How Successful was Large-scale Social Restrictions Policy in Suppressing COVID-19

Large-scale Social Restrictions (LSR) was the Indonesian government's primary instrument to break the chain of coronavirus or COVID-19 transmission at the early phase of the pandemic. LSR implementation such as school and workplace closure, restrictions on religious activities, and or restrictions on activities on public premises or facilities. This study aims to investigate the effect of LSR policy on COVID-19 developments in Indonesia. This study was a cross-sectional study with a total population of 99,077,313 people from three provinces in Indonesia. This research analyzed the LSR policy implemented in the entire province or partially as an exposure and the development of Covid-19 as an outcome. The outcome was measured by doubling the times needed for new cases. Data were taken from secondary source namely from the COVID-19 task force report that has been announced publicly. The unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was used as statistical analysis of the secondary data. The results showed a significant impact (p<0.05) when comparing the province with full LSR policy with those implementing the LSR policy in some of their selected cities. The LSR policy of total province seems effective to suppress COVID-19 development as indicated by a more rapid and considerable increase in the doubling time of new cases following the implementation of LSR as early as possible in the provinces implementing LSR for their entire region than in the compared provinces. It can be concluded that LSR policy has a significant effect on COVID-19 development in Indonesia as indicated by a significant difference in the doubling time of COVID-19 new cases. Each province may have different times of the beginning and end of the COVID-19 epidemic; therefore, each province needs to design their coping strategy based on their particular condition.

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Differences of Confirmatory Case, Mortality Rate and Incident Mortality of COVID-19 in Indonesia, Asia and Who Online Data Case Study

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.26553/jikm.2021.12.1.50-59 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 50-59

Author(s):

Nugroho Susanto

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

General Situation ◽

Online Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population ◽

Study Designs

Turkish Ministry of Health estimated that 6.3% cases of COVID-19 fatality in April 2020 and 2.1% cases of COVID-19 mortality are associated with multi-factors. COVID-19 is very dangerous for moderate respiratory infection and has higher mortality compared to other diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. The study aims to compare case confirmation, mortality and compare incidence rate mortality between Indonesia and the world’s general situation. The study designs used a cross-sectional study with secondary data. The study population was people who have been diagnosed to covid-19 based on the website with URL: https://covid19.who.int/ and URL: https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/ for the period of March 2020 to November 2020. The Independent Variables are areas of disease i.e. Indonesia, Asia, and world area. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. Average of confirmatory covid-19 is 1891.65±1468.412 in Indonesia, 41146.94±34159.12 in Asia, and 211914.42±128689.95 according to WHO. The average mortality was 62.29±37.69 in Indonesia, 635.36±453.68 in Asia, and 5279.71±1540.41 according to WHO. The incidence mortality rate was 0.046±0.0326 in Indonesia, averaged 0.023±0.0157 in Asia, and averaged 0.035±0.0231 according to WHO. There was a significant difference in confirmatory case between Indonesia, Asia and WHO with p<0.001, a significant difference in mortality between Indonesia, Asia and WHO with p<0.001, and significant difference in incidence mortality between Indonesia, Asia, and Indonesia with p<0.001. The study was concluded that there are significant differences in confirmatory case, death, and incident mortality between Indonesia, Asia and WHO. Confirmatory case and mortality were higher in WHO and Asia when compared to Indonesia, but incidence mortality was high in Indonesia when compared to WHO and Asia.

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Relationship between Oral Hypofunction, and Protein Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study in Local Community-Dwelling Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4377

Author(s):

Keitaro Nishi ◽

Hiroaki Kanouchi ◽

Akihiko Tanaka ◽

Maya Nakamura ◽

Tomofumi Hamada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Large Scale ◽

Local Community ◽

Nutritional Assessment ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Muscle Index ◽

Significant Difference

Few studies have investigated the relationship between nutritional status and comprehensive assessment of oral hypofunction, especially protein intake-related sarcopenia. Thus, we explored these relationships in a large-scale cross-sectional cohort study using the seven-item evaluation for oral hypofunction and Diet History Questionnaire for nutritional assessment. We used the data from 1004 individuals who participated in the 2019 health survey of the residents of Tarumizu City, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan for analysis. We found that individuals with oral hypofunction were significantly older with a lower skeletal muscle index. Although there were few foods that had a significant difference between the groups with and without oral hypofunction, the consumption of beans and meats was significantly lower in women and men in the oral hypofunction group, respectively. According to the lower limit of the tentative dietary goal defined in Japan, comprehensive evaluation of oral hypofunction was significantly and independently associated with protein intake in both men and women (odds ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.35). In conclusion, we found that oral hypofunction was associated with targeted protein intake for sarcopenia and frailty prevention in middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults. Comprehensive evaluation of oral function with intervention in cases of hypofunction could inform clinicians to better prevent sarcopenia.

