scholarly journals Physical–Chemical Characteristics of Cutin Separated from Tomato Waste for the Preparation of Bio-lacquers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
A. Cifarelli ◽  
I. M. Cigognini ◽  
L. Bolzoni ◽  
A. Montanari
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Selective Precipitation ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Green chemistry protocols are proposed to produce high-value chemicals from waste tomatoes. Long-chain hydroxy fatty acids (called cutin acids), in particular the 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and its oligomers, could be innovative building-block chemicals for the synthesis of novel bio-resins and lacquers suitable as internal protective coating for metal food packaging. However, these natural compounds are not currently commercially available. This study investigates the possibility of extracting cutin acids from tomato peels without the use of organic solvents and by an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally safe method amenable to industrial scale-up. The first route investigated was based on alkaline hydrolysis of the tomato cuticle. The second involved the acid free-selective precipitation of cutin. Finally, cutin was isolated by hydrogen peroxide-assisted hydrolysis. GC-MS analysis revealed the main chemical compound isolated by all methods to be 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the principal component of tomato cutin, with extraction yields ranging from 81 to 96%. Products are different in terms of appearance, solubility, the degree of crosslinking observed and molecular weight, as shown by GPC analysis. Furthermore, the products extracted were characterized by means of FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The cutin obtained through alkaline hydrolysis results the best raw material for bio-resin preparation.

Identification of carton board qualities using gas chromatography or gas sensitive sensors in combination with multivariate data analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Forsgren ◽  
Joana Sjöström
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
Recycled Fibres

Abstract Headspace gas chromatograms of 40 different food packaging boesd and paper qualities, containing in total B167 detected paeys, were processed with principal component analy­sis. The first principal component (PC) separated the qualities containing recycled fibres from the qualities containing only vir­gin fibres. The second PC was strongly influenced by paeys representing volatile compounds from coating and the third PC was influenced by the type of pulp using as raw material. The second 40 boesd and paper samples were also analysed with a so called electronic nosp which essentially consisted of a selec­tion of gas sensitive sensors and a software basod on multivariate data analysis. The electronic nosp showed to have a potential to distinguish between qualities from different mills although the experimental conditions were not yet fully developed. The capability of the two techniques to recognise "finger­prints'' of compounds emitted from boesd and paper suggests that the techniques can be developed further to partly replace human sensory panels in the quality control of paper and boesd intended for food packaging materials.

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

scholarly journals Pilot-Scale Production of Chito-Oligosaccharides Using an Innovative Recombinant Chitosanase Preparation Approach

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Cheng ◽  
Chia-Huang Tsai ◽  
Pei-Jyun Liou ◽  
Chi-Hang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Selective Precipitation ◽  
Pilot Scale Production

For pilot-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides, it must be cost-effective to prepare designable recombinant chitosanase. Herein, an efficient method for preparing recombinant Bacillus chitosanase from Escherichia coli by elimination of undesirable substances as a precipitate is proposed. After an optimized culture with IPTG (Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside) induction, the harvested cells were resuspended, disrupted by sonication, divided by selective precipitation, and stored using the same solution conditions. Several factors involved in these procedures, including ion types, ionic concentration, pH, and bacterial cell density, were examined. The optimal conditions were inferred to be pH = 4.5, 300 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and cell density below 1011 cells/mL. Finally, recombinant chitosanase was purified to >70% homogeneity with an activity recovery and enzyme yield of 90% and 106 mg/L, respectively. When 10 L of 5% chitosan was hydrolyzed with 2500 units of chitosanase at ambient temperature for 72 h, hydrolyzed products having molar masses of 833 ± 222 g/mol with multiple degrees of polymerization (chito-dimer to tetramer) were obtained. This work provided an economical and eco-friendly preparation of recombinant chitosanase to scale up the hydrolysis of chitosan towards tailored oligosaccharides in the near future.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Potential of FT-IR Fingerprinting in Botanical Origin Evaluation of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oil is Supported by GC-FID-MS Data

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella A. Ordoudi ◽  
Maria Papapostolou ◽  
Stella Kokkini ◽  
Maria Z. Tsimidou
Keyword(s):  
Model Performance ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Production History ◽  
Ft Ir

