scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 20. Fortnightly reporting period ending 5 July 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Notifiable Diseases ◽  
The Past

Notified cases of COVID-19 and associated deaths reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) to 5 July 2020. Cumulative confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 5 July 2020: notifications = 8,566, deaths = 106. Over the past fortnightly reporting period (22 June to 5 July), 897 cases were notified, with 4 deaths. The national incidence of COVID-19 remained low, with very few cases reported by most jurisdictions in this reporting period. The majority of the current cases reported over this fortnight are from Victoria, with an increasing number and proportion of cases reported as being locally acquired. Total case numbers have increased with an average of 54 cases reported on any one day, more than twice the average number reported in the previous reporting period. The number and proportion of deaths associated with COVID-19 remains low and it appears that vulnerable populations have not been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 overall. Testing rates continue to be high across all jurisdictions, with the nationwide positivity rate remaining very low at less than 0.3%. In this reporting period, the number of cases reported nationally has increased from 214 (8 June to 21 June) to 897 (22 June to 5 July). Of the cases notified in this reporting period, 87% (781 cases) were notified from Victoria and 89% of these cases were acquired locally. Of the remaining 116 cases reported from other jurisdictions only 6% were locally acquired. The increase in Victoria is attributable to multiple epidemiologically linked outbreaks across a range of settings and locations. A small proportion of cases have experienced severe disease, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care, with some fatalities. The crude case fatality rate amongst Australian cases is 1.2%. People who are older and have one or more comorbidities are more likely to experience severe disease.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 21: Fortnightly reporting period ending 19 July 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate

Confirmed cases in Australia: 12,636 notifications and 147 deaths as at 19 July 2020; during the latest reporting fortnight (6 to 19 July 2020) there have been 3,791 notifications and 37 deaths. The number of new cases reported nationally increased from 897 in the previous fortnight (22 June to 5 July) to 3,791 (6 to 19 July). The large increase in cases is due to multiple epidemiologically-linked outbreaks across a range of settings and locations in Victoria (94%; 3,575 cases), with very few cases reported by other jurisdictions (216) in this reporting period. Of the 3,575 cases reported in Victoria, all except one were reported as locally acquired. The majority of these cases were linked to several outbreaks. Of the 216 cases reported from other jurisdictions, approximately 55% (119 cases) were locally acquired. A total of 37 deaths were reported, all from Victoria. On average, 271 cases were reported each day over the reporting period, an increase from 54 cases per day over the previous reporting period. Testing rates have increased across all jurisdictions, predominantly in Victoria, with the nationwide cumulative positivity rate remaining very low at less than 0.5%. As at 19 July, a small proportion of cases have experienced severe disease, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care, with some fatalities. The cumulative crude case fatality rate amongst Australian cases is 1.2%. People who are older and have one or more comorbidity are more likely to experience severe disease.

scholarly journals Early determination of case fatality rate of COVID-19 pandemic during the ongoing Yemeni armed conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Abdulla Salem Bin Ghouth ◽  
Ali Ahmed Al-Waleedi ◽  
Marhami Fahriani ◽  
Firzan Nainu ◽  
Harapan Harapan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Abstract Objectives: To determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated determinants in order to understand the true magnitude of the problem during ongoing conflict in Yemen. Methods: The CFR among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Yemen was calculated. The data was retrieved from national COVID-19 surveillance between April 10, when the first COVID-19 case reported, and May 31, 2020. Results: A total of 419 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported. There were 14.1% and 5.7% of cases who required intensive care and mechanical ventilators, respectively. Out of total cases, 95 deaths were reported, giving CFR of 22.6% which is much higher compared to other countries. CFR was significantly higher among elderly compared to young adults and varied between governorates. Mortality was associated with preexisting hypertension (OR: 2.30; 95%CI: 1.58, 3.54) and diabetes (OR: 1.68; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.61). Conclusions: Elderly and those with comorbidities, in particular hypertension and diabetes, have higher risk for poor outcomes and therefore should receive more attention in the clinical setting. Preventive measures should also be prioritized to protect those groups in order to reduce the severe cases and deaths-associated COVID-19 in armed-conflict.

scholarly journals Managing older adults’ fear of coronavirus disease: A new role for social work practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 147332502097329
Author(s):  
Hamed Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

As the number of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) increases, the number of deaths has also been increasing. According to World Health Organization (WHO), as of 4 October 2020, 34,804,348 cases had tested positive for nCOVID-19 globally, which among them, 1,030,738 confirmed deaths had occurred, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 2.96%. However, in comparison with global statistics, the incidence and mortality of the nCOVID-19 infection are higher in Iran. As reported by the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology of Ministry of Health of Iran, the total number of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection has reached 468,119, of which 26,746 have died, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 5.71%. Currently, there is solid evidence that older adults are at a higher risk of severe disease following infection from COVID-19.

