scholarly journals Targeting Extracellular Vesicles to Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

Acta Naturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Leyla A. Ovchinnikova ◽  
Ioanna N. Filimonova ◽  
Maria Y. Zakharova ◽  
Dmitriy S. Balabashin ◽  
Teimour K. Aliev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Cargo Delivery ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Enhance Efficiency ◽  
Almost All

Targeting protein therapeutics to specific cells and tissues is a major challenge in modern medicine. Improving the specificity of protein therapeutic delivery will significantly enhance efficiency in drug development. One of the promising tools for protein delivery is extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are enveloped by a complex lipid bilayer. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types and possess significant advantages: biocompatibility, stability, and the ability to penetrate the bloodbrain barrier. Overexpression of the vesicular stomatitis virus protein G (VSV-G) was shown to promote EV formation by the producer cell. We have developed an EV-based system for targeted delivery of protein cargoes to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we show that attachment of a recombinant llama nanobody -CD206 to the N-terminus of a truncated VSV-G increases the selectivity of EV cargo delivery mainly to APCs. These results highlight the outstanding technological and biomedical potential of EV-based delivery systems for correcting the immune response in patients with autoimmune, viral, and oncological diseases.

scholarly journals Urinary Extracellular Vesicles: Uncovering the Basis of the Pathological Processes in Kidney-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6507
Author(s):  
Giulia Cricrì ◽  
Linda Bellucci ◽  
Giovanni Montini ◽  
Federica Collino
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Barrier ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
Multicellular Interactions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cell Crosstalk

Intercellular communication governs multicellular interactions in complex organisms. A variety of mechanisms exist through which cells can communicate, e.g., cell-cell contact, the release of paracrine/autocrine soluble molecules, or the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by almost all cell types, acting both nearby and distant from their tissue/organ of origin. In the kidney, EVs are potent intercellular messengers released by all urinary system cells and are involved in cell crosstalk, contributing to physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, urine is a reservoir of EVs coming from the circulation after crossing the glomerular filtration barrier—or originating in the kidney. Thus, urine represents an alternative source for biomarkers in kidney-related diseases, potentially replacing standard diagnostic techniques, including kidney biopsy. This review will present an overview of EV biogenesis and classification and the leading procedures for isolating EVs from body fluids. Furthermore, their role in intra-nephron communication and their use as a diagnostic tool for precision medicine in kidney-related disorders will be discussed.

scholarly journals Postprandial transfer of colostral extracellular vesicles and their protein and miRNA cargo in neonatal calves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Kirchner ◽  
Dominik Buschmann ◽  
Vijay Paul ◽  
Michael W. Pfaffl
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes are key regulators of intercellular communication that can be found in almost all bio fluids. Although studies in the last decade have made great headway in discerning the role of EVs in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, the bioavailability and impact of dietary EVs and their cargo still remain to be elucidated. Due to its widespread consumption and high content of EV-associated microRNAs and proteins, a major focus in this field has been set on EVs in bovine milk and colostrum. Despite promising in vitro studies in recent years that show high resiliency of milk EVs to degradation and uptake of milk EV cargo in a variety of intestinal and blood cell types, in vivo experiments continue to be inconclusive and sometimes outright contradictive. Results To resolve this discrepancy, we assessed the potential postprandial transfer of colostral EVs to the circulation of newborn calves by analysing colostrum-specific protein and miRNAs, including specific isoforms (isomiRs) in cells, EV isolations and unfractionated samples from blood and colostrum. Our findings reveal distinct populations of EVs in colostrum and blood from cows that can be clearly separated by density, particle concentration and protein content (BTN1A1, MFGE8). Postprandial blood samples of calves show a time-dependent increase in EVs that share morphological and protein characteristics of colostral EVs. Analysis of miRNA expression profiles by Next-Generation Sequencing gave a different picture however. Although significant postprandial expression changes could only be detected for calf EV samples, expression profiles show very limited overlap with highly expressed miRNAs in colostral EVs or colostrum in general. Conclusions Taken together our results indicate a selective uptake of membrane-associated protein cargo but not luminal miRNAs from colostral EVs into the circulation of neonatal calves.

scholarly journals Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Treating Joint Injury and Osteoarthritis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Li ◽  
Elham Hosseini-Beheshti ◽  
Georges Grau ◽  
Hala Zreiqat ◽  
Christopher Little
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Joint Injury ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Almost All ◽  
New Treatments

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles secreted by almost all cell types to facilitate intercellular communication. Stem cell-derived EVs theoretically have the same biological functions as stem cells, but offer the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and removal of issues such as low cell survival and unpredictable long-term behaviour associated with direct cell transplantation. They have been an area of intense interest in regenerative medicine, due to the potential to harness their anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects to induce healing in a wide variety of tissues. However, the potential of using stem cell-derived EVs for treating joint injury and osteoarthritis has not yet been extensively explored. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, with or without prior joint injury, is not well understood, and there is a longstanding unmet clinical need to develop new treatments that provide a therapeutic effect in preventing or stopping joint degeneration, rather than merely relieving the symptoms of the disease. This review summarises the current evidence relating to stem cell-derived EVs in joint injury and osteoarthritis, providing a concise discussion of their characteristics, advantages, therapeutic effects, limitations and outlook in this exciting new area.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo ◽  
Regiane Stafim da Cunha ◽  
Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho ◽  
Jessica Verônica da Silva ◽  
Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cardiorenal Syndrome ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Almost All ◽  
End Stage

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis.

