scholarly journals Investigation of water sources as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae in Bepanda, Douala and determination of physico-chemical factors maintaining its endemicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akoachere J.-F.K. Tatah ◽  
Kwedjeu M.C. Pulcherie ◽  
Ndip L. Mande ◽  
Njom H. Akum
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Cholera remains a significant cause of mortality in developing countries. Outbreaks of the disease are associated with poverty, lack of potable water and poor sanitation. The survival and persistence of Vibrio cholerae in water has been shown to depend on physico-chemical factors. We studied water sources in Bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood in Douala, Cameroon, with limited access to portable water and very poor sanitary conditions as reservoirs of V. cholerae. We analysed 318 samples from various sources (well, tap, stream) from February to July 2009 using standard microbiological techniques and characterised isolates serologically using the polyvalent O1/O139 antisera. Susceptibility to antibiotics previously used for cholera treatment in Douala was studied using the disk diffusion method. Physico-chemical factors (temperature, pH and salinity) that could maintain the endemicity of the organism were analysed using standard methods. Eighty-seven (27.4%) samples were contaminated, with high isolation rates being obtained from streams (52.4%) and wells (29.8%). The number of isolates was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rainy season (35.5%). We detected 23 (24%) O1 serogroup isolates in streams and wells, whilst 64 (66.6%) were non-O1/non-O139. Temperature and salinity correlated positively with the occurrence of the organisms. All isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones but high resistance rates to trimethoprim or sulfamethozaxole and tetracycline were observed.Vibrio cholerae is endemic in Bepanda with O1 and non-O1/non-O139 serogroups co-existing in the streams and wells hence the possibility of future outbreaks of cholera if sanitation and drinking water quality are not improved. Temperature and salinity are amongst the factors maintaining the endemicity of the organism.

scholarly journals Molecular types, virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli causing bovine mastitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen ◽  
Nadine Käppeli ◽  
Marina Morach ◽  
Corinne Eicher ◽  
Sabrina Corti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phylogenetic Grouping ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

BackgroundEscherichia coli is an important aetiological agent of bovine mastitis worldwide.MethodsIn this study, 82 E. coli from bovine mastitis milk samples from 49 farms were analysed for their genetic diversity using phylogenetic grouping and multilocus sequence typing. The isolates were examined by PCR for a selection of virulence factors (VFs). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed using the disk diffusion method.ResultsThe most prevalent phylogroups were group B1 (41.5 per cent of the isolates) and group A (30.5 per cent). A variety of 35 different sequence types (STs) were identified, including ST1125 (11 per cent), ST58 (9.8 per cent), ST10 (8.5 per cent) and ST88 (7.3 per cent). Aggregate VF scores (the number of unique VFs detected for each isolate) ranged from 1 to 3 for 63.4 per cent of the isolates and were at least 4 for 12.2 per cent. For 24.4 per cent of the isolates, the score was 0. The three most frequent VFs were traT, fyuA and iutA. The majority (72 per cent) of the isolates harboured traT. The majority (68.3 per cent) of the isolates were fully susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, with 22 per cent resistant to ampicillin and 14.6 per cent to tetracycline. Resistance rates were low for gentamicin (3.7 per cent), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2.4 per cent) and ceftiofur (1.2 per cent), respectively.ConclusionAmong the study’s sample population, E. coli strains were genotypically diverse, even in cows from the same farm, although some STs occurred more frequently than others. Susceptibility to clinically relevant compounds remained high.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Drug Resistance Profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Clinical Specimens

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ali Bazghandi ◽  
Mohsen Arzanlou ◽  
Hadi Peeridogaheh ◽  
Hamid Vaez ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Resistance Rates