scholarly journals Key to successful treatment of COVID-19: accurate identification of severe risks and early intervention of disease progression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meizhu Chen ◽  
Changli Tu ◽  
Cuiyan Tan ◽  
Xiaobin Zheng ◽  
Xiaohua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
List Type ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Burden

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 is a new and highly contagious respiratory disease that has caused global spread, high case fatality rate in severe patients, and a huge medical burden due to invasive mechanical ventilation. The current diagnosis and treatment guidelines are still need to be improved, and more excellent clinical experience is needed to provide reference.MethodsWe analyzed and summarized clinical data of 97 confirmed COVID-19 adult patients (including 26 severe cases) admitted to the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 17, 2020 to March 10, 2020, included laboratory examination results, imaging findings, treatment effect, prognosis, etc, in order to put forward prediction index of severe COVID-19 patients, principles of early intervention and methylprednisolone usages in COVID-19 patients.ResultsHypoxemia, hyperlactic acid, hypoproteinemia, and hypokalemia were prevalent in COVID-19 patients. The significant low lymphocyte count, hypoproteinemia, hypokalemia, the persistent or worsen high CRP, high D-dimer, and high BNP, and the occurrence of hemoptysis and novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) viremia were important indicators for early diagnosis and prediction of severe disease progression.Characteristic images of lung CT had a clear change in COVID-19, Ground-glass opacity (GGO) and high-density linear combinations may indicate different pathological changes. Rapid lobular progression of GGO suggests the possibility of severe disease.Basic principles of early intervention treatment of COVID-19: on the premise of no effective antiviral drugs, treatment is based on supportive and symptomatic therapy (albumin supplementation, supplement of potassium, supplement blood plasma, etc.) in order to maintain the stability of the intracellular environment and adequately reactivate body immunity to clean up SARS-CoV-2.According to severity, oxygenation index, body weight, age, underlying diseases, appropriate amount methylprednisolone application on severe/critical COVID-19 patients on demand, improved blood oxygen and reduced the utilization rate of invasive mechanical ventilation, case fatality rate and medical burden significantly. The most common indications for invasive mechanical ventilation should be strictly control in critical COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsAccurate and timely identification of clinical features in severe risks, and early and appropriate intervention can block disease progression. 2. Appropriate dose of methylprednisolone can effectively avoid invasive mechanical ventilation and reduce case fatality rate in critical COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Mortality among the early cases of COVID-19 and its association with key comorbidities in a large state in South India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3882
Author(s):  
Suhas Bhat ◽  
Rohan Kolla ◽  
Shashank D. Shindhe ◽  
Surekha B. Munoli
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Large State ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Impact

Background: The mortality associated with the pandemic COVID-19 is a subject of intense scrutiny as COVID-19 can cause severe disease leading to hospitalization in ICU and potentially death, especially in the elderly with comorbidities. A statistical analysis is carried out to study the impact of age, gender and comorbidities on deaths among early one lakh infected population of Karnataka, a large state in south India.Methods: Daily case fatality rate and adjusted case fatality rate (CFR) (adjusted to median death time) are estimated. The impacts of age, gender and comorbidities on mortality outcomes of COVID patients are studied.Results: The daily CFR on 27th July for Karnataka is estimated from the dataset to be 1.93%. However, the adjusted CFR based on the median number of days from diagnosis to death was found to be 2.15% (95% confidence interval 2%-2.3%) on that day. The deaths among male patients outnumber those in females. As far as age of the patients is concerned, more than 50% of the deaths occurred in the age group 50-60 and 60-70 years. Majority of deaths reported in the state were associated with at least one of the comorbidity. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the most significant comorbidities.Conclusions: The daily adjusted CFR for the study region is found to be lower than the CFR of the whole nation. Also the age, gender and comorbidities were found to be associated with the deaths as opposed to the infection alone. It was also deduced that, patients with a history of diabetes or hypertension or ischemic heart disease or a combination of any of these were most likely to experience severe outcomes of the infection. 

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 15: Reporting week to 2359 AEST 10 May 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Rate

Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 10 May 2020: notifications = 6,971; deaths = 98. The incidence of new cases of COVID-19 has reduced dramatically since a peak in mid-march. The reduction in international travel, social distancing measures and public health action have likely been effective in slowing the spread of the disease, in the Australian community. Cases of COVID-19 continue to be notified by jurisdictions, albeit at a slowed rate. Testing rates over the past week have increased markedly, with a very low proportion of people testing positive. These low rates of detection are indicative of low levels of COVID-19 transmission. It is important that testing rates and community adherence to public health measures remain high to support the continued suppression of the virus, particularly in vulnerable high-risk groups and settings. In the past reporting week new cases in Australia are mostly considered to be locally acquired, consistent with the drop in international travel. Most locally-acquired cases can be linked back to a known case or cluster. Although the proportion of locally-acquired cases has increased, the overall rate of cases, regardless of place of acquisition, continues to decrease. The crude case fatality rate in Australia remains low (1.4%), compared with the WHO reported global rate (6.9%). The low case fatality rate is likely reflective of high case detection and high quality of health care services in Australia. Deaths from COVID-19 in Australia have occurred predominantly among the elderly and those with comorbidities, with no deaths occurring in those under 40 years. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 60-79 years, with a third of these cases associated with several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in young children, a pattern reflected in international reports. Internationally, cases continue to increase, with some areas such as Brazil and India showing a dramatic rise in reported cases. Although some low-income countries have currently reported few cases, it is possible that this is due to limited diagnostic and public health capacity, and may not be reflective of disease occurrence.

