scholarly journals Role of the Biological Processes in Soil forming Process and Soil Fertility (Azerbaijan, Shamakhy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses the impact of the erosion process on mountain black terrestrial, suitable for planting soils widespread in the Shamakhi region of Azerbaijan, which are more or less subject to erosion, which impairs its fertility, weakens fertility etc. It should be recognized that the influence of agricultural activity of man on the processes taking place in the soil is a deeply studied problem. What contributed to the negligence of the soil, its incorrect and irrational use which weaken its fertility, change the normal direction of the process of soil formation? According to the latest data, more than 50% of the soils of the Shamakhi region are subject to the process of water and irrigation erosion, a process that is widely distributed mainly in mountain black-terrestrial. According to well-known scientists of the republic, it was found that substances synthesized by microorganisms that regulate the complex processes occurring in the soil. For example, the conversion of plant residues and organic substances into humus takes place under the influence of complex environmental factors, which impairs its fertility. This was compared to our study of the dynamics of microbiological activity in black mountain soils and the effect of erosion on it at the object of study. As you know, humus is the basis of soil fertility. For this reason and in the process of research, the factors that form the soil were the focus of genetic science on soil. The results of the study proved that the erosion process, which occurred in nature, possessing a huge potential for its destructive power, destroys the surface fertile soil layer, cancels its fertility and, therefore, removes soil from agricultural circulation. Being a dynamic process, it changes the appearance of a zone, as a rule, a landscape that is widely distributed in the mountainous and foothill zones of the region. This is the reason for the change of the initial relief in the morphological structure and mountain landscapes.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN REHABILITATION OF SOIL FERTILITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 7-32
Author(s):  
I.K. Kurdish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Nitrogen Mobilization

The analysis of the literature data testifies the supreme importance of microorganisms in soil formation and maintaining of its fertility. They transform plant residues; take part in soil structuring; formation of humus and its mineralization. Microorganisms play global role in renewing of the biosphere, including soils, with mineral nitrogen, mobilization of phosphorus from organic and sparingly soluble inorganic joins. Very important, but not sufficiently studied is the participation of microorganisms in mobilization of potassium in agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Economic assessments of the impact of Covid-19 on farm development

Ekonomika APK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 308 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Mamchur ◽  
Ivan Irkliienko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Market Environment ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to evaluate measures to support the activities of farms and family farms in the conditions of David-19 and make a forecast assessment of their development and formation. Research methods. It is based on the active policy concept of entrepreneurial potential realization in the countryside, which includes measures for the farms and family farms development, in particular through the transformational mechanism of household formalization into a market environment. The following scientific methods were used in the research process: dialectical scientific knowledge of processes and phenomena; monographic (analysis of scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, as well as stages of business development); graphic (to obtain a synthesized idea of the object of study, to identify its components, to establish causal relationships); empirical (regarding a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the object of study); comparative analysis (identification of problems and directions of formation and development of farming); comparative analysis (taking into account the specific conditions of agricultural activity and comparing the processes of farming development at the national level); prognostic (formation of conceptual bases of regulation and improvement of the strategy of development of business); abstract-logical (theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions). Research results. The situation on minimizing the impact of quarantine measures under the conditions of Covid-19 and their consequences and interaction in the development of farms and family farms in rural areas is analyzed. On the basis of generalization in the development of mechanisms to ensure the efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy, it is necessary to take into account the features and vulnerabilities of the organizational and legal management form. It was found that the most vulnerable to the introduction of quarantine restrictions are small and medium-sized farms, mostly those engaged in vegetable production, in particular the production of early vegetables and berries. This can directly lead to a reduction in their number. Thus, by 2025, the number of farms may be reduced by 450 units - up to 32639 against 33089 in 2019. However, the introduced measures, including compensation the part of SST for family farms, are able to provide in the near future approximately 200 thousand such farms both through a change in the organizational and legal form of existing small farms and through household formalization into the market environment with the acquisition of the official status of business entities. Scientific novelty. The methodological representation and identification of the category of self-employment as structured and defined by law, institutional and economic criteria, forms of organization of rural management with the appropriate definition of priority contours of possible organizational and economic effectiveness of functioning through employment in non-agricultural enterprises. Practical significance. The basic principles for counteracting the impact of restrictive measures in the context of Covid-19 were revealed, which allowed to assess the prospects for the development of farms, including family farms, as well as to make predictive calculations of the impact of proposed measures on their formation and development. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 24.

