CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN ANMCH OF GAYA, BIHAR, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Jaideo Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Some of the cancer control programmes and screening tests have checked the cervical cancer incidence and its related mortality. The incidence and death rate due to cervical cancer is reduced upto 80% in some of the developing countries. Pap smear cytology is useful to detect and evaluate the degree of cellular alterations seen among cervical abnormalities. As Pap smear screening test is simple, rapid and cost effective, it is an ideal tool for mass screening programmes and better reliable results are obtained compared to other tests. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for Clinical Evaluation of Cytological Findings of Cervical PAP Smears in ANMCH Gaya, Bihar, India. The present study was planned in Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital, Gaya, Bihar, India. In the present study 25 cases of the females cervical smears of patients undergone Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing were enrolled in the present study. Pap smears were obtained from squamocolumnar junction with the help of Ayre’s spatula. The material obtained was quickly smeared on a clean glass slide and the smear was immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. In the central laboratory, the slides were stained with Papanicolaou stain and examined under light microscope. The cytological interpretation of the smears was made according to The Bethesda System 2014 (TBS). The data generated from the present study concludes that Pap smear tests are inexpensive and affordable by the patients. This Procedure doesn’t need experts and specialists for collection of smear. Early detection of possibility of malignancy helps in prompt treatment at early stage and prolongation of life expectancy of many women and reduce the mortality and morbidity of cancer cervix. Till today Pap smear test is the most useful screening procedure for cervical cancer. Keywords: cytology, pap smear, screening, squamous intraepithelial lesion, etc.

scholarly journals The effect of Pap smear screening on cervical cancer stage among southern Thai women

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Niu ◽  
Shama Virani ◽  
Surichai Bilheem ◽  
Hutcha Sriplung
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Thai Women ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Late Stage Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

AbstractOur study aimed to investigate the effect of Pap smear screening on stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer in a heterogeneous population of Thai women. Data was merged from the population-based cancer registry and screening registry based on unique identification numbers from 2006 to 2014. Patients being screened had lower odds to be diagnosed at late stage. After adjustment, married women had reduced risk of late stage cancer compared to single women. Muslim women had almost twice the risk of being diagnosed late stage compared to Buddhist women. The odds of being diagnosed at late stage decreased with increased number of screening. The probability of being diagnosed at late stage increased rapidly among females aged 40 to 55 years. Pap smear screening is a protective factor in diagnosis of late stage cervical cancer. Patients were more likely to be diagnosed at early stage with more frequent screening. For future screening programs, it will be beneficial to shorten screening intervals and take more concern for vulnerable population: women aged between 40 and 55 years, and women who are single or Muslim.

Pap Hub: A system to improve compliance with pap smear screening guidelines in a large health care system.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
Deanna Gek Koon Teoh ◽  
Lisa A. Fall ◽  
Erin A. Beitelspacher ◽  
Charles W. Lais
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

193 Background: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent gynecologic cancer worldwide, but is third in the U.S. due to pap smear screening. However, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guidelines are complex and frequently changed, resulting in guideline adherence as low as 33-44%. We describe a centralized pap smear tracking system (“pap hub”) and report preliminary results. Methods: On 1/1/13 we implemented the pap hub, routing all screening pap smear results to a dedicated OB/Gyn nursing staff with a new Epic workbench. Epic Health Maintenance Modifier updated to recommend pap smears for women age 21-65 years (not younger or older per guidelines). Screening Pap/HPV results auto routed to Pap Pool Epic inbasket (not to individual providers). Centralized nurse reviews results alongside past pap results on Pathology flowsheet in Epic If normal Normal history -> appropriate follow-up interval per screening guidelines If abnormal history -> repeat pap as determined by previous history and treatment If abnormal -> manage per ASCCP guidelines Document plan in Epic Result Note Update Epic problems list If Normal: document “Pap Hub Normal History” If Abnormal: document “Pap Hub Abnormal History” with specifics in Overview History Communicate results/plan to the patient. Update Health Maintenance Modifier with next step. Review abnormal results to ensure proper follow-up, with reminders as indicated. Results: Guideline recommendations against pap smears for patients <21 years and >65 years have not changed since 2009. Comparison of first-quarter data for 2010 (pre-Pap Hub) to 2013 (post-Pap Hub) have shown a 63.86% reduction in pap smears in women <21 years. Pap smears in women >65 years has always been low, but has decreased slightly from 2.4% of all pap smears in 2010 to 1.5% of all pap smears in 2013. The 2012 ASCCP guidelines have changed recommended pap smear frequency and abnormal pap smear follow-up, and compliance with these new recommendations is being collected. Conclusions: Pap smear screening has decreased the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the United States. The Pap Hub, a centralized pap smear tracking system, improves compliance with pap smear screening guidelines.

