the virus in vitro. Strategies that are novel are emerging which can be used to improve nanotechnology, such as genetic treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, nanoparticles, the types and its characteristics in drug delivery were discussed. The light was furthermore shed on its implications in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Structure and Laboratory Diagnostics of Non-medical Consumption of Modern Synthetic Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319
Author(s):  
O. L. Balabanova ◽  
V. V. Shilov ◽  
A. N. Lodyagin ◽  
S. I. Glushkov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Drug Intoxication ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Toxicological Research ◽  
Narcotic Drugs

The emergence of new synthetic narcotic drugs is noted all over the world. The situation causes significant difficulties for toxicologists, resuscitators, narcologists, and clinical laboratory diagnostics doctors due to the lack of available data on the clinical picture of poisoning by these compounds and laboratory diagnostic methods. In most cases, the clinical picture of drug intoxication or poisoning with new synthetic substances differs from the symptoms caused by previously known drugs, such as cocaine or opiates. Therefore, chemical toxicological research is one of the important aspects for establishing the fact of intoxication or poisoning.

scholarly journals The Role of Benzylpenicilloyl Epimers in Specific IgE Recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristobalina Mayorga ◽  
Maria I. Montañez ◽  
Francisco Najera ◽  
Gador Bogas ◽  
Tahía D. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Provocation Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Positive Skin

The high prevalence of allergy to β-lactam antibiotics is a worldwide issue. Accuracy of diagnostic methods is important to prove tolerance or allergy, with skin test considered the best validated in vivo method for diagnosing immediate reactions to β-lactams. Although drug provocation test is the reference standard, it cannot be performed in highly risk reactions or in those with positive skin tests. For skin tests, the inclusion of major and minor determinants of benzylpenicillin (BP) is recommended. Commercial skin test reagents have changed along time, including as minor determinants benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicilloate (BPO), and benzylpenilloate (PO). Major determinants consists of multivalent conjugates of benzylpenicilloyl coupled through amide bond to a carrier polymer, such as penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) or benzylpenicilloyl-octalysine (BP-OL). The chemical stability of such reagents has influenced the evolution of the composition of the commercial kits, as this requirement is necessary for improving the quality and standardization of the product. In this work, we provide a detailed study of the chemical stability of BP determinants. We observed that those structures suffer from an epimerization process in C-5 at different rates. Butylamine-Benzylpenicilloyl conjugates (5R,6R)-Bu-BPO and (5S,6R)-Bu-BPO were selected as a simple model for mayor determinant to evaluate the role of the different epimers in the immunoreactivity with sera from penicillin-allergic patients. In vitro immunoassays indicate that any change in the chemical structure of the antigenic determinant of BP significantly affects IgE recognition. The inclusion of stereochemically pure compounds or mixtures may have important implications for both the reproducibility and sensitivity of in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of skin prick test with immunoblotting of different manufacturers in the context of determining the sensitization to birch allergen in patients with respiratory allergic diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Artemii Bogomolov
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
Western Blots

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic parameters of various methods for determining birch allergen sensitization in patients with respiratory allergic diseases – allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Materials and methods: During the study, 88 patients with allergic rhinitis and/or atopic asthma were examined with three different methods of specific allergic diagnosis (in vivo and in vitro) according to the recommendations of the ethics committee of the Pirogov Vinnitsa National Medical University, all of which were out of acute. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (both intermittent and persistent) and/or atopic asthma. The pre-test was conducted according to the classic test method according to the normative documents with commercial allergen extracts. Western blots for the determination of IgE levels were performed using RIDA AllergyScreen test systems (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany) and Euroline (Euroimmun). Results and discussion: Systematic error of measurement results of immunoblot of different manufacturers is equal to 2.27 ku/l, which indicates the presence of a systematic difference. The distribution graph corresponds to the type of absolute systematic error graphs. The standard deviation of the difference was 11.28, which is significantly compared to the values themselves. Thus, the results of the two systems for the determination of specific IgE for birch allergen by the Rida AllergyScreen and Euroline methods are not well matched due to systematic divergence of indicators. There is a good agreement between the results of skin testing with birch allergens and the detection of specific IgE by the Rida AllergyScreen test, and between the results of skin testing with birch allergen and the detection of specific IgE by the Euroline method, there is a moderate agreement between the results.

Diagnostic methods for confirming drug-allergy – the lymphocyte transformation test in dermatology

2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (24) ◽  
pp. 1107-1114
Author(s):  
Sarolta Makó ◽  
Réka Lepesi-Benkő ◽  
Márta Marschalkó ◽  
Gyöngyvér Soós ◽  
Sarolta Kárpáti
Keyword(s):  
Drug Allergy ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods

