DETERMINATION OF COPROPHILOUS FUNGAL SPECIES AND THEIR DIVERSITY ON THE DUNG SUBSTRATES

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
KALPANA PAL GHADMAL
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Coprophilous Fungi ◽  
Animal Dung ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Herbivorous Animal ◽  
Isolated Species

Coprophils represent a diverse community of morphologically and physiologically specialised mycota which provides a biological force for the decomposition and recycling of animal faeces. Hence in the present investigation 12 fungal species were isolated from 3 herbivorous animal dung samples (Cow, Horse and Goat) collected from 3 areas (Rahuri, Sangamner and Shrirampur Tahsils). In that 6 microfungi and 4 macrofungi were observed. In the present study, 12 species of coprophilous fungi belonged to 3 classes. The majority of isolated species were belonging to Ascomycetes (05) followed by Basidiomycetes (04) and Zygomycetes (03) species. The highest number of isolated species were found associated with domestic Cow dung samples while minimal number with goat dung samples.

Ophiostomatoid Fungi Associated with Cryphalus Piceae in Shandong province in eastern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runlei Chang ◽  
Xiuyu Zhang ◽  
Hongli Si ◽  
Guoyan Zhao ◽  
Xiaowen Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Isolated Species

Abstract Cryphalus piceae parasitizes various economically important conifers. Similar to other bark beetles, C. picea vectors an assortment of fungi and nematodes. Previously, several ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from C. piceae in Poland and Japan. In the present study, we explored the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with C. piceae infesting pines in the Shandong Province of China. We isolated ophiostomatoid fungi from both galleries and beetles collected from our study sites. These fungal isolates were identified using both molecular and morphological data. Through this study, we recovered 176 isolates of ophiostomatoid fungi representing at least seven species. Ophiostoma ips was the most frequently isolated species. Analyses of molecular and morphological data indicated four of the ophiostomatoid fungal species recovered in this study were previously undescribed. Hereby, we described these species as Ceratocystiopsis yantaiensis sp. nov., C. weihaiensis sp. nov., Graphilbum translucens sp. nov. and Sporothrix villosa sp. nov. A majority of the ophiostomatoid fungi recovered in this study were novel species. This suggests that the forests in China harbour an assortment of undescribed ophiostomatoid fungi yet to be discovered.

Routine Determination of Carbaryl in Dipping Fluids and Deposits on Cattle Hair

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-989
Author(s):  
J H P Dingle
Keyword(s):  
Cow Dung ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Background Interference ◽  
Large Numbers

Abstract Sampling techniques and an ultraviolet method, capable of handling large numbers of samples, have been developed for carbaryl in dipping fluids and cattle hair deposits. The absorbance (280 mμ) of dip samples is measured after suitable dilution with ethanol; a correction is made for the presence of 1-naphthol, but background interference from dip dirt, clay, cow dung, etc. is negligible at the dilutions used. The amount of carbaryl deposited on cattle hair dipping is estimated similarly after extraction with ethanol. The accuracy of the dip analysis and the effect of hair grease on the analysis of hair deposits are discussed.

scholarly journals Determination of Fungi and Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Camelia sinensis and Herbal Teas and Dietary Exposure Assessment

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Ingars Reinholds ◽  
Estefanija Bogdanova ◽  
Iveta Pugajeva ◽  
Laura Alksne ◽  
Darta Stalberga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Tof Ms

In this paper, a study of fungal and multi-mycotoxin contamination in 140 Camellia sinensis and 26 herbal teas marketed in Latvia is discussed. The analysis was performed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC-TOF-MS) and MALDI-TOF-MS. In total, 87% of the tea samples tested positive for 32 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, with the total enumeration of moulds ranging between 1.00 × 101 and 9.00 × 104 CFU g−1. Moreover, 42% of the teas (n = 70) were contaminated by 1 to 16 mycotoxins, and 37% of these samples were positive for aflatoxins at concentrations ranging between 0.22 and 41.7 µg kg−1. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives co-occurred in 63% of the tea samples, with their summary concentrations reaching 81.1 to 17,360 µg kg−1. Ochratoxin A (OTA), enniatins, and two Alternaria toxins were found in 10–37% of the teas at low concentrations. The dietary exposure assessment based on the assumption of a probable full transfer of determined mycotoxins into infusions indicated that the analysed teas are safe for consumers: the probable maximum daily exposure levels to OTA and the combined DON mycotoxins were only 0.88 to 2.05% and 2.50 to 78.9% of the tolerable daily intake levels.

