scholarly journals Proses Perubahan Diri Seorang Teroris menjadi Aktivis Perdamaian

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Online News ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Government Organization ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Terrorist Networks

This qualitative study was aimed at exploring  the  experience  of  a former  member of a terrorist organization in Indonesia who  have  left  his terrorist group and abandoned the extremist ideology. A life history method which focuses on the process of self-change and life transition of the former member of the terrorist group was employed A participant whose age is 40 years old and was a former active member of Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), a terrorist group, was recruited. He was captured in 2014 and served a sentence in prison for almost 4 years. He has been involved in counter-terrorism campaign organized by a non-government organization (NGO) since his release from prison until recently. Interviews were conducted to collect data which were then analyzed using a narrative analysis. Some written documents in the forms of articles and a published book produced by the participant as well as online news covering the participant’ stories were also examined. The findings inform how he became involved in the terrorist networks. The need for self-significance and adventurous experience seems to be the main drivers. After his capture, and during his imprisonment, he contemplated his participation in the terrorist networks. His meetings with religious experts and academicians facilitated by prison officers, and his awareness of burden he had inflicted on his family because of his terrorism case had opened his mind. He experienced a turning life moment which made him keeping distance from other terrorist inmates with the risk of receiving negative view from them. After his release, he found passion in writing and eventually reached a NGO and joined it as a credible voice in the campaigns of counter violent extremism through writing and public speaking.

The Al-Qaeda Revival in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Tribal Areas

Pakistan remains a country of vital importance for Al-Qaeda. It is primarily because of Al-Qaeda’s advent, rise and shelter and not to mention the support the terrorist organization found at the landscape of Pakistan during the last two decades. The emergence of in Pakistan can be traced back to the Afghan War (1979-89), with a brief sabbatical in Sudan the Islamist terrorist group rose to gain prominence after shifting back to Afghanistan. It then became a global ‘Islamist’ terrorist entity while based in neighboring Afghanistan and found safe havens in the erstwhile tribal areas of Pakistan in the aftermath of the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Prior to its formation in 1988 in Peshawar (Pakistan), it had worked as Maktab al-Khidmat (Services Bureau) during the Afghan War.2 It had its roots in Pakistan, which had become a transit point of extremists en route to Afghanistan during the War. All high profile Al-Qaeda leaders, later becoming high-value targets, and members of its central Shura had lived in Pakistan at one point in their lives. That is the very reason the Al-Qaeda in Pakistan is termed as Al-Qaeda Core or Central among law enforcement practitioners and intelligence communities. Without going into details of Al-Qaeda’s past in Pakistan the aim of this article is to focus on its current state of affairs and what future lies ahead of it in Pakistan.

Terrorism in Spain

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Diego Muro
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Violence Against Civilians

Spain has experienced four waves of terrorism during the twentieth century: anarchist, nationalist, left-wing, and religious. This chapter examines the variety and intensity of terrorist incidents of the last two waves, as well as the counter-terrorist efforts since 1975. The argument is structured as follows: First, the chapter accounts for the longevity of the main campaigns of indiscriminate violence against civilians. Second, it evaluates the interaction between the security and intelligence services and the various clandestine groups, and argues that the process of democratization increased the effectiveness of counterterrorism, particularly against ETA. The section further argues that collective security is a relational act that brings two self-interested actors—the state and the terrorist group—into conflict with each other, and that it is not possible to study campaigns of political violence in isolation. Third, the chapter critically assesses the security threat posed by Salafi jihadist cells, which were responsible for the attacks on Madrid (2004) and Barcelona (2017), and examines the ongoing agenda of countering and preventing violent extremism in Spain.

Enhancing engineers’ public speaking efficacy using appreciative inquiry

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Kewalkrishna Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Appreciative Inquiry ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Space

Purpose Existing methods of enhancing-based public speaking efficacy are based on the deficit-based model. On the other hand, public speaking is an ability that has a potential to produce anxiety, fear of negative evaluation. The purpose of this paper was to explore the use of strength-based learning pedagogy, i.e. appreciative inquiry to work upon enhancing public speaking skills of engineers. Design/methodology/approach An appreciative inquiry was conducted on 15 engineers using 4D model. The data were gathered using narrative analysis and grounded theory. Findings Participants shared their stories of past, present and future to derive meaningful insights that have potential to bring development. Research limitations/implications The study has an underpinning in Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory. As practitioners of self-determination theory open the positive space for individuals to learn, appreciative inquiry aids in opening such positive space so that learners can experiment openly without any fear of negative evaluation. It prepares them by enhancing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Practical implications The study motivated engineers to focus on effortless delivery of their speeches and eliminate other associated fear. The study can be used as a classroom pedagogy. Social implications As public speaking is associated with fear of negative evaluation and anxiety, it has a potential to affect self-confidence and self-image adversely. As appreciative inquiry fosters one’s confidence positively through constructionism, the appreciative inquiry can be a choice of pedagogy and has positive implications for learners at the social level. Originality/value The study presents a fairly novel approach as it focuses on encouraging engineers to improve their presentation skills and to focus on what they do well (rather than what their weaknesses are) so they can build their confidence.

scholarly journals Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism

2018 ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Alejandro Coteño Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.

scholarly journals Exit programmes for female jihadists: A proposal for conducting realistic evaluation of the Dutch approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy-Jane Gielen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Realistic Evaluation ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Return Home