A gyógyszermellékhatások felismerése és a tüneteket kiváltó gyógyszer oki szerepének bizonyítása komoly felkészültséget igényel. E közlemény célja a gyógyszerallergiás reakciók diagnosztikai lehetőségeinek rövid áttekintése és a lymphocytatranszformációs teszt gyógyszer-hiperszenzitivitási reakciókban való bizonyító szerepének bőrgyógyászati szempontok szerinti értékelése. A lymphocytatranszformációs teszt azon a megfigyelésen alapul, hogy a gyógyszerrel való első találkozáskor kialakult antigénspecifikus T-sejtek osztódni kezdenek az antigénnel való in vitro megismételt találkozás után. A szenzibilizációt az osztódó T-sejtekbe történő 3 H-timidin-beépülés mértéke jelzi. A hatóanyag-specifikus T-sejtek szinte mindig részt vesznek a gyógyszerallergiás reakciókban, ezért a vizsgálat előnye, hogy sok gyógyszernél és különböző immunreakciók eseteiben egyaránt jól alkalmazható. Hátránya a munkaigényesség, valamint az, hogy specificitásának és szenzitivitásának bizonyításához hiányoznak a széles körű, nagy beteganyagon elvégzett tanulmányok. Emiatt a teszt nem egyértelműen elfogadott a gyógyszerallergia igazolására. Hiányosságai ellenére azonban, jobb prediktív értékű egyéb vizsgálatok hiányában, a lymphocytatranszformációs tesztnek fontos szerepe van a gyógyszerallergiák diagnosztizálása terén.

THE ROLE OF PHAGE THERAPY IN THE FORMATION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROECOSYSTEM

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Gladkov S.F. ◽  
Perevoshchikova N.K. ◽  
Chernykh N.S. ◽  
Pichugina Yu.S. ◽  
Surkova M.A.
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Selective Decontamination ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
The Individual

The current adverse situation associated with the presence of a pandemic of allergic diseases is due to the lack of a scientifically based concept of treatment and prevention. The increased interest of researchers from different countries in the formation of immunological tolerance by modeling the intestinal microbiota is of high importance. Methods of influence on the microbial communities of the child's intestine should be as delicate as possible, taking into account the individual genetic characteristics of the microecosystem and the possibility of anaphylaxis. Until now, probiotic drugs have been widely used to correct dysbiosis, but data is gradually accumulating that there is no convincing evidence base for their use for the treatment and prevention of atopy. The use of bacteriophages is very relevant and one of the promising, actively studied areas of correction of intestinal biocenosis today, which are an alternative to antibiotic and probiotic medications. Selective decontamination of representatives of opportunistic flora, as the main factor in the implementation of the atopic phenotype, makes it possible to preserve and accelerate the formation of a unique and individual composition of the intestinal microbiota of the child, which can form an immunoregulatory balance. More than a century of experience in the use of bacteriophages indicates the safety of their use. Today, bacteriophages are actively used in various fields of practical medicine − obstetrics-gynecology, perinatology, urology, pediatric otorhinolaryngology, in the treatment of purulent-septic and intestinal infections. In some cases, bacteriophages are very effective against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The active personalized use of bacteriophages in real clinical practice will make it possible to solve a number of serious, long-standing health problems in the Russian Federation and to win a world priority in this direction.

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds for Diabetes Management: Important Advances for Drug Discovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kondeti Ramudu Shanmugam ◽  
Bhasha Shanmugam ◽  
Gangigunta Venkatasubbaiah ◽  
Sahukari Ravi ◽  
Kesireddy Sathyavelu Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Major Public Health Problem

Background : Diabetes is a major public health problem in the world. It affects each and every part of the human body and also leads to organ failure. Hence, great progress made in the field of herbal medicine and diabetic research. Objectives: Our review will focus on the effect of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants which are used to treat diabetes in India and other countries. Methods: Information regarding diabetes, oxidative stress, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds were collected from different search engines like Science direct, Springer, Wiley online library, Taylor and francis, Bentham Science, Pubmed and Google scholar. Data was analyzed and summarized in the review. Results and Conclusion: Anti-diabetic drugs that are in use have many side effects on vital organs like heart, liver, kidney and brain. There is an urgent need for alternative medicine to treat diabetes and their disorders. In India and other countries herbal medicine was used to treat diabetes. Many herbal plants have antidiabetic effects. The plants like ginger, phyllanthus, curcumin, aswagandha, aloe, hibiscus and curcuma showed significant anti-hyperglycemic activities in experimental models and humans. The bioactive compounds like Allicin, azadirachtin, cajanin, curcumin, querceitin, gingerol possesses anti-diabetic, antioxidant and other pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the role of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants in prevention and management of diabetes. Conclusion: Moreover, our review suggests that bioactive compounds have the potential therapeutic potential against diabetes. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Coumarins Derivatives Against Sporothrix spp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana da S.M. Forezi ◽  
Luana Pereira Borba-Santos ◽  
Mariana F.C. Cardoso ◽  
Vitor F. Ferreira ◽  
Sonia Rozental ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Coumarin Derivatives ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
Effective Drugs

Sporotrichosis is a serious public health problem in Brazil that affects human patients and domestic animals, mainly cats. Thus, the search for new antifungal agents is required also due to the emergence and to the lack of effective drugs available in the therapeutic arsenal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal profile of two synthetic series of coumarin derivatives against Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The three-components synthetic routes used for the preparation of coumarin derivatives have proved to be quite efficient and compounds 16 and 17 have been prepared in good yields. The inhibitory activity of nineteen synthetic coumarins derivatives 16a-i and 17a-j were evaluated against Sporothrix spp. yeasts and the most potent compounds were 16b and 17i. However, according to concentrations able to inhibit (minimum inhibitory concentrations) and kill (minimum fungicidal concentrations) the cells, 17i was more effective than 16b against Sporothrix spp. Thus, 17i exhibited good antifungal activity against S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, suggesting that it is an important scaffold for the development of novel antifungal agents.

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