scholarly journals DIGESTIBILITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BULLS WITH A REDUCTION OF THE AMOUNT OF SOLUBLE PROTEIN IN THE DIET

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
V. I. Petrenko ◽  
V. S. Kozyr ◽  
G. G. Dimchya ◽  
A. N. Maystrenko
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
High Level ◽  
Degradable Protein

On the bulls of red steppe breed with duodenal and ileocecal cannulas when feeding iso-enery and isoprotein diets with different amounts of soluble protein (SP) and degradable protein (DP) studied conversions of dry matter (DМ), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) separately in the complex stomach, small (SI) and large (LI) parts of the intestine. Evaluated the nitrogen balance by the amount of protein absorbed into the SI, the losses of nitrogen with urine – by the proportion of urea nitrogen. The diet consisted of awnless bonfire hay, pea deer, and mineral supplements. Various amounts of SP in the diets were achieved by feeding natural pea dough (control) and roasted pea dough at a temperature of 105°C (experiment). In a compound stomach, the digestibility CP on the experimental diet with a reduced level of SP was by 10 % less. In the control diet with a high level of SP is more in SI received of ammonia nitrogen. In SI digestibility of DM and OM on the experimental diet are by 8–10 % more. Amounts of DM, OM and CP in LI on a control diet decreased by 5.6–7.5 %, in the experimental diet – not changed. On an experimental diet with an increased level of NSP, the SI received more nitrogen and was digested by 10 % more than in the control. The calculated nitrogen balance according to the classical scheme did not reflect the true amount of it assimilated in the body. On the control diet with an increased level of SP, there was the devaluation of the protein in the feeds and oblasting due to the larger release in urea by 40 % of the nitrogen in the form of urea.

The value of ammoniated sugar beet pulp for dairy cows

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
C. C. Balch ◽  
S. Bartlett ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Beet Pulp

1. Ammoniated sugar-beet pulp has been compared with decorticated ground-nut meal, when added to a control diet low in protein, in feeding trials with seventy-five cows on three farms and in a balance experiment with four cows.2. In the feeding trial the cows receiving decorticated ground-nut meal gave 8·4 lb. more milk weekly than cows receiving the control diet. Cows given the diet in which the molassed sugar beet pulp in the control diet was replaced by ammoniated sugar beet pulp gave 7·9 lb. more milk weekly than the control group. The milk-fat percentage was not affected by the treatments. Slight increases in solids-not-fat percentage resulted in an increased yield of solids-not-fat with both high-nitrogen treatments. The increases in milk yield approached statistical significance and the increases in solidsnot-fat were significant.3. It was concluded that the feeding trial showed that the nitrogen added to sugar-beet pulp during ammoniation could be utilized by milking cows, but the experiment did not permit an estimate of the efficiency of utilization.4. In the nitrogen balance experiment the utilization of nitrogen was measured as the sum of milk nitrogen and the nitrogen balance. It was concluded that 29·5 g. of nitrogen from 0·8 lb. decorticated ground-nut cake increased the daily utilization of nitrogen by 12·9 g., whereas 55·7 g. nitrogen from 8 lb. ammoniated sugar-beet pulp increased the utilization by only 6·0 g. In this experiment the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen from groundnut meal was 44% and of the ammonia nitrogen from ammoniated sugar-beet pulp only 11%.5. Ammoniation raised the crude protein content of molassed beet pulp from 10 to 20%. If for the computation of rations the content of digestible crude protein in sugar-beet pulp is taken as 5·0%, that in the ammoniated pulp should be approximately 7·5%.6. If given in sufficient amounts the ammonia nitrogen had as great an effect as the nitrogen of ground-nut meal in correcting the effects of a diet low in protein.

scholarly journals Digestibility Study and Nutrient Re-evaluation in Clarias gariepinus Fed Blood Meal-Rumen Digesta Blend Diet

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-349
Author(s):  
Bola M. LAWAL ◽  
Henry Adefisayo ADEWOLE ◽  
Victor F. OLALEYE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Inclusion Level

