scholarly journals ЗАПЕРЕЧЕННЯ НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ КОНЦЕПТУ РІВНОВАГА В СУЧАСНИХ АМЕРИКАНСЬКИХ ОПОВІДАННЯХ

Author(s):  
Bagatska O.V. ◽  
Kozlova V.V.

The purpose of the article is to study the role of negation in the representation of the concept BALANCE in the modern American stories. The methods of component, contextual-interpretative and conceptual analysis are employed.Results. It was found out that the linguistic reflection of the concept BALANCE is determined by one’s sensorimotor experience, which includes pre-conceptual ideas about the balance of the body, and can be represented by lexical and grammatical means, one of which is negation. It was revealed that the negation reflects a certain value conflict in the mind of the characters in the stories studied, the inconsistency of the obtained information to the system of knowledge about the world they acquired. Regarding the fact that the loss of balance is the result of force, which disrupts the stability of the human condition, we correlated the negations with force gestalts, which were used to model the personages’ balance loss. The result of balance loss is a deviation from the VERTICAL, which is correlated with the deviation from the norm, because, firstly, any violation is considered as non-compliance with a certain norm, and secondly, having a general context of opposition as a basis, negation signals about non-compliance with the expected real. Thus, the role of negation as a means of expression of the studied concept is to reveal the physical, psychological and social perspectives of the image of the character in the modern American stories.Conclusions. Negations are correlated with the description of the physiological, emotional states of the characters and their social status, which determines the type of the lost balance. Negative adjectives in parallel with nouns are the skeleton elements of the text, which we interpret as the main carriers of information about balance loss of the characters in the stories analyzed. The convergence of negations as a means of balance loss representation in small passages of the stories creates the effect of a gradual, however, total loss of balance and characterizes the described situation as desperate. Thus, the concept BALANCE in the studied prose is actualized in dynamics, due to the development of the personages’ images, which are characterized by the initial balance and its loss. Метою статті є дослідження ролі заперечення в репрезентації концепту РІВНОВАГА в сучасних американських оповіда-ннях, здійснене за допомогою методів компонентного, контекстуально-інтерпретативного та концептуального аналізу.Результати. Виявлено, що мовне відображення концепту РІВНОВАГА детермінується сенсомоторним досвідом людини, який включає передконцептуальні уявлення про рівновагу тіла, і полягає в його позначенні лексичними та граматичними засобами, одним із яких є заперечення. З’ясовано, що заперечення відображає певний ціннісний конфлікт у свідомості персо-нажа, невідповідність отриманої інформації системі знання про світ, що пов’язано з ментальними уявленнями про істину, які є частиною ядерних понять про власне місце й роль у природі та суспільстві. З огляду на те, що втрата рівноваги є результатом силового впливу, який порушує стабільність стану людини, ми співвіднесли заперечення із силовими гештальтами, за допо-могою яких змоделювали порушення рівноваги персонажів. Результатом утрати рівноваги є відхилення від ВЕРТИКАЛІ, яке співвідноситься з відхиленням від норми, оскільки, по-перше, будь-яке порушення розглядаємо як невідповідність певній нормі, а по-друге, маючи загальний контекст протиставлення як підґрунтя, заперечення сигналізує про невідповідність очі-куваного реальному. Отже, роль заперечення як засобу вираження досліджуваного концепту полягає в розкритті фізичного, психічного та соціального ракурсів образу персонажа в сучасних американських оповіданнях.Висновки. Заперечення співвідносяться з описом фізіологічних, емоційних станів персонажів та їхнього соціального ста-тусу, що зумовлює різновид втраченої рівноваги. Заперечні прикметники паралельно з іменниками є опорними елементами тексту, які ми тлумачимо як головні носії інформації про порушення рівноваги. Конвергенція заперечень як засобу позна-чення дисбалансу в невеликих за обсягом уривках оповідань створює ефект поступової, проте тотальної утрати рівноваги, а також характеризує описану ситуацію як безнадійну. Таким чином, концепт РІВНОВАГА представлений у досліджуваній прозі в динаміці внаслідок розвитку образів персонажів, яким властиві початкова рівновага та її порушення.