Europe has seen an increase of women joining or sympathizing with the terrorist organization ISIS. These women are often considered victims and passive agents, but their threat should not be underestimated. Effective counter-measures are essential, especially now the so-called caliphate is in decline and many females want to return home. Exit programmes to deradicalize, disengage, reintegrate or rehabilitate are often part of a broader programme to prevent and counter violent extremism (CVE). Little is known about the effectiveness of such exit programmes, in particular in relation to female violent extremism. Drawing on municipal exit programmes in the Netherlands as a case study, the article researches how realistic evaluation can be used to measure the effectiveness of exit programmes. It also shows that the realistic evaluation method is beneficial for further theory development on the phenomenon of female violent extremism.

scholarly journals Making Sense of Radicalization

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Farid Senzai
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
International Media ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Terrorist Organization

The self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’s (ISIS) burning to deathof Jordanian pilot Moaz al-Kasasba and beheading of twenty-one Egyptiansin Libya are just the latest incidents in a series of escalating acts of violencethat epitomize the seemingly senseless carnage that so often results from thepolitical radicalization of individual Muslims. As the international media zeroesin on such instances, one often struggles to make sense of the perpetrators’true motives. But understanding the circumstances that lead up to such viciousnessis key if governments are to minimize such acts in the future.What motivates an individual to join a terrorist organization? Is it ideology,politics, poverty, or something else? What might be done to de-radicalize anindividual who has joined a terrorist group? The reality is that there is no singlepathway toward radicalization. In a May 2010 report entitled “Why Youth Joinal-Qaeda,”1 U.S. Army Colonel Matt Venhaus suggested that those seeking tojoin jihadist networks can be divided into revenge seekers needing an outletfor their frustration, status seekers needing recognition, identity seekers in needof a group to join, and thrill seekers looking for adventure.2 Clearly the motivesfor terrorism are differentiated and complex, as opposed to uniform and simple.Thus identifying an overarching pattern to understanding how individualsmight become susceptible to terrorist recruiters and what intervention strategiescan be employed to stop it becomes a very difficult task ...

scholarly journals Jihad or Revenge: Theorizing Radicalization in Pashtun Tribal Belt along the Border of Afghanistan

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (II) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Ayaz Ali Shah ◽  
Nelofar Ehsan ◽  
Hina Malik
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Tribal Area ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social Obligation ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
The Relationship

What this research work does is to explore the relationship between radicalization and social traditions of Badal (revenge) in the tribal area of Pakistan. What is argued is that when someone is not guilty of any crime or not involved in any unlawful acts but killed even by the most powerful like Americans, his revenge is considered to be a social obligation by his closer kin of the family. In this process, they may sometimes join organizations like Al-Qaeda or the Taliban in vengeance and often become an active member of a terrorist organization. What may be established is that it is not a religion but the social customs of that particular area that help the locals undergo an unavoidable process of radicalization. For any tribesman, fixing revenge is so important as only this way the victim can live with honor among his community.

scholarly journals Terms-of-trade and counterterrorism externalities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhayu Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Todd Sandler ◽  
Javed Younas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Developing Nation ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Terrorist Organization

Abstract This article investigates the interplay of trade and terrorism externalities under free trade between a developed nation that exports a manufactured good to and imports a primary product from a developing nation. A terrorist organization targets both nations and reduces its attacks in response to a nation’s defensive counterterrorism efforts, while transferring some of its attacks abroad. Terms-of-trade considerations lead the developed nation to raise its counterterrorism level beyond the ‘small-country’ level, thus compounding its overprovision of these measures. By contrast, the developing nation limits its defensive countermeasures below that of the small-country level. This asymmetry is a novel finding. The analysis is extended to include proactive countermeasures to weaken the terrorist group. Again, the developed country raises its efforts owing to the terms-of-trade externality, which now opposes the underprovision associated with proactive efforts. A second extension allows for several developing-country exporters of the primary product.

scholarly journals Reconnecting the space of tourism and citizenship: the case of tourists’ hubris

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Tomassini ◽  
Leanne Schreurs ◽  
Elena Cavagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
News Media ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Online News ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Responsibility ◽  
Sustainable Future ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The rapid growth of tourism prior to the COVID-19 pandemic prompts the need for critical reflection of tourism’s “local-global” responsibility in the wake of that pandemic. Conceptually driven by the ancient Greek notion of hubris, this study reflects on the perception of tourists as actors disconnected from citizens’ necessities, safety and well-being. In so doing we develop further knowledge on the relationship between the spaces of tourism and citizenship and how this might build a sustainable future-proof tourism. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected daily for two weeks via three Google Alert queries set to mine Italian online news media contents immediately after the Italian Government’s adoption of mobility restrictions due to COVID-19. This study uses a thematic narrative analysis to examine the contents related to tourists during the COVID-19 outbreak. Findings The exploratory findings reveal how tourists are largely presented as taking over the space of local residents and, by breaking the rules set by national and local authorities, as disregarding those residents’ safety and well-being. Hence, they appear disconnected from any sense of belonging to a local or global community, and from a space to which they owe a duty of care. Originality/value By framing tourists as hubristic subjects ontologically belonging to a neoliberal leisure space disentangled from the citizenship space, this study establishes a novel theoretical grounding from which a sustainable future-proof tourism that is rooted in citizenship space can be rethought.

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