scholarly journals Technique-technological prerequisites for improving soil fertility

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
L. K. Litvinyuk ◽  
O. F. Govorov ◽  
V. V. Adamchuk ◽  
V. M. Kornyushin ◽  
A. D. Chaychuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Functional Scheme ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
By Products

Annotation Purpose. Improving soil fertility due to new technical and technological support for rational methods of processing and using by-products of crop production as fertilizer. Methods. Generalization of the monographic results of experimental research of combined machines and other printed materials. Results. The reasons for the decrease in soil fertility are given; the technological operation for increasing soil fertility, which consists of grinding plant residues, introducing a destructor and mixing them in a soil layer at a depth of 10–12 cm when processing the soil to 16 cm, is justified, a combined unit for its implementation has been developed. Conclusions. The structural and functional scheme of the combined unit for increasing soil fertility, consisting of an energy source, on the front hitch of which a crop shredder with a horizontal axis of rotation and hammer working bodies for grinding plant residues is hung, on the rear hitch a combined machine with active scapular and passive working bodies is justified for processing the soil to a depth of 16 cm, and a tank for the destructor is installed on the frame, which ensures its introduction and mixing with the soil to a depth of 10–12 cm without a time gap, which increases the efficiency of the destructor's action on improving soil fertility. Keywords: soil fertility, plant residues, shredder, destructor, active-passive working bodies.

scholarly journals The impact of main tillage systems and fertilization for crops of a short crop rotation on agrochemical soil properties

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
I. Prymak ◽  
O. Panchenko ◽  
M. Voytovik ◽  
I. Panchenko ◽  
V. Karpenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Protective System ◽  
The Impact

The problem statement. For the last two decades in Ukraine a fast decrease in chornozemic soil fertility, especially a decline of its agrochemical properties, has been noticed. One of the way of improvement its fertility is to develop and implement scientifically-based resource-saving and soil-protective system of tillage operations along with rational fertilization of field crops on the tilled soil. The aim of the research – with the help of a field experiment to define a rational system of main tillage and fertilization of typical chornozemic soil under a grain row five course rotation which provides 5,5 t/ha of dry matter from a tilled field under the expanded reproduction of agrochemical indices of soil fertility and appropriate energetic efficiency. Conclusions. Under disc and beardless tillage especially of fertilized areas a differentiation of tilled soil layer according to the agrochemical indices of its fertility is observed. A stabilization of humus and general nitrogen content as well as fertilizer elements in a tilled soil layer occurs under application of 8 t/ha of pus + N76P64K57. The efficiency of humification processes in soil is the lowest under disc tillage and the highest under beard-beardless and beard tillage in a crop rotation. Along with the increase of soil depth of its tilled layer, annual decrease of its general nitrogen supply on the untilled areas under beard and differential tillage falls down. However, under beardless and disc tillage it increases. An inverse relation is observed on the untilled areas. Under beard and beard-beardless tillage almost the same crop rotation productivity was obtained, while under beardless and disc tillage the productivity was significantly lower. For a field grain row five course crop rotation of Right Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine a deep arable tillage is recommended only in one filed, and in the rest fields beardless and disc tillage with the application of 8 tones of pus per hectare of tilled field + N76P64K57 under a common reproduction and 12 t/ha of pus + N95P82K57 under expanded reproduction of typical chornozemic soil fertility is recommended. Key words: soil, tillage, crop rotation, fertilizers, fertility, rotation.