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-83

This study sets out to investigate the “poetry of grammar”, more specifically the role of the body in figurative speech, in African languages mainly belonging to Nilotic and Bantu. Apprehending the semantics and pragmatics of metaphorical and metonymic expressions in these languages presupposes an interaction between a number of cognitive processes, as argued below. Interestingly, these languages seem to use these strategies involving figurative speech in tandem with alternative strategies involving on-record statements. This multivocality only makes sense if we place language and language structure more in the social world in which it is used.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258773
Author(s):  
Ilja Croijmans ◽  
Daniel Beetsma ◽  
Henk Aarts ◽  
Ilse Gortemaker ◽  
Monique Smeets

Human sweat odor serves as social communication signal for a person’s traits and emotional states. This study explored whether body odors can also communicate information about one’s self-esteem, and the role of applied fragrance in this relationship. Female participants were asked to rate self-esteem and attractiveness of different male contestants of a dating show, while being exposed to male participant’s body odors differing in self-esteem. High self-esteem sweat was rated more pleasant and less intense than low self-esteem sweat. However, there was no difference in perceived self-esteem and attractiveness of male contestants in videos, hence explicit differences in body odor did not transfer to judgments of related person characteristics. When the body odor was fragranced using a fragranced body spray, male contestants were rated as having higher self-esteem and being more attractive. The finding that body odors from male participants differing in self-esteem are rated differently and can be discriminated suggests self-esteem has distinct perceivable olfactory features, but the remaining findings imply that only fragrance affect the psychological impression someone makes. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of body odor and fragrance in human perception and social communication.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jin-nan Wu ◽  
Jian-rong Chen ◽  
Jin-liang Chen

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid receptor encoded by the Nr1h4 gene. FXR plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the internal environment and the integrity of many organs, including the liver and intestines. The expression of FXR in nondigestible tissues other than in the liver and small intestine is known as the expression of “nonclassical” bile acid target organs, such as blood vessels and lungs. In recent years, several studies have shown that FXR is widely involved in the pathogenesis of various respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, a number of works have confirmed that FXR can regulate the bile acid metabolism in the body and exert its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the airways and lungs. In addition, FXR may be used as a potential therapeutic target for some respiratory diseases. For example, FXR can regulate the tumor microenvironment by regulating the balance of inflammatory and immune responses in the body to promote the occurrence and development of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), thereby being considered a potential target for immunotherapy of NSCLC. In this article, we provide an overview of the internal relationship between FXR and respiratory diseases to track the progress that has been achieved thus far in this direction and suggest potential therapeutic prospects of FXR in respiratory diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366-1370
Author(s):  
Minto Supeno ◽  
Agung Pratama

Sorbitol has a low calorie value, this is due to the presence of a pair of O-H free electrons on the sorbitol molecule. The pair of free electrons can be removed by the Tunnel method (through the shadow of the sorbitol container). Sorbitol which has lost a pair of free electrons from the O-H group is called sorbitol switching. The instrument used to prove the release of a pair of free electrons in the O-H group is to use FTIR and clinical trials conducted on mice given sorbitol to prove the effectiveness between sorbitol and sorbitol switching. The results show that sorbitol switching is able to maintain the stability of blood sugar levels in the body of mice and can reduce blood sugar levels.


Author(s):  
David Voon ◽  
Penelope Hasking

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to intentional damage to the body without fatal intent. While distal factors such as genetic predisposition, emotional sensitivity, emotional reactivity and invalidating childhood environments may serve as risk factors, NSSI is primarily maintained by alleviation of intense negative emotional states, in the absence of alternative emotion regulation strategies. Currently, no specific NSSI intervention for adolescents exists; however, extant self-harm interventions have demonstrated promising, preliminary findings. Of note, the salient role of emotion regulation in the initiation and maintenance of NSSI suggests this may be a viable treatment target. While empirical evidence supports this in adult samples, replication in large-scale, randomized controlled trials with adolescent samples is required to inform best practice in treating NSSI among adolescents.


Anthropology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Miller

This article by no means serves to account for theories on virtual technologies or virtual design but, rather, offers a distinct exploration on the role of the body in virtual experiences and spaces. Selected works account for embodiment literature and emergent considerations of the body in what may be considered a post-body, or post-human, era of technology, connectivity, and communications. This list includes work that researches, discusses, or questions notions of virtual with regard to landscapes of experience and that looks to discourses on the role of the body in human perception. With implications for larger questions regarding the human mind, and apart from dualistic conversations on mind-body connections, embodiment theories view the body as a tool for participation in lifeworlds. Embodiment is inherently a social concept, and one that rests on foundational understandings of human evolution and adaptation as well as human sociability and socialization, sometimes explored as ecosocial phenomena. Conjuring many inquiries in biology, cognition, psychology, ethics, philosophy, religion, and ecology, this collection is composed mostly of work in the humanities and social sciences and is skewed by traditions in anthropology. It is generally well accepted that cultural perspectives inform human knowledge, but theories in embodiment ask how social and cultural conditions inform not only perspectives, but also experiences or felt senses (or both). Questions of materiality give way to attention on the physical, earthly environment to which humans have evolved and with which humans have coadapted. Scholars have referred to this era as the Anthropocene, which ultimately points to human dilemma, since human behavior is defined by progressively more destructive behavior that yields an earth on which humans cannot rely for resources. Simultaneously, media, entertainment, and design technology have moved into virtual reality and augmented experiences that either transcend, mimic, or escape earthly realms or physical limitations. Simulated or virtual experiences make use of what we know about human perception to create new forms of reality. Theories of being and knowing, inherent to the anthropological canon, pose examination of bodily knowledge and bring about inquiry in medicine, disability studies, cognition, and health, to name a few. Mediated and augmented experiences have all manner of applications and implications, including overriding biology and genetics, posing questions for the future of the human condition. This article includes new work from science journals and popular media to illustrate how new human adaptations, ecologies, and virtual perceptions interface with embodiment.