scholarly journals Impact of basidiomycete fungi on the wettability of soil contaminated with a hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hallett ◽  
Nia White ◽  
Karl Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basidiomycete Fungi

AbstractPolyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present a challenge to bioremediation because they are hydrophobic, thus influencing the water availability and repellency of soil. The addition of different concentrations of the PAH, anthracene, showed it to induce moderate levels of repellency. We investigated the efficacy of three basidiomycete fungal species on improving the wettability of soil by reducing repellency caused by contamination of soil with 7 ppm anthracene. A microcosm system was used that enabled determination of the impact of fungi on wettability at three locations down a 30 mm deep repacked soil core. Before incubation with fungi, the contaminated soil had a repellency of R = 3.12 ± 0.08 (s.e.). After 28 days incubation, Coriolus versicolor caused a significant reduction in repellency to R = 1.79 ± 0.35 (P < 0.001) for the top section of the soil in a microcosm. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phlebia radiata did not influence repellency. None of the fungi had an effect at 20 mm depth.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Emerging Fungal Species, Candida nivariensis, Isolated in a Teaching Hospital in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAGDALENA SIKORA ◽  
ROBERT KUTHAN ◽  
KATARZYNA PISKORSKA-MALOLEPSZA ◽  
MARLENA GOLAS-PRADZYNSKA ◽  
DARIUSZ DOMAŃSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
26S Rrna

The data on susceptibility to antifungals of new specieswithin Candida glabrata complex are limited. Our study was to enrich a global knowledge of yeast epidemiology and drug resistance. The study was focused on the identification of species within clinical isolates of the C. glabrata complex and on the determination of their resistance to antifungals. Four hundred forty-five clinical C. glabrata sensu lato strains were isolated from different clinical samples at routine mycological exams at the Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital in Warsaw. The identification of the most of tested isolates to species complex level was performed using the ID 32 C system. The identification of C. nivariensisand C. bracarensis species within the C. glabrata complex was performed by DNA sequencing. The MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin were determined by E-test. Twenty-four isolates did not have an ITS-1 region, characteristic of C. glabrata sensu stricto and their D1/D2 regions of the 26S rRNA were 99% homologous to C. nivariensis 26S rRNA. No strains of C. bracarensis were recovered. C. nivariensis strains were very susceptible to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Ninety-two percent of C. nivariensis were resistant to itraconazole. The halves of the strains was resistant to posaconazole. Eighty-three percent of C. nivariensis were susceptible to voriconazole. None of the tested strains were susceptible to fluconazole. In the present study, none of the C. nivariensis strains were simultaneously resistant to azoles and echinocandins. C. nivariensis should be recognized as an emerging pathogen, resistant to azoles.

scholarly journals Analisa Kualitas dan Kuantitas Biogas dari Kotoran Ternak

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Made Mara ◽  
Ida Bagus Alit
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Animal Dung ◽  
Buffalo Dung

Our life is completely dependent on a reliable and adequate supply of energy. In other to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the use of animal dung in producing a renewable alternative source of energy has been proved using cow dung. Concerns over the environment and the rising costs for energy and waste water treatment have caused a resurgence of interest in anaerobic treatment and subsequent use of the biogas produced during this treatment of organic wastes as fuel. Biogas from manure wastes has become a potential renewable energy source for both domestic and commercial usage especially in West Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to investagate the quality and quantity of biogas produced from animal dung. The Cows, buffaloes and horses dung were used in this research using anaerobic biotank proses. The animal dungs were digested in ambient temperature and the water composition of degester was also analysed. The result shows that total volume of biogas produced by horse dung is 577.735 liters, and then cow dung is 373.839 liters, and the smallest production generated by buffalo dung which is 352.975 liters. Moreover, biogas from horse dungs generated the highest power of combustion, followed by cow dung, and buffalo dung, 732,425 watt, 556,521 watt 539,759 watt resfectively.

scholarly journals PENGOLAHAN KOTORAN SAPI DENGAN TEKNOLOGI BIOGAS REAKTOR KECIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Hermain Teguh Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Reference Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Biogas Process