Background: Drug resistance and virulence genes are two key factors for the colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in settings with high antibiotic pressure, such as hospitals, and the development of hospital-acquired infections. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of drug resistance and virulence gene profiles in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: A total of 84 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from clinical specimens of Ardabil hospitals and confirmed using laboratory standard tests. The disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of P. aeruginosa virulence genes. Results: The highest and the lowest antibiotic resistance rates of P. aeruginosa strains were against ticarcillin-clavulanate (94%) and doripenem (33.3%), respectively. In addition, the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa was 55.9%. The prevalence of virulence factor genes was as follows: algD 84.5%, lasB 86.9%, plcH 86.9%, plcN 86.9%, exoU 56%, exoS 51.2%, toxA 81%, nan1 13.1%, and pilB 33.3%. A significant association was observed between resistance to some antibiotics and the prevalence of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Our results revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, especially MDR, and virulence-associated genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil hospitals. Owing to the low resistance rates against doripenem, gentamicin, and tobramycin, these antibiotics are recommended for the treatment of infections caused by highly resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa strains.

Comparative study of the ethanol extracts of six Acinos Miller species: chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Tatjana D. GOLUBOVIĆ ◽  
Gordana S. STOJANOVIĆ ◽  
Dušanka V. KITIĆ ◽  
Bojan K. ZLATKOVIĆ ◽  
Dragana R. PAVLOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The ethanol extracts of selected Acinos Miller species were investigated in terms of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts were performed using GC and GC-MS. Eighty-six constituents, accounting for 93.70-99.99% of the total composition of the extracts, were identified. The ethanol extracts of A. majoranifolius, A. suaveolens and A. alpinus were characterized by domination of monoterpenes, representing 85.03%, 57.39% and 28.02% of the total extracts, respectively. Fatty acids and their esters in the A. arvensis and A. graveolens extracts reached 28.97% and 30.75%. Also, n-alkanes were the major compounds found in A. hungaricus ethanol extract (30.98%). The extracts were characterized by determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. Besides, the antioxidant activity of the investigated extracts was estimated by two assays: DPPH and FRAP test. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extract of A. alpinus which had high levels of all examined polyphenol classes. A disk diffusion method was employed for the determination of the antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extracts. Gram-positive: Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium pyogenes, Enterococcus sp., Micrococcus flavus; Gram-negative: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aerugionsa, Salmonella enteritidis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and fungal organisms: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as test microorganisms. The results of preliminary bioassay demonstrated that the A. alpinus ethanol extract could be a possible source of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility ofbacterial agents of canine pyometra

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrim Hamidi ◽  
Driton Sylejmani ◽  
Avni Robaj
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Staphylococcus Intermedius ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of pyometra in bitches and isolation of bacteria involved and determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility. For this purpose from March 2013 to February 2015, 230 bitches of different breeds and ages have been examined. Diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical signs, hematology, radiography and ultrasound. The isolation and identification of bacteria in pyometra was carried out using ISO-methods and the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates using the disk diffusion method. Canine pyometra was found more in bitches between 9-12 years old 10 cases (52.63%), and the most common dog affected breeds were small female dogs breed. The most common isolated pathogens from canine pyometra were; Escherichia coli (63.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes., (15.8%), Staphylococcus intermedius., (10.5%) and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., (5.3%). Regarding AMR (antimicrobial resistance) Penicilin G and Ampicillin showed a very high resistance, indicating for acquired resistance due to improper und uncontrolled use.

RELIABILITY OF A DISK DIFFUSION METHOD USING SEMICONFLUENT GROWTH IN THE DETERMINATION OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE

2009 ◽  
Vol 94B (1-6) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
PENTTI Huovinen ◽  
ELJA Herva ◽  
MARJA-LEENA Katila ◽  
MARJA-LIISA Klossner ◽  
OLLI-VEIKKO Renkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽  
Innocent B. Rwego ◽  
Catherine Kansiime ◽  
Benon B Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Background Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development in developing countries. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the epidemiology of the 2017 cholera outbreak in Kasese district. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. The general trend also showed increased susceptibility to combination therapy as opposed to mono-therapy.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO FENOTÍPICA E GENOTÍPICA DO PERFIL DE RESISTÊNCIA DE AMOSTRAS DE Staphylococcus aureus ISOLADAS DE CULTURAS CLÍNICAS E DE VIGILÂNCIA DE UM HOSPITAL DE ENSINO BRASILEIRO