Prospects of spring wheat cultivation in the conditions of arid Volga region

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Valery Genadievich Popov ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Panfilov ◽  
Yuriy Vyacheslavovich Bondarenko ◽  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Doronin ◽  
Evgeny Nikolaevih Martynov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the experience of the impact of the system of forest belts and mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat, including on irrigated lands. Vegetation irrigation is designed to maintain the humidity of the active soil layer from germination to maturation at the lower level of the optimum-70-75%, and in the phases of tubulation-earing - flowering - 75-80% NV. However, due to the large differences in zones and microzones of soil and climate conditions and due to the weather conditions of individual years, wheat irrigation regimes require a clear differentiation. In the Volga region in the dry autumn rainfalls give the norm of 800-1000 m3/ha, and in saline soils – 1000-1300 and 3-4 vegetation irrigation at tillering, phases of booting, earing and grain formation the norm 600-650 m3/ha. the impact of the system of forest belts, mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat is closely tied to the formation of microclimate at different distances from forest edges.

Mathematical models forecasting the transformation of the tax path of large russian companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Kristina A. Bannova ◽  
Nurken E. Aktaev ◽  
Yulia G. Tyurina
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
The Impact

Digital technologies have changed the relationship between the society and business entities, taxpayers and the state. Ceteris paribus, the ability to effectively manage financial flows and make administrative decisions depends on the correct and established interaction between the state and taxpayers. This study aims to form and develop a taxpayer’s understanding of the digital age with all its features and opportunities for information and communication technologies, including mathematical modeling methods that form the basis of the digital economy for building and sustaining business development, improving the systemic vision of business processes. The research hypothesis is that the further development of economic entities management in the digital context, as well as the coordination of these entities’ interests, is possible only in the partnership of the key economic participants, with the taxpayer at the forefront. That will allow identifying the areas for improving tax trajectories. Using polynomial approximation, the authors have obtained the models of tax trajectories of companies that allow predicting tax burden. The data for approximations are obtained using the previously constructed mathematical model of the optimal tax path. The main input data of the model are fixed assets and human resources, the totality of which form the production function. The analysis of the transformation of tax paths shows ways for achieving a balance of interests between both the state and the taxpayers. Finding this balance will help to overcome the crisis of confidence in the authorities, the development of adaptability and creativity of Russian society to new tax changes. A number of parameters determines the scale of this task. They include the complexity of the object of study, the long-term and multi-aspect nature of the impact which modeling the digital economy has on adaptation to the new digital realities of the state and taxpayers, as well as the absence of significant analogues of the solution to this problem in global and Russian economics.

scholarly journals Organic mulching promotes soil organic carbon accumulation to deep soil layer in an urban plantation forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodan Sun ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Qingxu Ma ◽  
Jiahui Liao ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soc Fractions

Abstract Background Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for soil quality and fertility in forest ecosystems. Labile SOC fractions are sensitive to environmental changes, which reflect the impact of short-term internal and external management measures on the soil carbon pool. Organic mulching (OM) alters the soil environment and promotes plant growth. However, little is known about the responses of SOC fractions in rhizosphere or bulk soil to OM in urban forests and its correlation with carbon composition in plants. Methods A one-year field experiment with four treatments (OM at 0, 5, 10, and 20 cm thicknesses) was conducted in a 15-year-old Ligustrum lucidum plantation. Changes in the SOC fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soil; the carbon content in the plant fine roots, leaves, and organic mulch; and several soil physicochemical properties were measured. The relationships between SOC fractions and the measured variables were analysed. Results The OM treatments had no significant effect on the SOC fractions, except for the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). OM promoted the movement of SOC to deeper soil because of the increased carbon content in fine roots of subsoil. There were significant correlations between DOC and microbial biomass carbon and SOC and easily oxidised organic carbon. The OM had a greater effect on organic carbon fractions in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. The thinnest (5 cm) mulching layers showed the most rapid carbon decomposition over time. The time after OM had the greatest effect on the SOC fractions, followed by soil layer. Conclusions The frequent addition of small amounts of organic mulch increased SOC accumulation in the present study. OM is a potential management model to enhance soil organic matter storage for maintaining urban forest productivity.

