scholarly journals Multiple Screening of Pesticides Toxicity in Zebrafish and Daphnia Based on Locomotor Activity Alterations

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
Akhlaq Hussain ◽  
Gilbert Audira ◽  
Nemi Malhotra ◽  
Boontida Uapipatanakul ◽  
Jung-Ren Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Combinational Analysis

Pesticides are widely used to eradicate insects, weed species, and fungi in agriculture. The half-lives of some pesticides are relatively long and may have the dire potential to induce adverse effects when released into the soil, terrestrial and aquatic systems. To assess the potential adverse effects of pesticide pollution in the aquatic environment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna are two excellent animal models because of their transparent bodies, relatively short development processes, and well-established genetic information. Moreover, they are also suitable for performing high-throughput toxicity assays. In this study, we used both zebrafish larvae and water flea daphnia neonates as a model system to explore and compare the potential toxicity by monitoring locomotor activity. Tested animals were exposed to 12 various types of pesticides (three fungicides and 9 insecticides) for 24 h and their corresponding locomotor activities, in terms of distance traveled, burst movement, and rotation were quantified. By adapting principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis, we were able to minimize data complexity and compare pesticide toxicity based on locomotor activity for zebrafish and daphnia. Results showed distinct locomotor activity alteration patterns between zebrafish and daphnia towards pesticide exposure. The majority of pesticides tested in this study induced locomotor hypo-activity in daphnia neonates but triggered locomotor hyper-activity in zebrafish larvae. According to our PCA and clustering results, the toxicity for 12 pesticides was grouped into two major groups based on all locomotor activity endpoints collected from both zebrafish and daphnia. In conclusion, all pesticides resulted in swimming alterations in both animal models by either producing hypo-activity, hyperactivity, or other changes in swimming patterns. In addition, zebrafish and daphnia displayed distinct sensitivity and response against different pesticides, and the combinational analysis approach by using a phenomic approach to combine data collected from zebrafish and daphnia provided better resolution for toxicological assessment.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Underlying the Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Maternal Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Kyoko Hasebe ◽  
Michael D. Kendig ◽  
Margaret J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Obesogenic Diet

The widespread consumption of ‘western’-style diets along with sedentary lifestyles has led to a global epidemic of obesity. Epidemiological, clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that maternal obesity, overnutrition and unhealthy dietary patterns programs have lasting adverse effects on the physical and mental health of offspring. We review currently available preclinical and clinical evidence and summarise possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which maternal overnutrition may perturb offspring cognitive function, affective state and psychosocial behaviour, with a focus on (1) neuroinflammation; (2) disrupted neuronal circuities and connectivity; and (3) dysregulated brain hormones. We briefly summarise research implicating the gut microbiota in maternal obesity-induced changes to offspring behaviour. In animal models, maternal obesogenic diet consumption disrupts CNS homeostasis in offspring, which is critical for healthy neurodevelopment, by altering hypothalamic and hippocampal development and recruitment of glial cells, which subsequently dysregulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The adverse effects of maternal obesogenic diets are also conferred through changes to hormones including leptin, insulin and oxytocin which interact with these brain regions and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may directly and indirectly contribute to these maternal diet effects in both human and animal studies. As the specific pathways shaping abnormal behaviour in offspring in the context of maternal obesogenic diet exposure remain unknown, further investigations are needed to address this knowledge gap. Use of animal models permits investigation of changes in neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter activity and hormones across global brain network and sex differences, which could be directly and indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Assessment Suggests Locomotion Hyperactivity in Zebrafish Triggered by Arecoline Might Be Associated with Multiple Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Activation

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Petrus Siregar ◽  
Gilbert Audira ◽  
Ling-Yi Feng ◽  
Jia-Hau Lee ◽  
Fiorency Santoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Docking Simulation ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Muscarinic Agonist ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Exposure Experiment