Mortality of tetanus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
F I Ojini ◽  
M A Danesi
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Wards

Records of 349 tetanus patients, aged 10 years and above, admitted to the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1999 were reviewed. The male:female ratio was 1.98:1, and the ages were between 10 and 88 years, with a mean age of 29.8 years. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) of tetanus was 36.96% (33.19% for men and 44.44% for women). The CFR is similar to that previously reported in the hospital, but higher than that reported from Europe and North America. The lowest CFR was in the 10-19-year age group, and there was a trend towards increasing CFR with increasing age. Tetanus patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a significantly higher CFR than those in the medical wards. Unlike in developed countries, where management of tetanus in ICU has resulted in a decrease in CFR, the CFR of tetanus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital has not significantly reduced over the years.

scholarly journals Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic in Belgium: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn van Halem ◽  
Robin Bruyndonckx ◽  
Jeroen van der Hilst ◽  
Janneke Cox ◽  
Paulien Driesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Belgium was among the first countries in Europe with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Since the first diagnosis on February 3rd, the epidemic has quickly evolved, with Belgium at the crossroads of Europe, being one of the hardest hit countries. Although risk factors for severe disease in COVID-19 patients have been described in Chinese and United States (US) cohorts, good quality studies reporting on clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome of European COVID-19 patients are still scarce. Methods This study describes the clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of 319 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, admitted to a tertiary care center at the start of the pandemic in Belgium, and aims to identify the main risk factors for in-hospital mortality in a European context using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Most patients were male (60%), the median age was 74 (IQR 61–83) and 20% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, of whom 63% needed invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall case fatality rate was 25%. The best predictors of in-hospital mortality in multivariate analysis were older age, and renal insufficiency, higher lactate dehydrogenase and thrombocytopenia. Patients admitted early in the epidemic had a higher mortality compared to patients admitted later in the epidemic. In univariate analysis, patients with obesity did have an overall increased risk of death, while overweight on the other hand showed a trend towards lower mortality. Conclusions Most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first weeks of the epidemic in Belgium were admitted with severe disease and the overall case fatality rate was high. The identified risk factors for mortality are not easily amenable at short term, underscoring the lasting need of effective therapeutic and preventative measures.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Assessment of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Central Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mngumi ◽  
S Makungu ◽  
D Mdetele
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
The Past

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the Central Zone of Tanzania. The present study used data from archived information of Central Zone Veterinary Centre (CZVC) for the past five years in the forms of weekly, monthly, and slaughterhouse reports, as well as Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) reports submitted to the zone. The present study found that out of 14 Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in the Central Zone,10 reported the disease in the past five years. Moreover, 56, 426, and 11147cases were reported as deaths, and the cattle at risk respectively. Therefore, 3.8%, 13%, and 0.5%were reported as CBPP prevalence, case fatality rate, and mortality rate, respectively. It was also revealed that there was a clear temporal pattern of CBPP occurrence, with more cases being reported between August to December. In conclusion, CBPP was a seasonal problem in Central Tanzania. Therefore, the present research recommended the strengthening of control measures against this disease in the central zone of Tanzania. In order to be able to assess the actual burden of the disease on-site, this extensive study must be carried out, since the parameters obtained during the study were lower compared to the situation on-site.

Slow Improvement of Clinically-Diagnosed Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Case Fatality Rates

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelma S Magpusao ◽  
Alan Monteclar ◽  
Jacqueline L Deen
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Fever Case ◽  
The Past ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Before And After

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is recognized as a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in many Southeast Asian countries. This study reviews the case fatality rates of DHF cases admitted to a referral hospital in Cebu (Philippines) over the past 5 years. Information on patients 14 years old or younger admitted from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2001 with the final clinical diagnosis of DHF was collated and analysed. Case fatality rates were compared before and after a standardized management protocol was implemented by the healthcare staff and after introduction of revisions to that protocol. The case fatality rate during the 2-year periods prior and after introduction of the management protocol decreased significantly from 197/2644 (7.45%) to 39/1182 (3.30%) ( P<0.01). Following the introduction of revisions to the protocol, the case fatality was reduced even further to 52/1697 (3.06%) ( P=0.7). In this government hospital the introduction of a standardized management protocol for DHF was associated with a significant improvement in the case fatality rate of hospitalized children with clinically diagnosed DHF. However, compared with reports from hospitals in other dengue-endemic countries, the improvement has been slow. Possible ways to decrease fatality rates further have been identified.

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