The nutrient utilization and digestibility of blood meal-bovine rumen digesta blend diet (BMBRD) fed to Clarias gariepinus burchell (1822) was assessed using 60 C. gariepinus juveniles with a view to confirming the digestibility and suitability of the BMBRD blend inclusion level in the diet of C. gariepinus for sustainable clariid production. Two set of three iso-nitrogenous experimental diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated with 0%, 25% and 50% BMBRD inclusion level to substitute the fishmeal component which was the primary protein source. The first set of experimental diet was designed to monitor the growth performance and feed utilization was fed fortnightly in duplicate to C. gariepinus juveniles, stocked in glass aquaria (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm) at 4% of the body weight in two instalments daily for 10 weeks, while the second experimental diet with 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) inclusion (as a digestibility marker) was prepared and fed to the fish for 7 days to determine to digestibility of the different BMBRD included diets. The obtained results showed that the fish fed 25% BMBRD included diet had significantly higher (p < 0.05) growth performance and feed utilization indices than the other experimental diets. Similar to observation in the growth performance and feed utilization indices, the fish fed BMBRD included diets had significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein and energy digestibilities than the fish fed 0% BMBRD (control diet) and the study confirmed that fishmeal can be partially replaced up to 25% BMBRD blend in C. gariepinus diet for optimum growth performance and feed utilization.

Effects of a diet deficient in the B complex vitamins on infectivity, growth and distribution of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.L. Simpkins ◽  
B. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Significant Difference

The effects of a diet deficient in the B vitamins on infectivity, growth, and distribution of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice were studied. The vitamin-deficient diet (experimental) was isocaloric to the control diet but lacked the B vitamins. Thirty-six female, 6- to 8-week-old ICR mice were each infected with 25 metacercarial cysts. From the day of infection to the day of necropsy, 18 mice were fed the experimental diet and the remaining mice received the control diet. Equal numbers of experimental and control mice were necropsied at 2, 3 and 4 weeks postinfection (p.i.). Mice on the experimental diet showed a significant loss in body weight between 2 and 4 weeks p.i. There was no significant difference in worm recovery at 2 to 4 weeks p.i. from mice on either diet. Worms from hosts on the experimental diet were more dispersed and located more posteriad in the small intestine than those from mice on the control diet. Worm dry weight was significantly less in hosts on the experimental diet at all weeks p.i. compared with that of hosts on the control diet. The body area of worms on the experimental diet was significantly less at 2 and 3 weeks p.i. than that of worms on the control diet. An isocaloric diet deficient in the B vitamins had a detrimental effect on the growth of E. caproni in ICR mice.

scholarly journals Effects of Replacing Ensiled-Alfalfa with Fresh-Alfalfa on Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics, Chemical Compositions, and Protein Fractions in Fermented Total Mixed Ration with Different Additives

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Run Gao ◽  
Ying Luo ◽  
Shengyang Xu ◽  
Musen Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Degradable Protein

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the high protein ingredients of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR). Additionally, FTMR is widely used to satisfy the nutrition requirements of animals. This study was conducted to confirm the fermentation characteristics, chemical compositions and protein fractions changes when replacing ensiled-alfalfa with fresh-alfalfa in FTMR with additives. Three additives were separately applied to fresh-alfalfa total mixed ration (TMR) and ensiled-alfalfa TMR, including molasses (MOL), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and MOL plus LP (MOL+LP). The same volume of distilled water was sprayed onto the prepared TMR as performed for the control (CK). Each treatment included 18 repetitions and opened 3 repetitions at each fermenting day (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 d). The results showed that fresh-alfalfa FTMR (F-FTMR) exhibited slight changes in the fermentation characteristics during the first 7 d and showed similar trends in terms of the pH and organic acids content to ensiled-alfalfa FTMR (E-FTMR). The lactic acid contents of F-FTMR were significantly lower than those of E-FTMR at 60 d fermentation and the ammonia nitrogen contents were lower than E-FTMR during the entire fermenting period. The crude protein of the F-FTMR was enhanced after 60 d of fermenting. F-FTMR supplemented with MOL+LP exhibited a lower nonprotein nitrogen content, variable to slow protein and indigestible protein contents, and higher fast degradable protein and true protein degraded intermediately contents at 60 d fermenting, indicating that it effectively inhibited protein degradation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Interaction Between Phytase and Xilanase on Metabolizability of Energy-Reduced Broiler Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Natália Ramos Batista Chaves ◽  
Karina Marcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Maurício Silva Rosa ◽  
Henrique Barbosa de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Available Phosphorus

