scholarly journals COVID-19 as a systemic disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
V.N. Khirmanov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Severe Systemic Disease

COVID-19 usually manifests by respiratory symptoms. However, it would be an erroneous simplification to consider it as a local respiratory disease. The nervous system and intestines are often involved even in patients with mild infection, although the risk of dissemination of the infectious process and the development of severe systemic disease is mainly associated with lung damage. The addition of infectious thrombotic microvasculitis (endothelitis) to bronchopneumonia-alveolitis not only forms a substrate for respiratory failure, but also increases a risk of viruses entry into the bloodstream. Viral sepsis develops, whereas inflammatory thrombosis damages new areas of the vascular bed. These mechanisms or direct viral invasion can result in involvement of many tissues and organs in the pathological process. This review examines the molecular, cellular and clinical manifestations and complications of the new coronavirus disease.

scholarly journals The clinical manifestations of nervous system mesenchyme syphilis

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
T. A. Valikova ◽  
V. M. Alifirova ◽  
I. M. Fyodorova ◽  
N. Yu. Paimursina
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Pathologic Process ◽  
First Case ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
The Brain

Nervous system syphilis — neurosyphilis (NS) belongs to rather rare diseases. According to the different authors data available it comes to about 1% of the nervous system organic disturbances and develops by 5—10% syphilous patients not having been treated in the acute stage of the pathological process. The syphilitic disturbance of the nervous system is a chronic progressive disease caused by the pale spirochaeta. The nervous system disturbance occurs basically in two ways: secondary one, because of brain shells, vessels, gummatous manifestations involving in the pathologic process; or primary one, when the causative agent affects directly the brain substance. In the first case syphilis is called rnesodermic or early one; in the second case — parenchymatous or late, primary one. In the article the analysis of two clinical cases of mesenchyme neurosyphilis is carried out: latent neurosyphilis and syphilitic meningomyelitis. Neurosyphilis classification is applied to clinical manifestatons of syphilitic arachnoiditis and vasculitis are described. The methods of specific and nonspecific therapy of mesenchyme syphilis are stated in detail.

Acute Manifestations of Neuromuscular Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christyn Edmundson ◽  
Shawn Bird
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Anterior Horn Cell ◽  
Severe Morbidity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Disorder

AbstractNeuromuscular emergencies may be defined as disorders or exacerbation of diseases of the peripheral nervous system that are rapidly progressive and potentially life-threatening. Such disorders can affect any level of the peripheral nervous system, from the muscle to the anterior horn cell. While their clinical manifestations may vary, severe morbidity and mortality is most frequently the result of neuromuscular respiratory failure. Some disorders, such as Guillain–Barré syndrome, provide the additional threat of severe, and potentially irreversible, nerve loss. Others, such as rhabdomyolysis and malignant hyperthermia, may produce serious medical complications. This article reviews neuromuscular emergencies by localization in the peripheral nervous system of the underlying disorder, as well as the identification and management of neuromuscular respiratory failure.

Insights into the biomarkers of viral encephalitis from clinical patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushafa Thekra ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Zhaojun Zeng ◽  
Jiameng Sun ◽  
Haixia Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Cognitive Problems

Abstract Background Biomarkers can be helpful in identifying patients who may profit by explicit treatments or evaluating the reaction to the treatment of specific disease. Finding unique biomarkers in the process of disease could help clinicians in identifying serious disease in the early stage, so as to improve prognosis. Objective These investigations, nonetheless, have made constrained progress. Numerous infections are known to cause intense viral encephalitis (VE) in people which can cause a variable level of meningeal just as parenchymal aggravation. Initial clinical manifestations in most encephalitis are nonspecific, resembling a viral-like illness. However, with disease progression, symptoms can become quite severe and fatal, including prominent cranial hypertension, cognitive problems, cerebral hernia, and respiratory failure. Forwards The clinical and research center discoveries in huge numbers of those viral issues are to a great extent comparable and in this way increasingly explicit biomarkers for indicative and prognostic intentions are justified. These biomarkers are progressively significant in the acknowledgment and treatment of the viral central nervous system (CNS) issue. Conclusion Clinical manifestations have been the indicative approaches for analysis of viral encephalitis. Lots of studies have been endeavored to distinguish progressively objective laboratory-based quantitative CSF biomarkers for VE.

scholarly journals CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2 INFECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
VALENTINA TJANDRA DEWI ◽  
ANAK AGUNG AYU PUTRI LAKSMIDEWI ◽  
KETUT AYU SUDIARIANI
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread throughout the world and becomes a global pandemic. Various studies are still ongoing to be able to understand this viral infection in terms of symptomatology, transmission, pathogenesis, its treatment, and prevention. In addition to respiratory symptoms that are commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections, there are many reports of symptoms appearing in other organ systems with one of them being neurological manifestation. The neurological manifestations involve not only the central and peripheral nervous systems but also there was also a suspicion that the potential invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system might be able to take part in the occurrence of respiratory failure that is found in patients with COVID-19. The continuity of the study and the awareness of medical personnel from various fields of science must be increased to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring optimal treatment for patients.