scholarly journals Onkogenesis, Morfologi, dan Modalitas Deteksi Dini Karsinoma Serviks

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Elsani P. L. Rapar ◽  
Maria K. Sambuaga ◽  
Meilany F. Durry
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
E6 And E7

Abstract: The incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in developing countries are relatively high compared to developed countries. The main risk factor for cervical cancer is high risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, such as types 16 and 18. Types of high-risk HPV expresses oncoproteins E6 and E7 which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma through inhibition of the activity of gene group expression products that play a role in suppressing tumor growth, such as p53 and pRB. This process will cause morphological changes in the squamous epithelium from precancerous lesions to cancer. The development of squamous epithelial cell cancer can be prevented through screening tests in order to detect cervical cancer early. This study was aimed to obtain the oncogenesis, morphology, and early detection modality of cervical carcinoma. This was a literature review study using three databases, as follows: ClinicalKey, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results explained that p53 and pRB suppression by high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 played an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. Screening tests such as visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Pap smears and HPV DNA have an important role as modalities for early detection of malignancy. More specifically VIA and Pap smears are suitable for Indonesia which is a developing country, especially when implemented in peripheral areas.Keywords: oncogenesis; morphological changes; early detection; cervical carcinoma  Abstrak: Insidens dan mortalitas kanker serviks di negara berkembang relatif tinggi dibandingkan negara maju. Faktor risiko utama dari kanker serviks adalah infeksi human papilloma virus (HPV) risiko tinggi yaitu tipe 16 dan 18. HPV tipe risiko tinggi mengekspresikan onkoprotein E6 dan E7, yang berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks melalui inhibisi terhadap aktivitas produk-produk ekspresi kelompok gen yang berperan dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor, seperti p53 dan pRB. Proses ini akan menyebabkan perubahan morfologik pada epitel skuamosa mulai dari lesi prakanker sampai kanker. Perkembangan kanker sel epitel skuamosa dapat dicegah melalui pemeriksaan skrining guna mendeteksi dini kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui onkogenesis, morfologi, dan modalitas deteksi dini karsinoma serviks. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan tiga basis data yaitu ClinicalKey, PubMed, dan Google Scholar. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa penekanan p53 dan pRB oleh onkoprotein HPV risiko tinggi E6 dan E7 sangat berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks. Tipe histologik tersering ialah tipe karsinoma sel skuamosa. Pemeriksaan skrining seperti pemeriksaan inspeksi visual dengan asam asetat (IVA), Pap smear dan HPV DNA memiliki peran penting sebagai modalitas deteksi dini keganasan. Lebih khusus IVA dan Pap smear cocok untuk negara Indonesia yang merupakan negara berkembang, terutama bila diimplementasikan di daerah perifer.Kata kunci: onkogenesis; perubahan morfologik; deteksi dini; karsinoma serviks