ENGLISHResearch on alternative energy and fertilizer has been done and applied, but the public not interest yet to make this alternative energy and fertilizer. This is due to the huge costs, the process is complicated, and low economic value . Biogas processing, liquid fertilizers and solid. If the large volume of water mix will increase the volume of the reactor and the implications for the huge cost . The research objective was to determine variations in the sample which is capable of representing the processing of the biogas process and product stability. The method used in laboratory scale experiments and determination of the best results using factor analysts . The results of the research is reactor B and A that can be used as a reference treatment that produces biogas manure optimal, and the volume of 0.56 liters of biogas per one kilogram of cow dung with a processing time of 38 days. INDONESIAPenelitian mengenai energi dan pupuk alternatif sudah banyak dilakukan dan diterapkan, akan tetapi minat masyarakat untuk membuat energi dan pupuk alternatif ini belum ada. Hal ini disebabkan oleh biaya yang besar, prosesnya yang rumit, dan nilai ekonominya rendah. Pengolahan biogas, pupuk cair dan padat. Jika dengan volume campuran air yang besar akan membesarkan volume reaktor dan berimplikasi pada besarnya biaya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui variasi sampel mana yang mampu mewakili proses pengolahan dengan kesetabilan proses dan produk biogas. Metode yang digunakan percobaan skala laboratorium dan penentuan hasil terbaik menggunakan analis faktor. Hasil penelitian yaitu reaktor B dan A yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan pengolahan kotoran sapi yang menghasilkan biogas optimal, dan volumenya 0,56 liter biogas setiap satu kilogram kotoran sapi dengan waktu pengolahan 38 hari.

CHANGES IN MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DURING COMPOSTING OF SIAM WEED (Chromolaena odorata) AND COWDUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
A K AKINTOKUN ◽  
P O AKINTOKUN ◽  
A O OBAWUSI ◽  
O R LAWAL
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Three compost samples were prepared in this study from Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and cowdung. Sample A was prepared from Cow dung and siam weed at ratio 100g: 100g, Sample B was prepared from 200g chopped siam weed and sample C contained 200g cowdung. These three sam-ples were composted in plastic drums perforated for aeration and each sample were replicated three times. The content in the drums were regularly turned and monitored at 1, 10, 30 and 60 days for mi-crobiological and physicochemical properties. The microbiological and physicochemical analyses of the compost were carried out using standard procedures. Bacterial, Coliform and Fungal count in-creased from day 1 to the 30th day and thereafter decreased from 30th day to the 60th day in all the composting samples. The bacteria species isolated and identified were Pseudomonas fragilis, Pseu-domonas nitrificans, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Streptococcus faecium, Micrococcus luteus, Clostridium perfringes, Bacillus cereus, Proteus morganii, Micrococcus acidophilus. Fungal species were Aspergil-lus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillum chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pH of the composted samples ranges between 5.8 to 6.9. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content increased with days of composting but the heavy metals decreased with days of composting. The sulfatase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, amyl-ase and cellulose enzymes in the three samples increased from day 1 to the 60th day. Sulfatase en-zyme which was the highest ranged from 25 to 76.5% in the three sample, phosphatase (14 to 60.5%), dehydrogenase (20.5 to 55.0%), cellulose (16.5 to 49%) and amylase which was the least enzyme recorded ranged from 5.0 to 38%.

scholarly journals Determination of ultra-morphological changes of Trichophyton rubrum treated with hydroxychavicol

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M Ridzuan ◽  
Nasir Mohamad ◽  
Salwani Ismail ◽  
Nor Iza A. Rahman ◽  
Mohd Adzim Khalili R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resistant Strains

Introduction: Trichophyton rubrum is a common pathogenic fungal species that is responsible for causing infection of human skin, hair and nail. The antifungal-resistant strains however, complicate the treatment regime. Hydroxychavicol (HC) is one of the main compounds from the Piper betel leaf that have antifungal potential and its mechanism of action has yet to be studied. This study was carried out to determine the antifungal properties of HC against Trichophyton rubrum using transmission electron microscope (TEM) on gross and ultrastructure of Trichophyton rubrum hypha. Methods: Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of HC and miconazole (MI) against the Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188). Trichophyton rubrum was treated with HC and MI at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days continuously. Results: The MIC results of the HC and MI against Trichophyton rubrum were 0.00048 mg/mL and 0.000061 mg/mL respectively. MFC results showed 0.0019 mg/mL for HC and 0.000061 mg/mL for MI. Microscopically, the fungi structures became more severely damaged at increasing treatment duration. The cell wall of the fungi treated with HC showed a rough surface, shrinkage and demolition similar to that of the MI treated group. The fungi organelles were also demolished and disorganized. Conclusions: This study reveals that HC has the ability to inhibit Trichophyton rubrum growth and it has the potential to be an antifungal agent especially in treating dermatitis.

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