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Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels Between Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Healthy Individuals in China

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.750749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yanan Zhou ◽

Yuejiao Ma ◽

Qiuxia Wu ◽

Qianjin Wang ◽

Winson Fu Zun Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Significant Difference

Abnormal thyroid function in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been studied extensively, but the results still remain inconsistent. In China, few large-scale studies have investigated the differences in the levels of thyroid hormones between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 535 MDD patients and 998 HCs were included. We compared the levels of thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4, and TSH) between the two groups, as well as investigated the distribution of levels of thyroid hormones within and outside normal ranges. The results showed that all the three hormones were significantly lower in MDD patients than in HCs, which was also true in different gender and age subgroups. The proportion of subjects with levels of all the three hormones outside the normal range in the MDD group was higher than that in the HC group (all p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in clinical/subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism between the two groups (p > 0.05). Our study showed that the levels of thyroid hormones were lower in MDD patients, suggesting that there was an association between abnormal thyroid function and depression. The higher rate of thyroid dysfunction in MDD patients indicated the importance of regular monitoring of thyroid function.

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development - A Study of S&P BSE 100 Companies

Gurukul Business Review ◽

10.48205/gbr.v16.8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amit Kumar Arora ◽

Ankit Panchal ◽

Priya Rathi ◽

Vijay Prakash Gupta

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Health Care Education ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Corporate Social ◽

Area Development

Purpose- This study is an attempt to study the overview of CSR provisions' applicability and trends of S&P BSE 100 Companies. To determine whether there is any significant difference in the actual expenditure on CSR and the expenditure to be done as per the CSR provision of Company Act 2013. Design/methodology/approach - The study is descriptive and cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics and t-test have been used to analyze the data. Findings - The study found no significant difference in the actual expenditure on CSR and the expenditure to be done as per the CSR provision of the Company Act 2013.The actual amount spent on CSR is increasing and the unspent amount on CSR is decreasing throughout the study. Numbers of companies are increasing which are spending more amount as per the provision. Most of the companies are spending on health care, education, rural development, gender equality, and slum area development, etc., mostly the elements which are used as a tool for sustainable development. Research Limitations/implications - The study is based on the secondary data and considered the S&P BSE 100 Companies only. Practical implications - The study shows that the implications of CSR provision will be fruitful for stakeholders, society and environment as well as for the sustainable development of the Indian economy. Originality - The study has mainly focused on applicability of CSR provision and trends of S&P BSE 100 Companies on the basis of cross-sectional study and tested a descriptive item which shows actual expenditure on CSR and the expenditure to be done as per the CSR provision of the Company Act 2013 a tool for sustainable development.

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ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN REGIONALISASI RUJUKAN TERHADAP JUMLAH KUNJUNGAN DAN KEPUASAN PESERTA JKN DI FASKES RUJUKAN TINGKAT LANJUTAN

Journal of Health Studies ◽

10.31101/jhes.338 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 186-196

Author(s):

Amirul Mustofa ◽

Arlina Dewi

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Research ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hospital Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Approach ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Number Of Visits ◽

Research Type

Abstract: This research type is quantitative research with Cross Sectional Study approach. This study used secondary data of JKN participants who came both in outpatient and inpatient at Bantul Regency Hospital. Data analysis using paired t-test paired test and Analysis of variance (Anova). Research data were taken in 7 hospitals. The number of visits before and after the policy came into effect indicates a statistically significant difference. Satisfaction after the policy was enacted showed no statistically significant difference between 2015 and 2016. The number of post-policy visits enacted showed no statistically significant difference between the types of FKRT. The number of visits after the policy came into effect revealed a statistically significant difference between the FKRTL classes.Keywords: national health insurance, regionalization, polic

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Personal Audio System: Hearing Symptoms, Habits, and Sound Pressure Levels Measured in Real Ear and a Manikin

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 2016-2026

Author(s):

Tamara R. Almeida ◽

Clayton H. Rocha ◽

Camila M. Rabelo ◽

Raquel F. Gomes ◽

Ivone F. Neves-Lobo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sound Pressure ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Real ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sound Pressure Levels ◽

Audio System

Purpose The aims of this study were to characterize hearing symptoms, habits, and sound pressure levels (SPLs) of personal audio system (PAS) used by young adults; estimate the risk of developing hearing loss and assess whether instructions given to users led to behavioral changes; and propose recommendations for PAS users. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in 50 subjects with normal hearing. Procedures included questionnaire and measurement of PAS SPLs (real ear and manikin) through the users' own headphones and devices while they listened to four songs. After 1 year, 30 subjects answered questions about their usage habits. For the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, Lin and Spearman coefficients, the chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. Results Most subjects listened to music every day, usually in noisy environments. Sixty percent of the subjects reported hearing symptoms after using a PAS. Substantial variability in the equivalent music listening level (Leq) was noted ( M = 84.7 dBA; min = 65.1 dBA, max = 97.5 dBA). A significant difference was found only in the 4-kHz band when comparing the real-ear and manikin techniques. Based on the Leq, 38% of the individuals exceeded the maximum daily time allowance. Comparison of the subjects according to the maximum allowed daily exposure time revealed a higher number of hearing complaints from people with greater exposure. After 1 year, 43% of the subjects reduced their usage time, and 70% reduced the volume. A volume not exceeding 80% was recommended, and at this volume, the maximum usage time should be 160 min. Conclusions The habit of listening to music at high intensities on a daily basis seems to cause hearing symptoms, even in individuals with normal hearing. The real-ear and manikin techniques produced similar results. Providing instructions on this topic combined with measuring PAS SPLs may be an appropriate strategy for raising the awareness of people who are at risk. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12431435