Arecoline is one of the nicotinic acid-based alkaloids, which is found in the betel nut. In addition to its function as a muscarinic agonist, arecoline exhibits several adverse effects, such as inducing growth retardation and causing developmental defects in animal embryos, including zebrafish, chicken, and mice. In this study, we aimed to study the potential adverse effects of waterborne arecoline exposure on zebrafish larvae locomotor activity and investigate the possible mechanism of the arecoline effects in zebrafish behavior. The zebrafish behavior analysis, together with molecular docking and the antagonist co-exposure experiment using muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists were conducted. Zebrafish larvae aged 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm) of arecoline for 30 min and 24 h, respectively, to find out the effect of arecoline in different time exposures. Locomotor activities were measured and quantified at 120 hpf. The results showed that arecoline caused zebrafish larvae locomotor hyperactivities, even at a very low concentration. For the mechanistic study, we conducted a structure-based molecular docking simulation and antagonist co-exposure experiment to explore the potential interactions between arecoline and eight subtypes, namely, M1a, M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4a, M5a, and M5b, of zebrafish endogenous muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Arecoline was predicted to show a strong binding affinity to most of the subtypes. We also discovered that the locomotion hyperactivity phenotypes triggered by arecoline could be rescued by co-incubating it with M1 to M4 mAChR antagonists. Taken together, by a pharmacological approach, we demonstrated that arecoline functions as a highly potent hyperactivity-stimulating compound in zebrafish that is mediated by multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

scholarly journals Pencemaran Tanah Oleh Pestisida Di Perkebunan Sayur Kelurahan Eka Jaya Kecamatan Jambi Selatan Kota Jambi (Studi Keberadaan Jamur Makroza dan Cacing Tanah)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Supriatna Supriatna ◽  
Sondang Siahaan ◽  
Indah Restiaty
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Carbamate Pesticide

Healthy vegetables can only be from healthy and pollution-free farmland, including pesticide pollution. When a harmful or toxic substance has contaminated the surface of the soil, it can evaporate, be swept away by rainwater and or enter the soil. Pollution that enters the soil is then immersed as toxic chemicals in the soil. Toxic substances in the soil can have a direct impact on humans when touched or can contaminate groundwater thus lowering the function of the soil as a place of growing and developing plants. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of soil pollution by pesticides and the presence of earthworms and mycoriza fungi in the soil. The use of pesticides that are not in accordance with the rules and formulations cause pollution to vegetables and the environment such as soil and water. By taking soil samples and checking the content of pesticides can be known whether the pesticides used have polluted the soil. The presence of worms and mycoriza will be less and less even none at all on the soil that has been polluted. The results showed that from six soil sampling locations found two locations of carbamate pesticide pollution (33.3%), no mycoriza mushrooms were found at one location (15.6%) and earthworms are found throughout the site (100%). Pollution occurs because vegetable farmers and palawija use pesticides exceeding the recommended dose and occur pengulang in the adjacent time span. Mycoriza mushrooms are found in the form of spores, fungal spores have a stronger survival ability compared to the whole stem of the mycoriza fungus. Earthworms derived from manure used as fertilizer, in addition to its ability to avoid toxic soil mucus presence in his body can protect tabnah cacaing from pesticide exposure.

scholarly journals Utilizing Animal Models of Infantile Spasms

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris G. Dulla
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Epileptic Encephalopathy ◽  
Infantile Spasms ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Review Current ◽  
New Strategies

Infantile spasms are a devastating epileptic encephalopathy characterized by early life spasms and later seizures. Clinical outcomes of infantile spasms are poor and therapeutic options are limited with significant adverse effects. Therefore, new strategies to treat infantile spasms are of the utmost importance. Animals models of infantile spasms are a critical component of developing new therapies. Here, we review current chronic animal models of infantile spasms and consider future advances that may help improve patient care, as well as our scientific understanding of this debilitating disease.

The Effect of Dihydromyricetin, a Natural Flavonoid, on Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference and Physical Dependence in Mice

Drug Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (09) ◽  
pp. 410-416
Author(s):  
Leila Etemad ◽  
Hadi Farkhari ◽  
Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi ◽  
Ali Roohbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Gabaa Receptors ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Morphine Dependence ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Alcohol Hangover ◽  
Withdrawal Signs

Abstract Objective Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural flavonoid, is used to reduce alcohol hangover. It has a modulatory role on GABAA receptors with significant effects on seizure and anxiety in animal models. We aimed to evaluate the effect of DHM on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and withdrawal sings following morphine dependence using animal models. Methods The effect of DHM (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal; ip) on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced CPP was evaluated in male mice. Administration of morphine for three consecutive days induced physical dependence. The withdrawal signs such as jumping and defecation were precipitated by administration of naloxone (8 mg/kg, ip). The effect of DHM on the development of physical dependence was assessed by injection of DHM before morphine administrations. Results DHM, at the dose of 5 mg/kg, reduced expression of morphine CPP with an increase in the locomotor activity. DHM, at the doses of 2 and 5 mg/kg, also reduced development of morphine CPP. DHM alleviated development of morphine-induced physical dependence at the dose of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg by decreasing jumping and defecation. Conclusion These results indicated that DHM decreased acquisition and expression of morphine CPP and inhibited development of morphine-induced physical dependence.