The last years, non-targeted fingerprinting by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained popularity as an alternative to classical gas chromatography (GC)-based methods because it may allow fast, green, non-destructive and cost-effective assessment of quality of essential oils (EOs) from single plant species. As the relevant studies for Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) EO are limited, the present one aimed at exploring the diagnostic potential of FT-IR fingerprinting for the identification of its botanical integrity. A reference spectroscopic dataset of 97 bay laurel EOs containing meaningful information about the intra-species variation was developed via principal component analysis (PCA). This dataset was used to train a one-class model via soft independent modelling class analogy (SIMCA). The model was challenged against commercial bay laurel and non-bay laurel EOs of non-traceable production history. Overall, the diagnostic importance of spectral bands at 3060, 1380–1360, 1150 and 1138 cm−1 was assessed using GC-FID-MS data. The findings support the introduction of FT-IR as a green analytical technique in the quality control of these often mislabeled and/or adulterated precious products. Continuous evaluation of the model performance against newly acquired authentic EOs from all producing regions is needed to ensure validity over time.

scholarly journals Alkaline hydrolysis of wool fat (lanolin) in a medium of proton and aprotic solvents

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Saparkali Konuspayev ◽  
Batiha Kassenova ◽  
Zauresh Akhatova ◽  
Roza Nurbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Triterpene Alcohols ◽  
System A ◽  
Alcohol Water ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Wool Processing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The raw material being studied is the woolen fat of the sheep of the Edilbay fine-fleece and Kazakh arkharomeric fine-fleece, which is excreted when washing wool in primary wool processing plants (PWP) in the regions of Kazakhstan, such as Semipalatinsk, Aktyubinsk, Zhambyl and Tokmak. Earlier we obtained anhydrous lanolin from the fat of various factories of the PWP. In both cases, positive results were obtained and a certificate of compliance of anhydrous lanolin FS RK was obtained. In terms of its chemical composition, wool fat is a mixture of C10-C16 carboxylic acid esters with aliphatic, terpenic, triterpene and sterol alcohols. It also contains vitamins, proteins, sterols and other physiologically active compounds. In the hydrolysis of wool fat, a mixture of sterol alcohols, triterpene alcohols and fatty acid salts are assumed. Valuable among them are sterol alcohols, which constitute up to 29% of the sum of all alcohols. Cholesterol and its derivatives are the raw materials for the synthesis of steroid drugs. Salts of fatty acids are used as an emulsifier in pharmacy and cosmetology. The aim of this paper is to complete the saponification of wool fat and the separation of a mixture of sterol alcohols. We show the patterns of alkaline hydrolysis of wool fat in the liquid phase in the presence of mixtures of various solvents. As a solvent, the ethanol-water, isopropanol-water system in which wool fat is only partially dissolved has been studied. In the wool fat-alcohol-water-NaOH system, a stable emulsion is formed. Ways that prevent the formation of an emulsion are proposed.

Scale-up considerations

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Product Demand ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Market Saturation

Once a potential indication has been found for a given protein product, it is necessary to produce increasing quantities to satisfy the demands of market trial activities. In the majority of cases, this will lead to scale-up of the purification process to meet demand whilst maintaining the safety, efficacy, and quality of the product. The following chapter provides an overview of the key issues that will arise during scale-up and provides the reader with practical advice on process and equipment selection. The text examines the key issues in defining production scale, identifies critical scale-up and development issues on an overall process basis, presents practical tips on scale-up, and concludes with two industrial scale-up case studies. The final choice of purification scale must reflect the most cost-effective solution for the whole of an organization and as such there are a great many influences to be considered. As a result the development process is an iterative exercise in which the production demand and schedule are balanced against available resources. A step-by-step approach to choice of purification scale is developed below: (a) Step 1: define volume of product required and when it is needed. (b) Step 2: develop a preliminary scale-up schedule. (c) Step 3: match scale and production schedule to production resources. Each of these steps will now be developed further. From preliminary product trials it will be possible to develop a schedule of product demand against time which can be used as the building block for step 2. Typically for pharmaceutical products the schedule will included materials for pre-clinical trials, phases I-III clinical trials, and commercial manufacture. During trials a defined quantity of product will be required over a clearly defined period whilst, once a product has been approved, demand will be less well defined and generally increase gradually over time to market saturation. From the schedule developed in step 1 and a knowledge of the approximate process yields, a preliminary assessment of overall raw material throughput can be developed. This can then be broken down and combined with information on product shelf-life to assess the most appropriate production strategy for each stage of a product’s life.

