People carrying excess weight have an increased risk of severe COVID-19

A quarter of children in the UK are entering primary school either overweight or obese ( NHS Digital, 2017 ). These children have an increased risk of serious health consequences during their childhood years, which often continues into adulthood ( World Health Organization (WHO, 2017 ). A Healthy Weight Discussion Tool was created and introduced into a health visiting service to assist staff to identify and manage children presenting with excess weight. Three teams trialled its use, but uptake of this tool was low. A focus group evaluation was therefore carried out to examine the experience of staff using the tool. Although the tool was effective when implemented as intended, certain factors prevented its use in practice. These findings need to be addressed and the use of the tool re-evaluated to ascertain whether this service improvement will enhance the management of children with excess weight within the Universal service.

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The Association Between Body Mass Index and Pancreatic Cancer: Variation by Age at Body Mass Index Assessment

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwz230 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 189 (2) ◽

pp. 108-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric J Jacobs ◽

Christina C Newton ◽

Alpa V Patel ◽

Victoria L Stevens ◽

Farhad Islami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Body Mass ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Middle Age ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Higher body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) is associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in epidemiologic studies. However, BMI has usually been assessed at older ages, potentially underestimating the full impact of excess weight. We examined the association between BMI and pancreatic cancer mortality among 963,317 adults who were aged 30–89 years at their enrollment in Cancer Prevention Study II in 1982. During follow-up through 2014, a total of 8,354 participants died of pancreatic cancer. Hazard ratios per 5 BMI units, calculated using proportional hazards regression, declined steadily with age at BMI assessment, from 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.33) in persons aged 30–49 years at enrollment to 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.26) in those aged 70–89 years at enrollment (P for trend = 0.005). On the basis of a hazard ratio of 1.25 per 5 BMI units at age 45 years, we estimated that 28% of US pancreatic cancer deaths among persons born in 1970–1974 will be attributable to BMI ≥25.0—nearly twice the equivalent proportion of those born in the 1930s, a birth cohort with much lower BMI in middle age. These results suggest that BMI before age 50 years is more strongly associated with pancreatic cancer risk than BMI at older ages, and they underscore the importance of avoiding excess weight gain before middle age for preventing this highly fatal cancer.

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Rapid excess weight loss following laparoscopic gastric bypass leads to increased risk of internal hernia

Surgical Endoscopy ◽

10.1007/s00464-010-1444-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 1594-1598 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Christopher Schneider ◽

William Cobb ◽

John Scott ◽

Alfredo Carbonell ◽

Katie Myers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Internal Hernia ◽

Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass ◽

Excess Weight Loss ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Increased Risk

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Metabolic syndrome, leptin-insulin resistance and uric acid: a trinomial foe for Algerian city-dweller adolescents’ health

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2017-0076 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hamida Bouhenni ◽

Hadjer Daoudi ◽

Haidar Djemai ◽

Abdelkader Rouabah ◽

Damien Vitiello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Health Concern ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Weight Group ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Adolescence is one of the critical periods where increased risk for long-term obesity-related complications is an important health concern. This highlights the need to perform early diagnostics based on precise biomarkers to decrease the risk of complications in adolescents with obesity. Objective To determine the relationships between serum levels of uric acid (UA), leptin and insulin with metabolic syndrome (MS) components in Algerian adolescents. Subjects Nondiabetic adolescents (n = 204). Methods Blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements were performed using standardized techniques. Blood samples were taken for determination of glycemia, triglyceridemia, uricemia, cholesterolemia, leptinemia and insulinemia. Results The rate of MS among an excess weight group was 17.4% [95% confidence interval (CI)]. Serum levels of UA, leptin and insulin were significantly higher in the excess weight group compared to a normal weight group (279.4 ± 86.05 vs. 204.9 ± 50.34 μmol/L and 25.65 ± 14.01 vs. 4.09 ± 2.60 μg/L, p < 0.001; 24.58 ± 13.85 vs. 13.34 ± 6.41 μIU/L, p < 0.05). Serum levels of UA, leptin and insulin were significantly higher in adolescents with MS compared to those without MS (304.86 ± 111.41 vs. 224.72 ± 77.81 μmol/L, 30.26 ± 12.46 vs. 16.93 ± 14.97 μg/L and 30.91 ± 17.30 vs. 18.71 ± 10.14 μIU/L, p < 0.05, respectively). Significant correlations were found between UA and leptin with waist circumference (r = 0.50 and 0.76), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.58 and 0.43), triglycerides (r = 0.42 and 0.35) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = −0.36 and −0.35). Conclusion Serum levels of UA and leptin may be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis of the risk of MS in our Algerian adolescent population.