scholarly journals Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Organophosphate Pesticide Absorption and Toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (20) ◽  
pp. 6204-6213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Trinder ◽  
Tim W. McDowell ◽  
Brendan A. Daisley ◽  
Sohrab N. Ali ◽  
Hon S. Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticide ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pesticide Pollution

ABSTRACTOrganophosphate pesticides used in agriculture can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation withLactobacillus, a genus of commensal bacteria, would reduce absorption and toxicity of consumed organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos [CP]). SeveralLactobacillusspecies were screened for toleration of 100 ppm of CP or parathion in MRS broth based on 24-h growth curves. CertainLactobacillusstrains were unable to reach stationary-phase culture maxima and displayed an abnormal culture morphology in response to pesticide. Further characterization of commonly used, pesticide-tolerant and pesticide-susceptible, probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusstrain GG (LGG) andL. rhamnosusstrain GR-1 (LGR-1), respectively, revealed that both strains could significantly sequester organophosphate pesticides from solution after 24-h coincubations. This effect was independent of metabolic activity, asL. rhamnosusGG did not hydrolyze CP and no difference in organophosphate sequestration was observed between live and heat-killed strains. Furthermore, LGR-1 and LGG reduced the absorption of 100 μM parathion or CP in a Caco-2 Transwell model of the small intestine epithelium. To determine the effect of sequestration on acute toxicity, newly eclosedDrosophila melanogasterflies were exposed to food containing 10 μM CP with or without supplementation with live LGG. Supplementation with LGG simultaneously, but not with administration of CP 3 days prior (prophylactically), mitigated CP-induced mortality. In summary, the results suggest thatL. rhamnosusmay be useful for reducing toxic organophosphate pesticide exposure via passive binding. These findings could be transferable to clinical and livestock applications due to affordability and practical ability to supplement products with food-grade bacteria.IMPORTANCEThe consequences of environmental pesticide pollution due to widespread usage in agriculture and soil leaching are becoming a major societal concern. Although the long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure for humans and wildlife remain largely unknown, logic suggests that these chemicals are not aligned with ecosystem health. This observation is most strongly supported by the agricultural losses associated with honeybee population declines, known as colony collapse disorder, in which pesticide usage is a likely trigger. Lactobacilli are bacteria used as beneficial microorganisms in fermented foods and have shown potentials to sequester and degrade environmental toxins. This study demonstrated that commonly used probiotic strains of lactobacilli could sequester, but not metabolize, organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos). ThisLactobacillus-mediated sequestration was associated with decreased intestinal absorption and insect toxicity in appropriate models. These findings hold promise for supplementing human, livestock, or apiary foods with probiotic microorganisms to reduce organophosphate pesticide exposure.

scholarly journals Early detection of cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticide pollution based on locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12703
Author(s):  
Binjie Wang ◽  
Junhao Zhu ◽  
Anli Wang ◽  
Jiye Wang ◽  
Yuanzhao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Aquatic Contamination ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
The Military

Cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticides are highly toxic substances widely used in agriculture and industry. These toxicants are neuro- and organotoxic to mammals at low concentrations, thus early detection of these chemicals in the aqueous environment is of utmost importance. Here, we employed the behavioral toxicity test with wildtype zebrafish larvae to determine sublethal concentrations of the above mentioned common environmental pollutants. After optimizing the test with cyanide, nine rodenticides and an organophosphate were successfully tested. The compounds dose-dependently initially (0–60-min exposure) stimulated locomotor activity of larvae but induced toxicity and reduced swimming during 60–120-min exposure. IC50 values calculated based on swimming distance after 2-h exposure, were between 0.1 and 10 mg/L for both first-generation and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Three behavioral characteristics, including total distance travelled, sinuosity and burst count, were quantitatively analyzed and compared by hierarchical clustering of the effects measured by each three parameters. The toxicity results for all three behavioral endpoints were consistent, suggesting that the directly measured parameter of cumulative swimming distance could be used as a promising biomarker for the aquatic contamination. The optimized method herein showed the potential for utilization as part of a monitoring system and an ideal tool for the risk assessment of drinking water in the military and public safety.

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