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Lívia Cafundó Almeida ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Pimenta-Rodrigues ◽  
Daniela Vanessa Moris ◽  
Carlos M. Castelo Branco Fortaleza ◽  
Maria de Lourdes R.de Souza da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Genotypic Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Staphylococcus aureuscan cause a variety of infections, especially nosocomial. Its importance lies in the combination of virulence, invasiveness and antibiotic resistance constituting therapeutic challenges. This study aimed to assess the genotype and phenotypic resistance profiles of samples of S. aureusisolated from hospitalized patients in a Brazilian teaching hospital. We evaluated 1078 samples obtained from surveillance cultures and clinical S.aureusin hospitalized patients. To assess the phenotypic resistance profile was used disk diffusion method according to CLSIcriteria, 2011. For the determination of genotypic resistance was the presence of the mecAgene by polymerase chain reaction -PCR. Of the 1078 samples tested phenotypically, it was observed that 75.1% of the samples were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), and of these, 98.4% were resistant to oxacillin and 100%, cefoxitin. To determine genotype was performed for the PCR amplification of the mecAgene. Of the 443 samples tested for the mecA336 samples were positive (75.8%). Of these samples, 85.7% showed resistance phenotype oxacillin and cefoxitin 88.4%. Due to the high rate of MRSA, concludes the need for investment in research, rational use of antimicrobials and creation of reference laboratories for verification of antimicrobial resistance

scholarly journals Salmonella isolates’ serotypes and susceptibility to commonly used drugs at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 478-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mohammed Somily ◽  
Samina Bashir Sayyed ◽  
Hanan Ahmed Habib ◽  
Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Khattaf ◽  
Fawzia Eida Al Otabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Resistance of Salmonella to therapeutic agents currently being used for treatment of Salmonella infections is emerging as a global problem. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and their susceptibility patterns to commonly used drugs for treatment of Salmonella infections including quinolones. Correlation between nalidixic acid susceptibility of these isolates and their ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations was also sought. Methodology; Salmonella isolates (n=213) were collected between January 2007 and May 2009 at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The isolates were serotyped and their susceptibilities to commonly used first-line anti-Salmonella drugs (ampicillin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) were determined using the automated Microscan system, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and E-test. Results: The most frequently detected serotype was D1 (37%) followed by the serotypes, B (24%) and C1 (11%). Non-typable Salmonella isolates detected using available conventional Salmonella anti-sera were (11%). Overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone were 99/213 (46%), 43/213 (20%), 34/213 (16%) and 7/213 (3%), respectively. Of the total isolates, 117 (55%) had a ciprofloxacin MIC of < 0.125 µg/ml and among these 105 (90%) were susceptible to nalidixic acid. The remaining 96 (45%) isolates had a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥ 0.125 µg/ml and among them, 83 (86.5%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Conclusions: The majority of Salmonella isolates in this study were non-typhi serotypes. Significantly higher proportions of Salmonellae were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin and a vast majority of nalidixic acid resistant organisms exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Ohmani ◽  
Khadija Khedid ◽  
Saad Britel ◽  
Aicha Qasmaoui ◽  
Reda Charof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A Isolated From Patients Suspected of Enteric Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Niroula ◽  
Jyotsna Shrestha ◽  
Supriya Sharma ◽  
Anjana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp isolated from patients suspected of enteric fever. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from April to June, 2014among 484 patients clinically suspected of enteric fever visiting Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Blood sample collected from each patient was processed for culture in bile broth. Identification of Salmonella spp was done by conventional microbiological techniques including colony characteristics, Gram's staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of identified isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following the 2014 CLS I guideline. Results: Out of 484 blood samples, 36 (7.43%) cases showed the growth of Salmonella spp; of which 27 (75%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and 9 (25%) were Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A (SPA). Among the Salmonella isolates, 5.55% were multidrug resistant and 41.66% were fluoroquinolone resistant. More than 80% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole whereas 58%, 50% and 6% of isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime. All SPA and 89% of ST were sensitive to azithromycin. Conclusion: Higher percentage of susceptible isolates to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin suggests the reconsideration of these antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever. Azithromycin can be considered as drug of choice for the treatment of enteric fever.  

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