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Breakfast Skipping Is an Independent Predictor of Obesity but not Overweight Among Children in a Southeastern European Population

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000272 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (5-6) ◽

pp. 242-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Genc Burazeri ◽

Jolanda Hyska ◽

Iris Mone ◽

Enver Roshi

Keyword(s):

Task Force ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

European Population ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

Communist Country ◽

Western Balkans ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breakfast Skipping

Abstract.Aim: To assess the association of breakfast skipping with overweight and obesity among children in Albania, a post-communist country in the Western Balkans, which is undergoing a long and difficult political and socioeconomic transition towards a market-oriented economy. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Albania in 2013 including a representative sample of 5810 children aged 7.0 – 9.9 years (49.5% girls aged 8.4 ± 0.6 years and 51.5% boys aged 8.5 ± 0.6 years; overall response rate: 97%). Children were measured for height and weight, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Cut-off BMI values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define overweight and obesity in children. Demographic data were also collected. Results: Upon adjustment for age, sex, and place of residence, breakfast skipping was positively related to obesity (WHO criteria: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9; IOTF criteria: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.5), but not overweight (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.3 and OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.4, respectively). Furthermore, breakfast skipping was associated with a higher BMI (multivariable-adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07). Conclusions: Our findings point to a strong and consistent positive relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity, but not overweight, among children in this transitional southeastern European population. Future studies in Albania and other transitional settings should prospectively examine the causal role of breakfast skipping in the development of overweight and obesity.

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Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey among Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db18-2393-pub ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 2393-PUB

Author(s):

KENICHIRO TAKAHASHI ◽

MINORI SHINODA ◽

RIKA SAKAMOTO ◽

JUN SUZUKI ◽

TADASHI YAMAKAWA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Large Scale ◽

Japanese Patients ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diabetes Survey

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Estimation of Trace Elements in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum-Comparative Study in Healthy and Periodontitis

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i5.8599 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Bhagavathami Meenaksh ◽

Chitraa R. Chandran ◽

Aravindhan Thathchari Ranganathan ◽

Kavindapadi Venkateswaran Rama ◽

Valarmathy Srinivasan

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Serum Copper ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Copper Zinc

Background: This study aims to determine and compare the levels of trace elements copper, zinc, selenium and chromium in GCF and serum of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Methods: This cross sectional study includes 24 study subjects recruited from the patients reporting to the Department of Periodontics , Tagore Dental College Chennai. All the selected patients were subjected to a clinical examination done by a single examiner. The estimation of trace elements Copper, Zinc, Selenium and Chromium in GCF and serum is performed using Perkin Elmer optima 5300 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES). Results: GCF and serum copper levels showed no significant difference in both periodontitis and healthy groups . Selenium levels tend to be the same in both groups. Serum zinc levels are more in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects (p less than 0.01). GCF chromium levels are found to be more in patients with periodontitis than healthy. Conclusions : More research is therefore needed to monitor the role of these trace elements C with an increased sample size to ascertain whether they are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis.

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Gambling-like video game practices: A cross-sectional study of links with problem gambling and disordered gaming

10.31234/osf.io/fh3vx ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

David Zendle

Keyword(s):

Video Games ◽

Problem Gambling ◽

Video Game ◽

Large Scale ◽

Significant Degree ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Video Gaming ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Streaming Services ◽

Clinically Significant

A variety of practices have recently emerged which are related to both video games and gambling. Most prominent of these are loot boxes. However, a broad range of other activities have recently emerged which are also related to both gambling and video games: esports betting, real-money video gaming, token wagering, social casino play, and watching videos of both loot box opening and gambling on game streaming services like Twitch.Whilst a nascent body of research has established the robust existence of a relationship between loot box spending and both problem gambling and disordered gaming, little research exists which examines whether similar links may exist for the diverse practices outlined above. Furthermore, no research has thus far attempted to estimate the prevalence of these activities.A large-scale survey of a representative sample of UK adults (n=1081) was therefore conducted in order to investigate these issues. Engagement in all measured forms of gambling-like video game practices were significantly associated with both problem gambling and disordered gaming. An aggregate measure of engagement was associated with both these outcomes to a clinically significant degree (r=0.23 and r=0.43). Engagement in gambling-like video game practices appeared widespread, with a 95% confidence interval estimating that 16.3% – 20.9% of the population engaged in these activities at least once in the last year. Engagement in these practices was highly inter-correlated: Individuals who engaged in one practice were likely to engage in several more.Overall, these results suggest that the potential effects of the blurring of lines between video games and gambling should not primarily be understood to be due to the presence of loot boxes in video games. They suggest the existence of a convergent ecosystem of gambling-like video game practices, whose causal relationships with problem gambling and disordered gaming are currently unclear but must urgently be investigated.

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