scholarly journals Soil fertilization synergistically enhances the impact of pollination services in increasing seed yield of sunflower under dryland conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dolapo Bola Adelabu ◽  
Emile Bredenhand ◽  
Sean van der Merwe ◽  
Angelinus Cornelius Franke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Degraded Soil ◽  
Soil Fertilization ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Soil

Abstract To exploit the potential of ecological intensification during sunflower cropping, it is crucial to understand the potential synergies between crop management and ecosystem services. We therefore examined the effect of pollination intensification on sunflower yield and productivity under various levels of soil fertilization over two seasons in the eastern Free State, South Africa. We manipulated soil fertility with fertilizer applications and pollination with exclusion bags. We found a synergetic effect between pollination and soil fertilization whereby increasing pollination intensity led to a far higher impact on sunflower yield when the soil had been fertilized. Specifically, the intensification of insect pollination increased seed yield by approximately 0.4 ton/ha on nutrient poor soil and by approximately 1.7 ton/ha on moderately fertilized soil. Our findings suggest that sunflower crops on adequate balanced soil fertility will receive abundant insect pollination and may gain more from both synergies than crops grown in areas with degraded soil fertility.

scholarly journals The Role of Selected Ecosystem Services in Different Farming Systems in Poland Regarding the Differentiation of Agricultural Land Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6673
Author(s):  
Lidia Luty ◽  
Kamila Musiał ◽  
Monika Zioło
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Supporting Soil ◽  
Management Method ◽  
The Impact

The functioning of various agroecosystems is nowadays shaped by different farming systems, which may impair their functions, as well as being beneficial to them. The benefits include ecosystem services, defined as economic and noneconomic values gained by humans from ecosystems, through supporting soil formation and nutrient circulation, and the impact of agriculture on climate and biodiversity. Their mutual flow and various disturbances depend on the agroecosystem’s management method, which is associated with the type of management of agricultural land (AL) in individual farms. This paper raises a problem of transformation in the structure of three main farming systems in Poland, in 2004–2018, in relation to the implementation of 16 selected ecosystem services and their scale. Special attention was given to organic farming, as the most environmentally friendly and sustainable. The analysis demonstrates the increase in ALs in that type of production during the analyzed period of time. Disparities of transformation associated with the type of agricultural system were noticeable at the regional level, which were presented in 16 Polish voivodeships. The results of the analysis confirm that the organic system, which is an important carrier of various ecosystem services, gained a stable position. Moreover, areas with integrated farming still do not exceed 0.5% of total agricultural lands in such voivodeships. The analysis of factors influencing the deterioration or disappearance of selected environmental services characterizing agricultural systems indicates the need to depart from an intensive conventional management system.

scholarly journals Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Stanko Vršič ◽  
Marko Breznik ◽  
Borut Pulko ◽  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
The Impact

Earthworms are key indicators of soil quality and health in vineyards, but research that considers different soil management systems, especially in Slovenian viticultural areas is scarce. In this investigation, the impact of different soil management practices such as permanent green cover, the use of herbicides in row and inter-row areas, use of straw mulch, and shallow soil tillage compared to meadow control for earthworm abundance, were assessed. The biomass and abundance of earthworms (m2) and distribution in various soil layers were quantified for three years. Monitoring and a survey covering 22 May 2014 to 5 October 2016 in seven different sampling dates, along with a soil profile at the depth from 0 to 60 cm, were carried out. Our results showed that the lowest mean abundance and biomass of earthworms in all sampling periods were registered along the herbicide strip (within the rows). The highest abundance was found in the straw mulch and permanent green cover treatments (higher than in the control). On the plots where the herbicide was applied to the complete inter-row area, the abundance of the earthworm community decreased from the beginning to the end of the monitoring period. In contrast, shallow tillage showed a similar trend of declining earthworm abundance, which could indicate a deterioration of soil biodiversity conditions. We concluded that different soil management practices greatly affect the soil’s environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), especially in the upper soil layer (up to 15 cm deep), which affects the abundance of the earthworm community. Our results demonstrated that these practices need to be adapted to the climate and weather conditions, and also to human impacts.

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