The sensitivity test of vibrio cholerae from isolation of diarrhea case to various type of antibiotics

One of the microbes that causes acute diarrhea is bacteria. Vibrio cholerae is one that causes diarrhea called cholera diarrhea. Cholera diarrhea is caused by enterotoxins produced by these bacterial colonies in the small intestine. Giving antibiotics is still the main choice in the treatment and treatment of diarrhea because it is expected to kill bacteria and will usually stop diarrhea. Irrational use and the existence of abuse and excessive use of antibiotics can be a factor that causes bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Tests carried out to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to an antibiotic. Vibrio cholerae isolate was regrowed in alkaline peptone (APW) water medium and incubated at 37ºC for 18-24 hours, then planted in the thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) medium. The sensitivity test was carried out on V. cholerae bacterial colonies growing on TCBS agar medium with the Disk Diffusion Method from Kirby Bauer. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that most V. cholerae isolates were still sensitive to all types of antibiotics used in the test. Vibrio cholerae has shown resistance to Colistin antibiotics that is equal to 88.2%, Ampicillin at 23.5% and Ceftazidime at 5.9%. The level of resistance to antibiotics that are still low indicates that the antibacterial group can still be used as an alternative in the treatment of cholera diarrhea.

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The frequency of resistance to antibiotics of most frequently isolated bacteria from blood cultures during the period 1997-2002

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp0404391m ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 391-397

Author(s):

Veljko Mirovic ◽

Branka Tomanovic ◽

Sonja Konstantinovic

Keyword(s):

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

National Committee ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Resistance To Antibiotics ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

High Level

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance to antibiotics of the most frequently isolated bacteria from blood cultures of hospitalized patients during the period 1997-2002. The resistance to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards procedures. The majority of staphylococci isolates were resistant to methicillin, and the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was stable (76.8-81.6%), during the follow-up period. None of the staphylococci isolates were resistant to vancomycin, but there was a very high incidence of high-level resistance of enterococci to aminoglycosides (47.2-72.2%). In 1998, only one strain among enterococci was resistant to vancomycin (Enterococcus faecium, VanA fenotype). Enterococcus spp isolates expressed variable frequency of resistance to ampicillin (15-40.1%) during the follow-up period. Among Enterobacteriaceae there were no isolates resistant to imipenem, but dramatic increase of the resistance to ceftriaxone was found from 35.9% in 1997 to 95.9% in 2002 (p<0.001). Extended spectrum beta-lactamases production was found in all the species of enterobacteria isolates. Resistance to imipenem was observed in Acinetobacter spp isolates in 2002 for the first time. Pseudomonas spp isolates expressed high and very variable resistance to all antibiotics tested during the follow-up period.

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Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

10.21203/rs.2.11224/v4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽

Innocent B. Rwego ◽

Catherine Kansiime ◽

Benon B Asiimwe

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Suspected Case ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar ◽

Global Threat

Abstract Background Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development in developing countries. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the epidemiology of the 2017 cholera outbreak in Kasese district. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. The general trend also showed increased susceptibility to combination therapy as opposed to mono-therapy.

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Occurrence of NDM-1 and VIM-2 Co-Producing Escherichia coli and OprD Alteration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environment Samples in Northwestern Tunisia

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11091617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1617

Author(s):

Raouaa Maaroufi ◽

Olfa Dziri ◽

Linda Hadjadj ◽

Seydina M. Diene ◽

Jean-Marc Rolain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Hospital environments constitute the main reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in one Northwestern Tunisian hospital environment, and characterize the genes involved in bacterial resistance. A total of 152 environmental isolates were collected from various surfaces and isolated using MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, with 81 fermenter bacteria (27 Escherichia coli, and 54 Enterobacter spp., including 46 Enterobacter cloacae), and 71 non-fermenting bacteria (69 Pseudomonas spp., including 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) being identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and E-Test was used to determine MICs for imipenem. Several genes implicated in beta-lactams resistance were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Carbapenem resistance was detected among 12 isolates; nine E. coli (blaNDM-1 (n = 8); blaNDM-1 + blaVIM-2 (n = 1)) and three P. aeruginosa were carbapenem-resistant by loss of OprD porin. The whole-genome sequencing of P. aeruginosa 97H was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencer, typed ST285, and harbored blaOXA-494. Other genes were also detected, notably blaTEM (n = 23), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 6). These new epidemiological data imposed new surveillance strategies and strict hygiene rules to decrease the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in this area.