scholarly journals Utility of Papanicolaou’s smears in the diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix in a tertiary care centre of South Gujarat, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3342
Author(s):  
Shivangi S. Gandhi ◽  
Pinal C. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Background: "Preventable but not prevented", this is the reality of cervical cancer today, at least in developing countries. 80% of all the cases of cervical cancer occur in these developing countries. In India, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women. The Papanicolaou test is simple, quick, and painless. It is capable of detecting cervical cancer at an early stage and is used widely in developed countries, where it has decreased both the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Objective of the study was conducted to determine the importance of conventional Pap smears for the diagnosis of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2018 on 2000 women coming for a Pap smear examination in Government Medical College attached to New Civil Hospital, Surat. After doing Pap stain, all cases were reported as per the 2014 Bethesda system.Results: A total of 2000 cases of Pap smears were received out of which 1914(95.7%) cases were satisfactory for evaluation, 86(4.3%) cases were unsatisfactory. The frequency of epithelial abnormalities was 3.66%. The age group of 51-60 years showed the highest epithelial abnormalities. The frequency of epithelial abnormalities in asymptomatic women was 2.3%. Out of the 1844 cases, 103(5.6%) showed changes of atrophy, 1011(54.8%) cases showed inflammatory/reactive changes, whereas organisms were seen in 558(30.3%) cases.Conclusions: Pap smear happens to be an economical, safe and pragmatic diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer.

scholarly journals Cervical pap smear- A prospective study in a tertiary hospital

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 820-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pudasaini ◽  
KBR Prasad ◽  
SK Rauniyar ◽  
R Pathak ◽  
K Pande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide and most common gynaecological cancer in developing countries. Papanicolaou smear is a simple and cost effective screening test for cervical cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate and interpret the cervical pap smear cytology in a tertiary hospital. The interpretation and reporting of the pap smear is based on 2001Bethesda system.Materials and methods: This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary hospital, Nepal Medical College over a period of two and a half years (January 2013 to June 2015). All cervical pap smears received in the department of Pathology in the study period were included.Results: A total of 4160 cervical pap smears were reported in the study period. Majority of the cases were Negative for Intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (87.9%). Bacterial vaginosis, atrophy and reactive cellular changes associated with inflammation were seen in 5.3%, 2.4% and 1.5% cases respectively.   Epithelial cell abnormalities (0.5%) include Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and High grade intraepithelial lesion. 88% of Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was seen in reproductive age group (20-45 years).Conclusion: Cervical cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer in the developing countries. Pap smear is the simple and cost effective screening tool to detect pre invasive cervical epithelial lesions.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
S. Preetika ◽  
Sahayaraj Sahayaraj
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the less developed countries. Cervical cancer may be prevented or diagnosed at early stages due to the easy accessibility and clinical evaluation of the cervix. A pap test is a simple, easy, painless procedure which can be carried out as an outpatient procedure to detect specic, nonspecic inammations, precancerous and cancerous lesions In our study we have analysed the results of PAP smears of women in all age groups and have tried to evaluate the prevalence of cervical lesions and the importance of cervical cancer screening. Material And Methods: Our study was conducted between October 2020 to JULY 2021 and patients who have visited the Gynaec OP during this period were included for this study. We received Pap smears from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stained the slides with Pap stain and studied the smears according to the new Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology 2014. Results: In our study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Smears showing ASCUS were 14 , LSIL reports were 5, HSIL reports were 4. No Smears showed squamous cell carcinoma in our study. Reports in our study like many other studies has shown the importance of Pap smear test in screening cervical cancer. By conducting health camps, increasing health awareness and performing Pap smear screening programmes the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be decreased.

scholarly journals CERVICAL PAP SMEAR STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khushnood ◽  
Priya Vijaykumar Gameti ◽  
Anisha Rajani ◽  
Mala Jain
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Background Mortality