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Combining body mass index with waist circumference to assess coronary microvascular function in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s12350-021-02788-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruonan Wang ◽

Xiang Li ◽

Shihao Huangfu ◽

Qi Yao ◽

Ping Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction ◽

Flow Reserve ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract Background Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) may precede clinically overt coronary artery disease (CAD). Overall and central obesity (CO) are major risk factors for CAD. This study sought to investigate the subclinical significance of body adiposity patterns based on the CMD risk. Methods A total of 128 patients with non-obstructive CAD were prospectively enrolled. Patients were categorized into 4 anthropometric groups: normal weight and non-CO (NWNCO, n = 41), normal weight and CO (NWCO, n = 20), excess weight and non-CO (EWNCO, n = 26), and excess weight and CO (EWCO, n = 41). Patients underwent rest/stress electrocardiography-gated 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography to measure absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF), myocardial flow reserve (MFR), hemodynamic parameters, and cardiac function. Results Resting MBF did not differ between groups (P = .36). Compared with the NWNCO group, hyperemic MBF and MFR were significantly lower in the NWCO and EWCO groups. Notably, patients with NWCO presented the lowest hyperemic MBF and MFR and the highest incidence of CMD. Waist circumference was an independent risk factor for CMD (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10, P = .02). Conclusion In patients with non-obstructive CAD, CO may be associated with an increased risk of CMD to better fit the study findings which did not assess management or monitoring of MBF and MFR.

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Association between general and central adiposity and development of hypertension in early childhood

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology ◽

10.1177/2047487319839264 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 1326-1334 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maira A Ortiz-Pinto ◽

Honorato Ortiz-Marrón ◽

Isabel Ferriz-Vidal ◽

María V Martínez-Rubio ◽

María Esteban-Vasallo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Incident Cases

Objectives To evaluate the association of general and abdominal obesity with high blood pressure in young children. Methods A longitudinal study including 1796 participants from the Madrid region (Spain) with baseline at age 4 years and a follow-up 2 years later. Blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference were measured during a physical examination. We evaluated the association between obesity at baseline and weight changes between the ages of 4 and 6 years and high blood pressure. Data were analysed using linear and logistic regressions adjusted for covariates. Results Obese 4 year olds (general or abdominal obesity) experienced an average 4–5 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and a 2.5–3 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure by the age of 6 years. Compared to children maintaining a non-excess weight (based on body mass index) during follow-up incident and persistent cases of excess weight (overweight or obesity) had an odds ratio (OR) for high blood pressure of 2.49 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50–4.13) and OR 2.54 (95% CI 1.27–5.07), respectively. Regarding abdominal obesity we estimated OR 2.81 (95% CI 0.98–8.02) for incident cases and OR 3.42 (95% CI 1.38–8.49) for persistent cases. Similar estimates for the waist–height ratio were observed. Individuals who experienced remission to non-excess weight did not have an increased risk of high blood pressure. Conclusions We observed an increased risk for high blood pressure among 4-year-olds who presented with persistent or incident cases of excess weight (body mass index) or abdominal obesity after 2 years of follow-up. Children with excess weight or obesity at baseline who remitted to non-excess weight did not exhibit an increased risk of high blood pressure.

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Effects of Excess Weight on Cancer Incidences Depending on Cancer Sites and Histologic Findings Among Men: Korea National Health Insurance Corporation Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2005.11.726 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (21) ◽

pp. 4742-4754 ◽

Cited By ~ 271

Author(s):

Sang Woo Oh ◽

Yeong Sook Yoon ◽

Soon-Ae Shin

Keyword(s):

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Linear Trend ◽

The United States ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Hazards Model ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Baseline Weight ◽

The Relationship

Purpose The effects of excess weight on the development of cancers are controversial, and little is known for populations outside the United States and Europe. We conducted this study to assess the effects of excess weight with a large cohort of Koreans. Methods We assessed the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and various cancers in a 10-year follow-up cohort of 781,283 Korean men who were free of prior cancer at baseline. Weight and height were measured, and questionnaires related to health behaviors and medical history were completed. Data on newly developed cancers were obtained from two organizations in Korea. A proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between BMI and cancer. Results Adenocarcinoma in the colon and rectosigmoid, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma in the prostate, renal cell carcinoma, papillary carcinoma in the thyroid, small-cell carcinoma in the lung, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and melanoma had positive dose-dependent relationships with BMI (all P < .05). Although no linear trend was found (P = .267), obese men who never smoked with a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m2 had an increased risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma (relative risk = 1.73). Other cancers, such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and gallbladder and pancreatic cancer, did not show significant associations. Conclusion These findings show that, even in Koreans, obesity clearly increases the risk of many types of cancers and the strength of the associations varies with the organ and histologic type. Because these obesity-related cancers are reported to be rapidly increasing in Korea and many other Asian countries, controlling obesity epidemics could be an effective tool for preventing these cancers in these areas.