Author(s):  
Micah Allen ◽  
Manos Tsakiris

Embodied predictive processing accounts place the visceral milieu, its homeostatic functioning, and our interoceptive awareness thereof on the center stage of self-awareness. Starting from the privileged status that homeostatic priors have within the cortical hierarchy of an organism whose main imperative is to maintain homeostasis, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie interoceptive precision and its impact on embodiment and cognition. Beyond their privileged status for ensuring the stability of organism, this chapter considers the psychological importance that interoceptive priors and interoceptive precision have for self-awareness and the grounding of a coherent self-model. In a manner analogous to the role that interoception plays for homeostasis, interoception at the psychological level seems to contribute to the stability of self-awareness. This psychological role of interoception is illustrated by a growing body of research that considers the antagonism but also the integration between exteroceptive and interoceptive models of the self.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Peter Altevogt ◽  
Marei Sammar ◽  
Laura Hüser ◽  
Viktor Umansky ◽  
Jochen Utikal

There is evidence that cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have nearby and distant effects in the body. In order to reach distant sites, EVs need to travel through the blood stream and organs where they encounter a hostile environment in the form or phagocytic cells. However, the stability and homeostasis in the blood circulation and in the tumor microenvironment are not well understood. Phagocytosis is an important mechanism for the clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells. As exosomes (small EV) express “eat-me” signals such as phosphatidyl-serine, it is likely that they are cleared similar to dead cells. Here we discuss measures that cancer cells have developed to protect their EVs from rapid depletion. The expression of “don’t eat me” signals such as CD47 and CD24 on the tumor cell surface and in released exosomes is of vital importance. We will focus on the role of the CD24-Siglec-10 binding axis as a stop signal at the interface between tumor cells and phagocytic cells. Extending the lifetime of EVs is essential for the cancer to achieve systemic immune suppression and to prepare metastatic niches for spreading. Keywords: CD24, CD47, Extracellular vesicles, Siglecs, carbohydrates, phagocytosis


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-183
Author(s):  
James Bednall

Abstract This article explores the expression and conceptualisation of emotions in Anindilyakwa (Gunwinyguan, north-east Arnhem Land). Fundamental to the emotional lexicon of this language is the widespread use of body parts, which frequently occur in figurative expressions. In this article I examine the primary body parts that occur in emotion descriptions in both literal (physical) and figurative expressions. Particular attention is given to yukudhukudha / -werrik- ‘chest’, the body part conceptualised as the primary site of emotion in Anindilyakwa and the most productive body-related morpheme used in emotion compounds. I consider the role of the chest and other productive body parts that occur in emotion compounds, and examine the metonymic and metaphorical devices that contribute to the expression of these emotional states. In doing so, I propose a number of overarching and widespread tropes that hold across different body-part compounds, and briefly contextualise these in relation to the emotion description systems of other closely-related (Gunwinyguan) languages.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Iva Jestratijević

Contemporary studies of fashion interpret articles of clothing as text, through which a specific cultural identity is constructed and expressed. As identities are momentarily realized through the performative act of identifying with a real or ideal subject, fashion has a special significance in every visual creation of a subject as the identity of a given role. In accordance with this, the dressing of the body is viewed as one of the available means of gender identification, as well as a way to confirm the subject through the performing of the assigned role of man and woman. Seeing as the performance of a certain role, in this specific case, entails the existence of the subject as event (of a textual) role, the sphere of clothing fashion is in this paper primarily connected to the sphere of representing the subject as member of a gender category. Clothing is viewed as one in a slew of instruments of gender naturalization, in the sense of the power which clothing has for upholding, performing and displaying the stability of gender norms. Hence, this paper will consider always current issues of the existence of established boundaries of male and female fashion, male and female clothing ornaments and colors, as well as socially acceptable male and female forms of clothing.


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