To examine the association between phytase and xylanase in diets with nutritional adjustments on the metabolizability of feed by broiler diets, 250 chickens were used and distributed among five treatments and five replicates of 10 broilers each. The treatments were: positive control diet - without phytase or xylanase; negative control diet - with an energy reduction of 0.419 MJ/kg, without phytase or xylanase; and three diets containing xylanase and phytase and energy reductions of 0.209, 0.409 and 0.628 MJ/kg. For all energy-reduced diets, the nutritional matrix of phytase with phosphorus (0.15%), calcium (0.165%) and sodium (0.035%) was considered. The energy reduction of 0.628 MJ/kg with inclusion of the enzymes resulted in a higher metabolizability of the crude protein, also the apparent and apparent corrected metabolizable energy coefficients for nitrogen balance were higher in diets with a reduction energy of 0.209 MJ/kg, however had values similar to those obtained in the positive control diets and diets with energy reduction of 0.628 MJ/kg containing enzymes. The inclusion of phytase (500 FTU/kg) and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg) in broiler diets, makes it possible to reduce metabolizable energy by up to 0.628 MJ/kg, available phosphorus, calcium, and sodium, and improve the metabolizability of the nutrients.

scholarly journals Early emergence of axons and formation of accessory nerve (XI) in avian embryos

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
Azimul Haque ◽  
Qin Pu ◽  
Ruijin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Effect

A research work was undertaken to evaluate the feeding effect of tree forages on performance of growing sheep. Twenty growing sheep (in 4 groups) were fed three different tree forage diets. Tree forages Melia azardirachta, Leucaena leucocephala and Artocarpus heterophyllus were supplied in three treatments except one consisted no tree forages which was considered as control. There were significant (p<0.05) differences among the animal groups in terms of total DM and ME intake, although there were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF. Feeding of tree forages had significant (p<0.05) effect on live weight gain of sheep. Animals fed with tree forage based diets significantly increased weight gain (60.70 and 50.70 g/d for L. leucocephala and A. heterophyllus, respectively) compared to that (45.66 g/d) of control group fed with silage. Feed conversion efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) also showed that animals fed with tree forage of L. leucocephala and M. azardirachta based diets were having significantly (p<0.05) higher efficiency (11.33 and 11.47, respectively) compared to those of A. heterophyllus and control diet (13.77 and 13.33, respectively). The results of nitrogen balance of M. azardirachta and L. leucocephala tree forage had significantly (p<0.05) positive effect on the nitrogen retention in the body of the animals. Intake of all the tree forages was not similar which indicated that all of them were not accepted to the lamb in same level. So, diets with tree forages of L. leucocephala resulted better in terms of weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen balance compared to A. heterophyllu, M. azardirachta and silage (control).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 654-659

EXCHANGE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE BODY OF LACTATING SIMMENTAL COWS WHEN FEEDING FEED ADDITIVES FROM LOCAL RESOURCES IN YAKUTIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 708-718
Author(s):  
P.P. Borisova ◽  
◽  
N.A. Nikolaeva ◽  
N.M. Alekseeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group

