scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE U.S.S.R. DURING THE LATTER 20TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 001 (001) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Rinata Kazak
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Green Movement ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage

This article considers the evolution of public participation in environmental protection and the “green movement” in the USSR and subsequent legal developments in the later part of 20th century. The article deals with legal history, using the diachronic methods to examine the evolution of public participation in environmental protection under the pressure of the totalitarian regime. The public participation in the USSR is divided into three main historical stages. An overview of the main challenges and achievements of the "green movement” in the USSR during 1950s-1990s is included; as well as causes and consequences of environmental activities in the USSR are highlighted. The three stages of the evolution of public participation in the mid-20th century are as follows: The first stage (up to 1980s) is characterized by the non-politicized activity, usually initiated by students or created by tourist clubs; the second stage (1980s – 1990s) has a special feature that is, liberalization of the political movement; and the third stage (beginning of 1990s) is described by the significant decline of interest in the Nature protection activities, which can be attributed to the unstable political environment at that time.

scholarly journals URBAN PLANNING IN LIBYA – EVOLUTION, LEVELS, PROBLEMS

HERALD ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abousa Hadoud
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Public ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Development And Environment

Urban planning in Libya in general effectively contributed to preparation of comprehensive and the public plans for all Libyan cities. especially after the issuance of Law No. (5) of 1969, concerning the planning of cities and villages, three key schemes have been developed in three stages starting from the first phase for years 1968 to 1988, and the second stage years from 1988 to 2000, and the third stage years 2000 to 2025. Goal of such schemes is to make a balance between the natural increase of population and urban mass, in order to achieve urban development and environment and preserve of the environment and urban environment from degradation and the spread of degraded areas in Libyan cities. But a number of problems disrupted the planning, and have had effects on the urban development in Libya.

scholarly journals Tackling Environmental Crimes in Russia: Problems and Prospects from the Viewpoint of Building an Environmental and Legal Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Environmental Crimes

The author presents a brief historical overview of the institute of environmental-legal liability in Russian and foreign legislation and examines the relevance of introducing the concept of environmental-legal liability; the author also analyzes the discussion on including in Russian and foreign legislation a system of criminal law liability measures for crimes connected with the use of natural resources and environmental protection. The author examines views of Russian and foreign authors on the process of building environmental legislation and notes that it faces various problems. The greatest problem is that the public conscience is not ready for criminal law prohibitions in the environmental sphere, which leads to a high number of offences, the inability of law enforcement bodies to effectively use criminal law measures against people who have violated the nature protection legislation, the latent character of this group of crimes, the absence of unity and consistency in the actions of lawmakers, especially regarding the adoption of environmental normative legal acts at different levels. The author suggests replacing some concepts and norms used in Russian criminal legislation and changing the classification of environmental crimes. He uses the methods of comparative law to analyze the experience of creating a codified normative legal act in the sphere of nature protection. The author concludes that it is too early now to adopt an environmental code in Russia, that the legal system is not ready to build the institute of environmental legal liability and that it is necessary to develop environmental legislation through the traditional method – by including the corresponding rules in the acts of different branches of law. He examines the correlation between the existing administrative and criminal legal prohibitions and concludes that in some cases such prohibitions merge in public consciousness. The author states that the object of crime in the sphere of environmental protection is often multifaceted and complex. He presents the results of a sociological study and concludes that it is necessary to build a system of criminal law prohibitions that corresponds to the public needs and the existing level of legal culture of the people.

Democracy Model Based on Bali Local Wisdom Values for Capacity Building of Regional Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
I Wayan Gede Suacana ◽  
Eka Suaib
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political System ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Government

This research was conducted applying qualitative method for assessing governance in Bali Region. The stage of research began with the collection of primary and secondary data. The second stage was choosing a theory as means of analyzing the data. The third stage analyzed and interpreted the data that had been selected. The fourth stage was to do the writing and construction of research results. The results showed that values of local wisdom of Bali, which is reflected in its democratic models, showed how the government and people of Bali held a governance rule. Strengthening institutional capacity and the capacity of policy was strongly supported by the development of this democratic model. In this context, there is a symmetrical relationship between the accountability and transparency of government who is regarded as Guru Wisesa with the level of public trust in him. It is also supported by the implementation of the five values of local wisdom in giving service (seva) to the public, namely: Sathya (Truth), Dharma (virtue), Shanti (Peace), Prema (love) and Ahimsa (abstinence violence). However, the model of democracy with the values of local wisdom is not enough to produce a democratic political system without the support of the situation, conditions and political institutions. Freedom and equality (equality) as part of the democratic values are still hampered by paternalistic cultures that restrict the freedom of society.