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Metabolic health during a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention in women with PCOS

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-21-0669 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Dietz de Loos ◽

Geranne Jiskoot ◽

Annemerle Beerthuizen ◽

Jan Busschbach ◽

Joop Laven

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Metabolic Health ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Z Score ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Increased Risk ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

Context Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Both PCOS and MetS are associated with excess weight. Objective To examine the effect of a three-component lifestyle intervention (LSI) with or without short message service (SMS+ or SMS- respectively) on the prevalence and severity of MetS and metabolic parameters, compared to care as usual (CAU). Design Randomized controlled trial. Methods Women diagnosed with PCOS and a BMI >25 kg/m² (n = 183) were either assigned to a one-year three-component (cognitive behavioural therapy, diet, exercise) LSI, with or without SMS support, or to CAU which provided weight loss advice only. Main outcome measures included changes in the prevalence of MetS, the continuous MetS severity z-score (cMetS z-score), metabolic parameters, and the impact of weight loss. Results After one year the decrease in the cMetS z-score was greater in the SMS+ group than the CAU group (-0.39, p=0.015). The prevalence of MetS changed with -21.6% (p=0.037), -16.5% (p=0.190) and +7.0% (p=0.509) in both LSI groups and CAU group, respectively. A post hoc analysis for both LSI groups combined vs CAU resulted in a MetS difference of -25.9% (p=0.046). Moreover, weight loss per se resulted in significant favourable effects on all metabolic parameters. Conclusions This three-component lifestyle intervention was more successful in improving metabolic health compared to CAU. Therefore we recommend this intervention to women with PCOS and excess weight, provided that a clinically relevant weight loss is being pursued.

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Eating habits and weight status in Finnish adolescents

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019001447 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 2617-2624 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jannina Viljakainen ◽

Rejane Augusta de Oliveira Figueiredo ◽

Heli Viljakainen ◽

Eva Roos ◽

Elisabete Weiderpass ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Status ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Sixth Grade ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractObjective:To investigate the association between eating habits and weight status in adolescents in Finland.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:The Finnish Health in Teens (Fin-HIT) study is a cohort study conducted in adolescents attending third to sixth grade in 496 schools in forty-four municipalities in Southern, Middle and Northern Finland in 2011–2014.Participants:Analyses included 10 569 adolescents from the Fin-HIT study aged 9–14 years (5005 boys and 5564 girls). Adolescents were categorized by their eating habits: healthy eaters (44·1 %; n 4661), unhealthy eaters (12·3 %; n 1298), and fruit and vegetable avoiders (43·6 %; n 4610); and they were grouped into weight status: underweight (11·1 %), normal weight (73·6 %) and excess weight (15·3 %).Results:We found an increased risk of underweight in fruit and vegetable avoiders (OR = 1·28; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·46). An irregular breakfast pattern showed an inverse association with underweight (OR = 0·70; 95 % CI 0·59, 0·84) and an increased risk of excess weight (OR = 1·56; 95 % CI 1·37, 1·77) compared with a regular breakfast pattern. An irregular dinner pattern was inversely associated with underweight (OR = 0·83; 95 % CI 0·69, 0·99) compared with a regular dinner pattern.Conclusions:Avoiding fruits and vegetables and following irregular breakfast and dinner patterns were associated with underweight and excess weight in adolescents.

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Weight Status Change From Adolescence to Young Adulthood and the Risk of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14882 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 583-588

Author(s):

Min Zhao ◽

Pascal Bovet ◽

Bo Xi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Weight Status ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Status Change ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Us

It is still unclear whether the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in adulthood remains increased if excess weight in adolescence recedes later in life. This study examines the effect of change in weight status from adolescence to young adulthood on the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A total of 4454 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years from the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994–1995) were followed up to young adulthood (25–32 years, 2007–2008). After a median follow-up time of 13 years, compared with normal weight in both adolescence and young adulthood (n=1328, 29.8%), excess weight in the 2 periods (n=1077, 24.2%) was associated with an increased risk of hypertension (odds ratio, 3.72 [95% CI, 2.86–4.84]) and diabetes mellitus (3.32 [2.11–5.21]). Normal weight in adolescence but excess weight in young adulthood (n=1983, 44.5%) was associated with a lower but still significant risk of hypertension (2.49 [1.98–3.15]) and diabetes mellitus (1.59 [1.01–2.51]). In contrast, the risk of hypertension (1.37 [0.64–2.95]) and diabetes mellitus (1.65 [0.45–6.05]) was low in the few participants with excess weight in adolescence but normal weight in young adulthood (n=66, 1.5%). In conclusion, excess weight in young adulthood was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, irrespective of weight status in adolescence. In contrast, excess weight in adolescence but normal weight in young adulthood did not seem to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in young adulthood.

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