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Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

10.21203/rs.2.11224/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽

Innocent B. Rwego ◽

Catherine Kansiime ◽

Benon B Asiimwe

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Suspected Case ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar ◽

Global Threat

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Comparative analysis of disk diffusion and liquid medium microdillution methods for testing the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacterial strains isolated from intra-abdominal infections

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac16.209220 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 209-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Empiric Therapy ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Abdominal Infections

The antibiotic resistance aspects concerning the bacterial strains isolated from intra-abdominal infections signify at present a major problem of therapy. The empiric pre-operatory antimicrobial therapy plays a key role in the management and course of the intra-abdominal infections, an inappropriate therapy resulting in a poor outcome of the clinical cases and an increase of bacterial resistance. The purpose of the present paper was to compare the results of the antibiotic susceptibility of some selected anaerobic strains to certain antibiotics used in the empiric therapy of intra-abdominal infections, achieved by two different methods, in order to select for the current practice the most reliable, simple and rapid one. We have found a good correlation between the results obtained by the standard, Brucella broth microdilution method recommended by CLSI and the disk diffusion method (recommended by Bailey and Scott, 2002), for all tested antibiotics, demonstrating the possibility to use this last simplified method as an alternative to the laborious and time-consuming dilution method, for the routine testing of the antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic stranis isolated in severe infections.

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EXTRACTION, CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENCY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF TAHITI LEMON (Citrus latifolia Tanaka)

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.431_periodico30_pgs_428_437.pdf ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (30) ◽

pp. 428-437

Author(s):

G. O. EVERTON ◽

A. M. TELES ◽

A. N. MOUCHREK ◽

V. E. MOUCHREK FILHO

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bactericidal Property ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Potential ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Citrus Latifolia ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

The increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics induce the emergence of more virulent strains, with ability to cross natural barriers of defense of the organism and of becoming pathogenic, even when present in low numbers. Therefore, the use of natural compounds such as essential oils, which have a strong bactericidal property against food pathogens has been widely explored. In this way, the focus study aimed to extract, chemically characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of essential oil from Citrus latifolia Tanaka (tahiti lemon) against the strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. For extraction of essential oil, we used the hydrodistillation technique, chemical characterisation by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and the antimicrobial potential was evaluated by the Disk Diffusion Method (DDM). It was observed for this oil yield (1,64%), the CG-MS quantified the limonene dioxide (25,93%) as major component and all bacteria were sensitive front of the oil. Therefore, it has the potential of antimicrobial essential oil from Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Tahiti lemon) pointing the same as an ally in applications which depend on the inhibition of microorganisms tested in this study.

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Investigation of water sources as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae in Bepanda, Douala and determination of physico-chemical factors maintaining its endemicity

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.484 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Akoachere J.-F.K. Tatah ◽

Kwedjeu M.C. Pulcherie ◽

Ndip L. Mande ◽

Njom H. Akum

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Water Sources ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Microbiological Techniques ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Sanitary Conditions

Cholera remains a significant cause of mortality in developing countries. Outbreaks of the disease are associated with poverty, lack of potable water and poor sanitation. The survival and persistence of Vibrio cholerae in water has been shown to depend on physico-chemical factors. We studied water sources in Bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood in Douala, Cameroon, with limited access to portable water and very poor sanitary conditions as reservoirs of V. cholerae. We analysed 318 samples from various sources (well, tap, stream) from February to July 2009 using standard microbiological techniques and characterised isolates serologically using the polyvalent O1/O139 antisera. Susceptibility to antibiotics previously used for cholera treatment in Douala was studied using the disk diffusion method. Physico-chemical factors (temperature, pH and salinity) that could maintain the endemicity of the organism were analysed using standard methods. Eighty-seven (27.4%) samples were contaminated, with high isolation rates being obtained from streams (52.4%) and wells (29.8%). The number of isolates was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rainy season (35.5%). We detected 23 (24%) O1 serogroup isolates in streams and wells, whilst 64 (66.6%) were non-O1/non-O139. Temperature and salinity correlated positively with the occurrence of the organisms. All isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones but high resistance rates to trimethoprim or sulfamethozaxole and tetracycline were observed.Vibrio cholerae is endemic in Bepanda with O1 and non-O1/non-O139 serogroups co-existing in the streams and wells hence the possibility of future outbreaks of cholera if sanitation and drinking water quality are not improved. Temperature and salinity are amongst the factors maintaining the endemicity of the organism.