The Public Participation in Environmental Protection and the Sustainable Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 2477-2480
Author(s):  
Chen Chen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environment Problem ◽  
Correct Conclusion

There is more and more environmental crisis in our beautiful earth and in our country. According to history, human can draw a correct conclusion and selection that is choosing sustainable development way to improve the harmony between human and natural world. This dissertation finds that the public to participate in Environmental Protection to solve the environment problem is capital. The author try to build a model of investment to environmental protect and carry on imitation calculation on the practical case. The model is proved to be feasible.

scholarly journals Становлення теорії синтаксичного зв’язку в українському мовознавстві (ХVІІ – початок ХХ ст.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Наталя [Natalia] Віталіївна [Vitaliïvna] Кобченко [Kobchenko]
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Morphological Criterion ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Typical Symptom ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage

The formation of the syntactic connection theory in the Ukrainian linguistics (17th – early 20th century)In Ukrainian linguistics, there are no historiographical papers offering an adequate description of the origin and development of the syntactic connection theory. Elsewhere, I have already proposed a periodization of the research on syntactic connections from the time of the appearance of first Slavic grammars until today, which distinguishes five historical stages. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize particularly the first three periods of the development of research on syntactic connections – from the 17th century until the 1930s. The first stage (17th–18th centuries) is the beginning of the syntactic connection theory. The syntactic chapters in the grammars of this period deal with studying the ability of some parts of speech to combine with other words. The second stage (19th century) is the period of approval of terminology and formation of the ground for deepening the syntactic connection theory. All scholars of the period defined two possible realizations of the syntactic connection – agreement and government. The third stage (the beginning of the 20th century until the 1930s) was the period in which the morphological criterion prevailed. The typical symptom of this observed in the period is consideration of syntactic connections between pairs of words in isolation from the rest of the sentence components. The crucial research perspective opened up by the study is to explain in detail the development of research on syntactic connections from the 1940s until today. Tworzenie się teorii związku składniowego w językoznawstwie ukraińskim (XVII – początek XX wieku)W językoznawstwie ukraińskim brak jak dotąd historiograficznych studiów adekwatnie opisujących początki i rozwój teorii związków składniowych. W jednej z poprzednich prac zaproponowałam periodyzację badań nad związkami składniowymi od czasu ukazania się pierwszych gramatyk słowiańskich aż po dziś, wyróżniając w niej pięć etapów historycznych. Celem tej analizy jest scharakteryzowanie zwłaszcza trzech pierwszych etapów rozwoju teorii związków składniowych – od XVII wieku do lat 30. XX wieku. Pierwszy etap (XVII–XVIII wiek) wyznacza początki teorii związków składniowych. Poświęcone składni rozdziały gramatyk tego okresu badają cechy niektórych części mowy pozwalające im na łączenie się z innymi wyrazami. Drugi etap (XIX wiek) to okres uzgadniania terminologii i tworzenia podwalin pod pogłębioną teorię związków składniowych. Uczeni powszechnie wyróżniają wówczas dwa możliwe typy związków składniowych: związek zgody i rządu. Trzeci etap (od początku do lat 30. XX wieku) był okresem, w którym zapanowało kryterium morfologiczne. Typowym tego objawem, jaki można zaobserwować w tym okresie, jest rozpatrywanie związków składniowych pomiędzy parami wyrazów w oderwaniu od pozostałych części zdania. Ważną perspektywą badawczą, jaka otwiera się w rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań, jest szczegółowy opis rozwoju badań nad związkami składniowymi od lat 40. XX wieku po dzień dzisiejszy.

scholarly journals State of Environmental Awareness in Northeastern Montenegro: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Rajović ◽  
Jelisavka Bulatović
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Raising Awareness

Public participation so far is not dedicated adequate attention in areas environmental protection. The objective of this work is to consider environmental awareness in northeastern Montenegro, on the example of municipalities Berane, Petnjica, Andrijevica, Plav and Gusinje. In accordance with the concept of sustainable development it is necessary is directed population on raising awareness on environmental protection. When the public better acquainted with the environmental problems, will be are able to help in solving them.

Public Participation in Environmental Protection: Ideals, Challenges and Solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1680-1684
Author(s):  
Xue Hai Hu ◽  
Lin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
The Self ◽  
Environmental Organizations ◽  
Environmental Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Environmental Interests

Since the environment is a kind of public property, environmental protection requires public participation. In order to realize the ideals of public participation in environmental protection, we need to enhance the democratization of national administrative agencies, guarantee the civil environmental rights, balance the environmental interests of different groups in light of environmental justice, promote public environmental awareness and cultivate the self-governing spirit in environmental protection. As there are definitely many problems in the public participation of environmental protection, we need to strengthen education in environmental protection, promote public participation in environmental protection and provide support to the civil environmental organizations so as to realize public participation in environmental protection.