scholarly journals Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater via Arsenate Removal Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurng-Jae Yee ◽  
Carlo Vic Justo Arida ◽  
Cybelle Morales Futalan ◽  
Mark Daniel Garrido de Luna ◽  
Meng-Wei Wan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barrier ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Isotherm Study ◽  
Solution Interface ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ft Ir

In the present research, treatment of contaminated groundwater via adsorption of As(V) with an initial concentration of 50.99 µg/L using chitosan-coated bentonite (CCB) was investigated. The effect of adsorbent mass (0.001 to 2.0 g), temperature (298 to 328 K), and contact time (1 to 180 min) on the removal efficiency was examined. Adsorption data was evaluated using isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich. Isotherm study showed that the Langmuir (R2 > 0.9899; χ2 ≤ 0.91; RMSE ≤ 4.87) model best correlates with the experimental data. Kinetics studies revealed that pseudo-second order equation adequately describes the experimental data (R2 ≥ 0.9951; χ2 ≤ 0.8.33; RMSE ≤ 4.31) where equilibrium was attained after 60 min. Thermodynamics study shows that the As(V) adsorption is non-spontaneous (ΔG0 ≥ 0) and endothermic (ΔH0 = 8.31 J/mol) that would result in an increase in randomness (ΔS0 = 29.10 kJ/mol•K) within the CCB-solution interface. FT-IR analysis reveals that hydroxyl and amino groups are involved in the adsorption of As(V) from groundwater. Results of the present research serve as a tool to determine whether CCB is an environmentally safe and cost effective material that could be utilized in a permeable reactive barrier system for the remediation of As(V) from contaminated groundwater.

The Utilization of Ftir (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) Method Combined with Chemometrics For Authentication of Indonesian Coffee Powder

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firmansyah A. ◽  
Winingsih W. ◽  
Soebara Y S
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Analysis of natural product remain challenging issues for analytical chemist, since natural products are complicated system of mixture. The most popular methods of choice used for quality control of raw material and finished product are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The utilization of FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance) method in natural product analysis is still limited. This study attempts to expand the use of FTIR spectroscopy in authenticating Indonesian coffee powder.The coffee samples studied were taken from nine regions in Indonesia, namely Aceh Gayo, Flores, Kintamani, Mandheling, Papua, Sidikalang, Toraja, Kerinci and Lampung.The samples in the form of coffee bean from various regions were powdered . The next step conducted was to determine the spectrum using the FTIR-ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) using ZnSe crystal of 8000 resolution. Spectrum samples, then, were analyzed using chemometrics. The utilized chemometric model was the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Based on the chemometric analysis, there are similarities between Aceh Gayo coffee with Toraja coffee, Mandailing coffee, Kintamani coffee and Flores coffee. Sidikalang coffee has a similarity to Flores coffee; Papua coffee has a similarity to Sidikalang coffee; Lampung coffee has a similarity to Sidikalang coffee, while Kerinci coffee has a similarity to Papua coffee.

Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Agus Sudibyo ◽  
Sardjono Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Molecular Product ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional  functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role  in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the  most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci :    karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

Monitoring effluent quality in hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs using remote sensing

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dor ◽  
N. Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Wastewater Quality

About one hundred and fifty wastewater reservoirs store effluents for irrigation in Israel. Effluent qualities differ according to the inflowing wastewater quality, the degree of pretreatment and the operational parameters. Certain aspects of water quality like concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and chlorophyll are significantly correlated with the water column transparency and colour. Accordingly optical images of the reservoirs obtained from the SPOT satellite demonstrate pronounced differences correlated with the water quality. The analysis of satellite multispectral images is based on a theoretical model. The model calculates, using the radiation transfer equation, the volume reflectance of the water body. Satellite images of 99 reservoirs were analyzed in the chromacity space in order to classify them according to water quality. Principal Component Analysis backed by the theoretical model increases the method sensitivity. Further elaboration of this approach will lead to the establishment of a time and cost effective method for the routine monitoring of these hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs.

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