Background: Mortality due to cervical cancer is also an indicator of health inequalities, as 86% of all deaths due to cervical cancer are in developing countries, low- and middle-income countries. Though Pap smear is a routine screening test, the overall sensitivity in detection of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is 70 - 80% .Pap smear is a simple, safe, non-invasive and cost effective method for the detection of pre-cancerous, cancerous and benign lesions of cervix. Materials and Method: Around 100 cases attending gynecology OPD consented to participate were selected between age 15-60years with complaints. Pap smear was taken and was reported by cytopathologists according to the 2001 Bethesda system. All the data were manually collected and subsequently analyzed.   Results: Maximum number of cases (37%)were seen in the age group og 31-40 years followed by 41-50 years (29%)and rest between 21-30 years (26%). 8% cases were seen in the age group of 51-60 years. NILM was reported in 48% of cases. Inflammatory smears were seen in 44% of cases. Two smears were reported as unsatisfactory.02% of cases was reported as ASCUS.LSIL was reported in 02% of cases while HSIL were reported in 01% of cases. Non specific findings were reported in 01 case. Conclusion: This study proves that PAP stain is a simple, cheap, inexpensive and easy procedure and that using PAP stain cytological screening programs conducted in developing countries can play a major role in reducing mortality and morbidity due to Cancer Cervix. Keywords: PAP stain, Cervix, Cancer

scholarly journals Colposcopic evaluation of cervix with abnormal papsmear findings: prospective analytical study at our tertiary care centre

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2036
Author(s):  
Bhawna Verma ◽  
Radha Rastogi ◽  
Dipti Srivastava ◽  
Saroj Saharan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Invasive Carcinoma ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Pap test has been successful in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer by 80% and mortality by 70%. Any women with a cytologic specimen suggesting the presence of HSIL on Pap smear should undergo colposcopy and dissected biopsy. Prevention of invasive cancer by early detection and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) currently offers the most cost effective, long term strategy for cervical cancer control. The aim of study was to minimise disagreements and make colposcopy assessment quick, accurate and easy for follow-up.Methods: Prospective analytical study of 300 gynaecological patients with abdominal Pap smear findings between June 2020 to Dec 2020 at R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur. All of them were subjected to colposcopy and dissected biopsy from the abdominal areas. The incidence of CIN/invasive carcinoma was calculated by proportion/percentage.Results: Incidence of invasive carcinoma was <1% but the incidence of premalignant lesion CIN was high (20.9%), CIN 2/3 and CIS were present in 6.9%.Conclusions: Patients with persistent inflammation pap smear can harbour high proportion of CIN and hence these patients need further evaluation through colposcopy.

scholarly journals Cervical cancer screening of female of rural community of Nepal: Knowledge, attitude and practices

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cancer Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Interval ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Purpose and Objectives: Cervical cancer is leading female cancer in Nepal. Despite the existence of effective screening using Pap smear, the uptake of screening is poor. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge, lack of availability of services in rural area and low priority of women’s health issue. Objectives of this study were to determine the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of Pap smear screening among the women of rural community of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional population based descriptive study of female attending free health camp in different rural community of Nepal organized by Nepal Cancer Hospital was conducted using self-administered questionnaire to elicit information on demographic characteristics, knowledge, screening behaviors and determinants of cervical cancer. Knowledge is elicited about eligibility for screening and screening interval according to American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines. Practices are evaluated as having ever been screened themselves. Attitudes referred to the various reasons for not getting screened themselves. Results: A total of 500 women participated in this study, out of which 44.4% (228) were either illiterate or just educated up to primary school. Mean age of participates were 40.6±10.3 yrs. 47.4% (238) of women married before age of 18 and 57% (258) women had their first childbirth before age of 21 years. Only 33.8% (169) female knew that cervical cancer is preventable and is curable in early stage. Although 42.6% (213) women heard about Pap smear, only 38.2% (191) knew about eligibility of screening and 11% (55) knew about screening interval. However, knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer was found in 8.2% (41). About 26.8% (134) women had done Pap test at least once. The most common reason for not doing Pap test is they never heard about it (41.8%: 209). The other reason includes do not know where to do (9.6%: 48); never adviced by doctor (9%: 45); embarrassment (2.4%: 12); fear of finding out cancer (3.2%: 16) and do not have any symptoms (2.4%: 12). Conclusions: The study revealed low cervical cancer knowledge and poor screening behavior among the women. This may be suggestive of even poorer awareness and screening and practices among older women who are less educated or with no education.

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