The article presents the results of studies on the digestibility of nutrients and the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in dairy cows. The balance of minerals in the body of cows when feeding feed additives from local resources indicates that the content of macro- and microelements in the diets of animals during the period of the experiments basically corresponded to the norms. The use of protein-vitamin-mineral supplements from local components (barley "Tammi", oats "Pokrovsky", dry brewer's grains, zeolite-hongurin, probiotic preparation "Khongurinobakt", as well as factory components: mineral premix "Megamix", synthetic amino acid – lysine and table salt) balanced the diet for missing nutrients and improved the palatability of the main feed. In the studied diets, 1 ECU had digestible protein – 107.1 g, 125 MJ of metabolic energy and 14.81 kg of dry matter. The ECE concentration in 1 kg of dry matter was 0.66. Feeding by cows of the 2nd experimental group of the recipe for feed additives No. 2 contributed to better digestibility and use of nutrients in the rations. The digestibility of nutrients of cows was higher in cows of the 2nd experimental group, while a high level of digestibility in comparison with the control and 1st experimental groups was established in relation to dry matter by 1.0 and 1.5%, organic matter by 2.8 and 2.0%, crude protein by 3.3 and 2.0%, crude fat by 2.3 and 1.5%, crude fiber by 3.0 and 2.0% and BEV by 0.5 and 1,3%. As a result of the study of the balance of minerals in the body of cows, the positive effect of using feed additives from local resources in the diets of cows has been proven. Consequently, the improvement in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the diet is explained by the fact that protein-vitamin-mineral feed additives had a stimulating effect on the state of metabolic processes and the health of animals in general.

scholarly journals Digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance in chicken breeder meat direction of productivity at different levels of lysine in the fodder

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
I. I. Ibatullin ◽  
I. I. Ilchuk ◽  
M. Ya. Kryvenok
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breeder Hens ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

Experimentally determined digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and NFS and nitrogen balance in the body breeder hens, meat direction of productivity. Found that in the first age period – 27–39 weeks, the most significant change digestibility of crude protein for the reduction of lysine in fodder to 0.73%. It was lower than the control group counterparts to 2.46% (Р ˂ 0.05). Also, in the first 13 weeks of oviposition, the increase of lysine in chicken fodder to 0.81% observed increase digestibility of crude protein – at 1.08–2.14%, crude fat – at 0.82–2.70% (Р ˂ 0.05), and NFS – at 0.40–3.56%. In the second age period – 40–65 weeks significantly reduced crude protein digestibility in chickens that consumed the lowest amount of lysine – 0.71%. Factor protein digestibility in poultry this group was lower than control at 2.68% (Р ˂ 0.05). With the increase of lysine in the fodder in the last 25 weeks of oviposition, digestibility of crude protein has not changed, however, crude fat digestibility and NFS increased respectively by 0.64–1.70 and 1.72–2.00%. Digestibility of fat by changing lysine content in the fodder has not changed substantially. Reduction of lysine resulted in an increase in fodder nitrogen excretion of faeces at 7.02–11.00% (Р ˂ 0.05). Changing the content of lysine in the fodder chicken meat direction of productivity has not significantly affected the nitrogen retention in the body and the ratio of pent oxide in the body of the adopted feed.

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: VII. Observations on the effect of the energy intake on the utilization of protein in growth and in lactation

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYEight feeding trials on cattle showed that the response in live-weight gain was curvilinear when protein or energy level was varied independently in rations based on poor quality roughages to which cereals and groundnut were variously added to give a range of protein and energy intakes. Live-weight gain was increased by 0·12 lb/day for each 0·1 lb additional digestible crude protein/day at levels of intake below 0·7 lb/day and by 0·03 lb/day at higher levels. It was increased by 0·4 lb/day for each additional 0·1 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight at total intakes below 0·9 lb daily/ 100 lb and by 0·2 lb/day at higher levels. Over the range 0·5–2·0 lb digestible crude protein daily and 0·7–1·2 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight the effects of these nutrients were additive.A Latin square nitrogen balance trial demonstrated that a portion of the nitrogen from a protein supplement was retained in the body despite the excretion of the greater part of it in the urine and a further part in the faeces. Nitrogen retention was increased by a supplement of readily available energy through a decrease in urinary nitrogen loss. Nitrogen balance was not increased by a supplement of a fibrous energy source because this induced an increase in faecal nitrogen loss.In a further feeding trial milk yield was found to be affected in a similar manner to growth. At a yield of 30 lb/day the response per lb starch equivalent added to the diet was 0·5 lb milk including 0·05 lb solids not fat and to an increase of 0·1 lb digestible crude protein daily it was 0·25 lb milk including 0·025 lb solids not fat.

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