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Potential of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) Extract against Salmonella Pullorum

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.bf-1445 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sri Hidanah ◽

Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum ◽

Soeharsono . ◽

Ayu Andira ◽

Noor Amina Varhana

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Pullorum ◽

Major Chemical

Background: Salmonella Pullorum are pathogenic bacteria that causes salmonellosis and causes heavy economic losses in the poultry industry and are zoonotic. Treatment of diseases caused by bacteria generally use antibiotics, but excessive administration of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance and residues in livestock. Major chemical constituents of Sambiloto are andrographolide and flavonoids. Andrographolide has antibacterial effect in addition to being antitoxic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiallergic. Methods: The research was conducted by isolating and identifying Salmonella Pullorum on SSA media and a series of biochemical tests (TSIA, SIM, SCA, urea media and sugar test), manufacturing sambiloto extract, testing the sensitivity of several antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and testing the activation of sambiloto extract against Salmonella Pullorum using the disk diffusion and dilution methods. Result: The result show that sambiloto had antibacterial activity because it contained andrographolide, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins and the lowest extract dose that effectively killed Salmonella Pullorum is concentrations of 20%.

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ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SOME DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ON FUNGAL ISOLATES OF CANDIDA albicans AND TRICHOPHYTON mentagrophyte

Fungal Territory ◽

10.36547/ft.2021.4.1.1-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Obhioze Augustine Akpoka ◽

A. A. Enaigbe ◽

M. U. Okwu ◽

O. E. Izevbuwa ◽

E. A. Ufuah

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Sensitivity Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Drug Concentrations

The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts were due to secondary metabolites such as amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins contained. The antimicrobial activities of alcoholic extracts were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. This was performed by inoculating the isolates into the pure extract, spread onto petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media, observed for growth at stipulated standards. The sensitivity test was done by the disk diffusion method to test the effectiveness of an antimycotic (Griseofulvin) applied on the specific isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to ascertain the lowest drug concentrations that inhibited the fungal growths. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum and Canjanus cajan inhibited the growths of the organisms while extracts of Citrus aurantifolia and Eucalyptus citriodora only prevented the growth of Candida albicans. The sensitivity test recorded the inhibition zone to range from 11 mm to 32 mm, with the lowest cleared area reported in the extract of E. citriodora and the highest in E, odoratum. Consequently, the MIC values of extracts at dilution levels were; E. odoratum: 1: 10000; 1: 1000, C. cajan: 1: 1000; 1: 10000, E. citriodora: 1:1000; 1:100 and C. aurantifolia: 1: 100000; 1: 100 respectively. This work has confirmed the progressive utilization of plants as antimicrobials for the benefit of mankind, to have originated from microbial sources.

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Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, isolated from children’s intestinal microbiota

Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-10-638-644 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (10) ◽

pp. 638-644

Author(s):

L. V. Suzhaeva ◽

S. A. Egorova

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacteriophage Therapy ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Clinically Significant

Recent studies have shown that bacterial resistance existed long before antimicrobials were used in medicine, and not only pathogens are resistant to antibiotics. 511 strains of E. coli isolated from the intestinal microbiota of children aged 1 month to 17 years living in St. Petersburg were studied: the susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method, as well as the susceptibility to 6 commercial bacteriophages produced by «Microgen» (Russia). The b-lactamase genes of molecular families TEM, SHV, OXA, and CTX-M were detected by multiplex PCR. 39,3% E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial classes. The proportion of multidrug resistant isolates (resistant to 3 or more classes) was 16,6%. Multidrug resistance to clinically significant antimicrobial classes (extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) + fluoroquinolones + aminoglycosides) was detected in 0,8% isolates. Resistance to aminopenicillins was detected in 29,5%, ESC - 11,2%, fluoroquinolones - 13,3%, tetracycline - 20,0%, chloramphenicol - 9,8%, aminoglycosides - 2,5% isolates. b-lactam resistance was due to the beta-lactamase production: to ampicillin - the molecular family TEM (81,9%), ESC - the CTX-M molecular family (87,7%) CTX-M1 - (66%) and CTX-M9 groups (34%). 43,5% multidrug resistant E. coli isolates were susceptible to at least one of the six commercial bacteriophages produced by «Microgen». The study showed that the intestinal microbiota of children is an important reservoir of E. coli resistant (including multidrug resistance) to various classes of antibiotics, and bacteriophage therapy is an alternative method for eradication of antibiotic-resistant E. coli.

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