scholarly journals Exosomes and the role of exosomal miRNA in the diagnosis of lung cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
R.I. Bersimbaev ◽  
◽  
O.V. Bulgakova ◽  
A.A. Aripova ◽  
A.Zh. Kausbekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis Of Lung Cancer ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all cell types that can function as a cell-to-cell carrier of information, providing pleiotropic functions in intercellular communication. Exosomes can transport various biomolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, into recipient cells. The review analyzed the current data on the role of exosomes and the possibility of using exosomal microRNAs as a biomarker in the diagnosis of lung cancer. MicroRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, so they can regulate the expression of genes that play an important role in oncogenesis. At the moment, microRNAs of exosomes are one of the main candidates for the role of molecular markers in liquid biopsy for the diagnosis of oncological diseases. The review analyzes the diagnostic potential of the use of exosomes in carcinogenesis in general, with an emphasis on the use of exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of lung cancer.

scholarly journals Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Means of Co-opting Macrophage Polarization in the Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Reed ◽  
Jeffrey Schorey ◽  
Crislyn D’Souza-Schorey
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Functional Plasticity ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Almost All

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of membrane-bound parcels of bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids released from almost all cell types. The diversity of cargo packaged into EVs proffer the induction of an array of effects on recipient cells. EVs released from tumor cells have emerged as a vital means of communication and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Macrophages are an important contributor to the TME with seemingly paradoxical roles promoting either pro- or anti-tumoral immune function depending on their activated phenotypes. Here, we discuss the influence of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on the functional plasticity of macrophages in tumor progression.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Modifying the Effects of Ionizing Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tünde Szatmári ◽  
Rita Hargitai ◽  
Géza Sáfrány ◽  
Katalin Lumniczky
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Almost All

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated nanovesicles actively secreted by almost all cell types. EVs can travel long distances within the body, being finally taken up by the target cells, transferring information from one cell to another, thus influencing their behavior. The cargo of EVs comprises of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins derived from the cell of origin, thereby it is cell-type specific; moreover, it differs between diseased and normal cells. Several studies have shown that EVs have a role in tumor formation and prognosis. It was also demonstrated that ionizing radiation can alter the cargo of EVs. EVs, in turn can modulate radiation responses and they play a role in radiation-induced bystander effects. Due to their biocompatibility and selective targeting, EVs are suitable nanocarrier candidates of drugs in various diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, the cargo of EVs can be engineered, and in this way they can be designed to carry certain genes or even drugs, similar to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the biological characteristics of EVs, focusing on the recent efforts to use EVs as nanocarriers in oncology, the effects of EVs in radiation therapy, highlighting the possibilities to use EVs as nanocarriers to modulate radiation effects in clinical applications.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: New Tools for Early Diagnosis of Breast and Genitourinary Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8430
Author(s):  
Anna Testa ◽  
Emilio Venturelli ◽  
Maria Felice Brizzi
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Almost All

Breast cancers and cancers of the genitourinary tract are the most common malignancies among men and women and are still characterized by high mortality rates. In order to improve the outcomes, early diagnosis is crucial, ideally by applying non-invasive and specific biomarkers. A key role in this field is played by extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-delimited structures shed from the surface of almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Subcellular structures contained in EVs such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids can be isolated and exploited as biomarkers, since they directly stem from parental cells. Furthermore, it is becoming even more evident that different body fluids can also serve as sources of EVs for diagnostic purposes. In this review, EV isolation and characterization methods are described. Moreover, the potential contribution of EV cargo for diagnostic discovery purposes is described for each tumor.

scholarly journals Insights into the Diagnostic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles and their miRNA Signature from Liquid Biopsy as Early Biomarkers of Diabetic Micro/Macrovascular Complications

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria La Marca ◽  
Alessandra Fierabracci
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Early Diagnosis Of Diabetes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of small vesicles, consisting of a phospholipidic bilayer surrounding a soluble interior cargo. Almost all cell types release EVs, thus they are naturally present in all body fluids. Among the several potential applications, EVs could be used as drug delivery vehicles in disease treatment, in immune therapy because of their immunomodulatory properties and in regenerative medicine. In addition to general markers, EVs are characterized by the presence of specific biomarkers (proteins, miRNAs) that allow the identification of their cell- or tissue-origin. For these features, they represent a potential powerful diagnostic tool to monitor state and progression of specific diseases. As regards, a large body of studies supports the idea that endothelial derived (EMPs) together with platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by micro- and macrovascular damages, including diabetes. Existing literature suggests that the detection of circulating EMPs and PMPs and their specific miRNA profile may represent a very useful non-invasive signature to achieve informations about the onset of peculiar disease manifestations. In this Review, we discuss the possible utility of EVs in the early diagnosis of diabetes-associated microvascular complications, specifically related to kidney.

scholarly journals Origins to Outcomes: A Role for Extracellular Vesicles in Precision Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Savage ◽  
Ciaran Manus Maguire ◽  
Adrielle Prina-Mello
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Almost All

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of great interest in biological research, and though they are a relatively recent discovery, they have rapidly shown great potential for use in clinical applications. The various techniques used in EV isolation along with their respective strengths, weaknesses, and potential for downstream applications are outlined here. A brief description of the different approaches in exosome characterisation are subsequently described. It has been highlighted that despite the recent developments in these processes, there is still a great deal of refinement to be made. EVs are produced by almost all cell types, found in many biological samples, and are implicated in multiple biological processes including cargo trafficking, cell-cell communication, and signal transduction. The presence of these EVs and their varied cargo in a biological sample can be indicative in disease diagnosis, and guide precision medicine-based approaches to disease management. EVs have been reported to actin the benefit of the cell through moderating repair and regeneration, but they can also act to the detriment of the cell through increased tumorigenesis and metastasis. This duality is intriguing as it can allow for the use of EVs in distinct therapeuticapproaches and displays their versatility in potential downstream applications. In this review, examples of the cellular roles of EVs and their applications in pathological and regenerative contexts are explored. In reviewing some of the developments madein recent times, EVs are shown to be very promising both in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document