The application of information technology and environmental protection

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-709
Author(s):  
Mirjana Drenovak Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Public Access ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environmental Decision Making ◽  
Aarhus Convention

The Aarhus Convention became a part of the Serbian legal system through the adoption of the Law on Ratification of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in May 2009. Although the legislation in Serbia, prior to the ratification of the Aarhus Convention, pointed, to some extent, to the realization of ideas promoted by it, following the ratification, there was the formal possibility of the consistent application of rights stipulated by the Convention. This article analyses the role of information technology (IT) in providing public access to environmental information. There are three basic ways IT may be applied in environmental protection. First, through the use of IT for environmental matters, the public can be informed about the general condition of the environment. In the legal system of Serbia, the Agency for Environmental Protection is obliged to collect environmental information from local government and compile annual reports on the environment that should be presented on the Agency website. This article analyses the information systems of the Serbian Agency for Environmental Protection and the further possibilities of using these. Second, IT can be used as a way of regular communication between government and citizens. In accordance with the principle of transparency, government bodies are obliged to provide an adequate way for the public to have an insight into their work. In addition, the authorized person is responsible for the accuracy of this information and for providing public access within a reasonable timeframe. In this sense, the article analyses the legal framework of e-access to environmental information and the relevant practice of the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection. Third, the application of IT in environmental matters can promote public participation in environmental decision-making. If there were a legal framework, the public would be able to participate in procedures, such as environmental impact assessments, by submitting their opinions as e-documents. This article points out the relations between the application of IT and the level of public awareness about the environment, and the impact these relations have on environmental protection. Points for practitioners The article examines whether there is a possibility of using IT as a means of achieving daily communication between government and citizens in matters of the protection, preservation and improvement of the environment in Serbia, how the application of information technology achieves wider public participation in environmental decision-making, and whether the application of IT can eliminate deficiencies in the assessment of environmental impacts which occur in practice. The article provides an overview of environmental legislation in Serbia, which regulates the possibility of using IT in environmental protection and administrative practice.

scholarly journals From the Mountains of Visions to the Valleys of Reality: New Legal Frameworks for Broadcasting in Eastern and Central Europe

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kleinwachter
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
New Public ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Political Groups

Abstract: Broadcasting legislation in Eastern and Central Europe after 1989, in the transition period from a totalitarian into a democratic society, falls into four different stages. The first stage was characterized by an enthusiastic awakening to the new media freedoms. The second stage was dominated by a disillusionment. The third stage was overshadowed by a growing power struggle among different political groups to get control over broadcasting, and, in particular, over national television. And, depending upon the level of democracy reached in these countries, a fourth stage may see the building of new public and private radio and television institutions, based on democratic constitutions and media laws, serving the public independent from governmental control, competing in a free broadcasting market for high viewing rates, and integrating, step by step, into transnational European broadcasting frameworks and structures. The speed of transition is varying and will continue to vary from country to country. Résumé: En ce qui regarda la radiodiffusion en Europe centrale et orientale après 1989, dans une période de transition entre société totalitaire et société démocratique, la législation suivit quatre étapes consécutives. Un éveil enthousiaste aux nouvelles libertés dans les médias caractérisa la première étape. La désillusion domina la deuxième. La troisième étape fut marquée par une lutte de pouvoir croissante entre des groupes politiques différents pour contrôler la radiodiffusion, particulièrement la télévision nationale. Et, dépendant du niveau de démocratie atteint dans ces pays, une quatrième étape put mener à de nouvelles institutions de radio et de télévision, soit publiques, soit privées, adoptant des principes et des lois démocratiques, servant le public indépendamment de contrôles gouvernementaux, se faisant concurrence pour atteindre de vastes auditoires dans des marchés libres, et s'intégrant peu à peu aux systèmes de radiodiffusion transnationaux en Europe. La vitesse de transition a jusqu'ici été variable, et continuera à l'être de pays en pays.

scholarly journals Szervezeti modell fejlesztése a közszolgáltatásban

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Vörös
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Organizational Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Service Organizations

A közszolgáltatásban napjainkban is a XX. század szervezeti modellje a domináns.A változást a XXI. század kihívásai motiválják, sürgetését a fejlődés dinamikája, a verseny kiéleződése, az ökokörnyezet katasztrofális romlása indukálja. A szervezet felépítése nemcsak a működés hatékonyságát határozza meg, de az ott dolgozók motiváltságát, gondolkozását és így teljesítményét is. A közszolgáltatási szervezetek átalakítása egy innovációs szervezeti modell irányába hozzájárulhat a lakossági igények magasabb színvonalon történő kielégítéséhez, a gazdasági környezet dinamizálásához, a humánerőforrás teljesítményének növeléséhez, a környezetvédelem és -fejlesztés magasabb szint emeléséhez.A tanulmány az innovatív szervezet működésének elméleti bemutatása mellett a gyakorlat terepén is bemutatja az átalakítás folyamatát, lehetőségeit, irányát és lehetséges eredményét. In public services, the 20th century organizational model is dominant in our days.Changes are motivated by 21st century challenges and are urged by the dynamics of development, the sharpening of competition and the catastrophic devastation of the ecological environment. Transforming the public service organizations according to an innovation organizational model may contribute to the fulfilment of public demands at a higher standard, to a more dynamic economic environment, the improvement of human resource performance and to raising environmental protection and development to an improved level.Besides introducing the theory of the operation of an innovative organization, the study presents the process, the possibilities, the trends and the possible results of this transformation in the field of practice, as well.

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