scholarly journals Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in COVID-19—Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Adriana Fodor ◽  
Brandusa Tiperciuc ◽  
Cezar Login ◽  
Olga H. Orasan ◽  
Andrada L. Lazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic represents an ongoing healthcare emergency responsible for more than 3.4 million deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus that targets not only the lungs but also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 can manifest with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild symptoms to severe forms of the disease, characterized by respiratory failure due to severe alveolar damage. Several studies investigated the underlying mechanisms of the severe lung damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and revealed that the respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 is the consequence not only of acute respiratory distress syndrome but also of macro- and microvascular involvement. New observations show that COVID-19 is an endothelial disease, and the consequent endotheliopathy is responsible for inflammation, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and coagulopathy. In this review, we show the central role of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the COVID-19 pathogenesis and present the therapeutic targets deriving from this endotheliopathy.

scholarly journals Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAZIA HOSEIN ◽  
DAMER P. BLAKE ◽  
LAIA SOLANO-GALLEGO
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Subclinical Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Severe Systemic Disease

SUMMARYCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasiteLeishmania infantumand is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated withLeishmaniaspecies makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated withL. infantuminfection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.

scholarly journals Clinical case of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Elena V. Shirshova ◽  
Vladimir V. Knaub ◽  
Vladimir P. Baklaushev
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Psychopathological Disorders ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
High Level

Background: The coronavirus infection caused by SARS-Cov-2 is characterized by a damage to many organs and systems of the human body. To date, convincing information has been obtained about the involvement of various parts of the nervous system in the pathological process in patients with COVID-19. Among the most frequently described impairments, there are disorders of smell and taste, common disorders of the central nervous system, characterized by general cerebral symptoms, such as headache, asthenization, psychopathological disorders. One of the rare and severe forms of the peripheral nervous system damage in COVID-19 is Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), characterized by acute post-infectious inflammatory polyneuropathy with an autoimmune etiology. Clinical case description. We present a clinical case of GBS associated with COVID-19. The disease debuted as a peripheral tetraparesis with a progredient course of up to 21 days. Systemic administration of immunoglobulin stopped the disease progression. The association of GBS with COVID-19 was clarified a month after the disease onset, when bilateral polysegmental pneumonia was diagnosed, and a high level of IgG to the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 was found, 3 times higher than the level of IgM, which indicated the duration of the disease was not less than three weeks. Conclusion: The GBS development upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 may precede the lung damage. The debut of GBS during the COVID-19 pandemic requires the exclusion of the SARS-CoV-2 etiological role in each case.

scholarly journals Issues of pathogenetic relationships between neurochemical indices under the chronic mercury exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131
Author(s):  
Irina V. Kudaeva ◽  
Olga V. Naumova ◽  
Olga A. Dyakovich ◽  
Liudmila B. Masnavieva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
General System ◽  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Mercury Exposure ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Mercury Intoxication

Introduction. Currently, the role of neurochemical factors in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by mercury exposure remains unclear. Material and methods. A survey was conducted of 77 male patients (average age: 45.4+1.1 years, average experience - 17.1+1.1 years) exposed to mercury vapor (46 persons without pathology, 31 - with signs of disorders in the nervous system), 36 patients were diagnosed with chronic mercury intoxication (CMI) in the long-term period. We determined dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), epinephrine (AD), normetanephrine (NMN), metanephrine (MN), serotonin (SER), histamine (HIST), brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and neuron-specific enolase. The analysis of features correlations was calculated by the sum of the square of correlation relations (∑ŋ) between indices and the determination of the influence and dependence ranks for each component. Results. In workers without signs of pathology, the leading role among catecholamines was occupied by NA (∑ŋЗ/NA = 1.65), in the general system the top position belonged to HIST (∑ŋЗ/HIST = 2.10), SER had a minimum value (∑ŋЗ/SER = 0). In individuals with signs of disorders in the nervous system, AD and DA were regulated via NMN (ŋAD/NMN = 0.29) and MN (ŋAD/MN = 0.59 and ηDA/MN = 0.46), which had an upper position in the system (∑ŋЗ/NMN = 1.62 and ∑ηЗ/MN = 1.92). CNTF belonged to the determining position among neurotrophic factors (∑ŋЗ/CNTF = 0.75). In patients with CMI, NA (∑ŋЗ/NA = 1.48) was the leading position. SER and HIST occupied the lowest ranking position (∑ŋЗ/SER = 0.59 and ∑ŋЗ/HIST = 0.25). The presence of three closed subsystems is established. In one of them (NT-3, CNTF, and BDNF), BDNF was influenced by other factors. Discussion. The interdependence between neurochemical indices specifyie their involvement in the pathological process of disorders in the central nervous system under chronic mercury exposure. Conclusion. Changes in the interdependencies in the system of neurochemical indices under the influence of mercury have a labile character, which determines the development of clinical manifestations of the disorders of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Sleep‐based therapy: A new treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Qing Cai ◽  
Mengya Li ◽  
Qifang Li
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a worldwide problem with no effective treatment. Patients usually die of respiratory failure. The basic pathological process of ALS is the degeneration and necrosis of motor neurons. Neuroglial cell dysfunction is considered closely related to the development of ALS. Sleep plays an important role in repairing the nervous system, and sleep disorders can worsen ALS. Herein, we review the pathogenesis of ALS and the neuroprotective mechanism of sleep‐based therapy. Sleep‐based therapy could be a potential strategy to treat ALS.

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