Pessimism, or The Importance of Indifference, Time and Suffering in Realist Ontologies

Author(s):  
Rick Elmore

There is a growing body of work that reclaims pessimism as a robust philosophical position central to the development of modern philosophy and, as this chapter argues, to the re-emergence of realism within continental philosophy. Specially, this chapter contends that pessimism is best understood as an anti-correlationist realism, its concern for the unhappy and suffer-laden character of human life emerging from an ontological commitment to a world indifferent to and independent from human life. In addition, pessimism connects the assertion of a realist ontology to questions of suffering, violence, and time, highlighting the dangerously ideological character of optimistic or anti-realist metaphysics. This emphasis on realism as ideology critique marks pessimism’s key contribution to our understanding of realism.

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-447
Author(s):  
Mahmudah Mahmudah

existentialism is a school of modern philosophy that contains several very different branches, and has different influence. Commonly, philosophy discusses about God, macrocosms and microcosms, therefore existentialism centre its discussion about microcosms. In existentialism, there two school of thought, namely atheistic and theistic. From existentialism teaching, we cam understand that what individual and society produced are a step to enhancement. Therefore, there are sectors on human life that finished, from individual or society perspective. This has relevance with developing country like Indonesia that has been implement reformation at every side, include education.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Anastasia Jessica Adinda Susanti

The division between Continental and Analytic Philosophy in contemporary philosophy is more difficult to maintain than in modern philosophy. Some philosophers use both Continental and Analytic Philosophy together. They defy the presupposition that Continental thought is subjectivist, collectivist, and historicist, while Analytic thought is objectivist, individualist, and scientific. John Mullarkey calls this circumstance “The Post-Continental Philosophy”. This research aims to examine 'what is the post-continental thought of W.J.T. Mitchell?' and 'how does Mitchell exceed the boundaries of Continental and Analytic Philosophy?'. The method of this research is hermeneutic which involves some elements such as interpretative analyses, historical continuity, heuristics, and descriptive. In conclusion, Mitchell’s post-continental thought bridges the Continental and Analytic philosophy, especially through the concepts of Picture Theory and Image Science. In Picture Theory, he uses the Continental philosophy approach that emphasizes the interpretation of the image. Meanwhile, in Image Science, he employs the Analytic philosophy approach that gives attention to the abstract, rational, and mathematical analysis.


Philosophy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Davies

Analytic philosophy, with its emphasis on clear, topic-based argument, is usually dated to the early 20th century and is contrasted with Continental philosophy, which is more often concerned with overarching systems and theories. Analytic philosophers did not turn their attention to music until the last decades of the 20th century. Of course, they were influenced by and commented on earlier, philosophically motivated discussions of music, starting with the Greeks and much later including relevant work by musicologists, composers, critics, and psychologists as well as philosophers. Three topics became prominent: the expression of emotion in music, the nature of musical works, and what is involved in understanding and appreciating music. Philosophers asked if music expresses emotion, and if they answered yes, as most did, they asked how this is possible and whether the attribution could be literal. Is music expressive by virtue of some connection with the world of human feeling or in its own, perhaps indescribable fashion? Why is the listener moved by the music’s expressiveness if no one undergoes the emotions it expresses? In the case of works, the interest was in their connection to notational specifications and performances. If they are abstract, does this mean they are discovered rather than created? Philosophers considered what makes a performance a performance of a given work, whether faithfulness to the work is important and what it entails, and in what respects the performer is free to interpret the work. In addition, they debated the prerequisites for musical understanding: for example, is knowledge of musical technicalities helpful or even necessary, and should the listener track the music’s large-scale structure? And why do we value music so highly given that it does not provide useful information? As these topics imply, the primary focus at first fell on notated classical Western music composed for multiple, live performances by instrumentalists, and the main perspective was that of the listener. When the scope of interest was broadened, different issues emerged. Jazz, for example, raised questions about the nature of improvisation and about how the appreciation of music not intended for replay might differ from that appropriate for notated works. Rock, with its reliance on electronic mediation and recordings, provoked new debate about the nature of recorded works and about the relevant differences between recordings of works intended for live performance and recordings of works that essentially involve electronic manipulations and the kind of editing that cannot be achieved in real time. The range of philosophical topics invited by consideration of music and its role in human life continues to expand, though this article concentrates on those matters that have received most attention.


2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (127) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Lorenz B. Puntel

A palavra ‘metafísica’ na filosofia contemporânea tem um uso equívoco, mais exatamente: caótico. Em consequência disso, usos derivados como ‘não-metafísico’, ‘antimetafísco’ e ‘pós-metafísico’ não têm um sentido claro. O presente artigo não intenciona criar clareza sobre esta situação complicada. Com vista à sua finalidade, ele só focaliza o sentido que Habermas confere à palavra ‘metafísica’ e ao seu pensamento, ao qualificá-lo como ‘pós-metafísico’. O artigo mostra que Habermas essencialmente identifica metafísica com a filosofia moderna da subjetividade e da consciência, tanto na perspectiva transcendental como na perspectiva do idealismo alemão absoluto. Assim, a palavra ‘pós-metafísico’, aplicada a Habermas, significa o que está além da metafísica, como esta é entendida por ele; não pode significar o que, na longa história da filosofia, foi chamado de “metafísica”. O artigo primeiramente investiga e critica detalhadamente os dois caminhos seguidos por Habermas para chegar à sua postura pós-metafísica. O primeiro é um enfoque histórico-filosófico que faz certa violência aos autores interpretados e que conduz Habermas à conclusão que o pensamento metafísico é claramente obsoleto. Este enfoque, repetidamente por ele exposto, parte sempre de Kant e tem como seu ponto de chegada a postura filosófica de Habermas mesmo. O outro enfoque tem um caráter temático baseado em duas assunções fundamentais e de grande alcance. Segundo a primeira assunção, de caráter metodológico, a razão e a racionalidade são entendidas e aplicadas com um sentido puramente e estritamente procedural (razão/ racionalidade comunicativa). A segunda assunção, relativa ao conteúdo, estatui que o único objeto temático apropriado da filosofia é a dimensão da interacão entre sujeitos humanos ou seja da práctica social ou comunicativa própria do mundo-da-vida. A mais importante secção do artigo, a secção 3, apresenta uma crítica mais pormenorizada do pensamento pós-metafísico de Habermas. Nela se investigam três temas centrais da filosofia habermasiana e se evidenciam três falhas fundamentais da sua postura pós-metafísica. O artigo mostra que se trata de posicionamentos ou temas filosóficos, para os quais Habermas, devido à sua posição pós-metafísica, não está capacitado a elaborar uma solução esclarecedora. O primeiro posicionamento ou tema é a não-elaboração de um conceito de Mundo (com “M” maiúsculo) como a dimensão que unifica e possibilita a relação entre a dimensão da verdade e a dimensão do mundo-como-a-totalidade-dosobjetos. O segundo posicionamento ou tema é o naturalismo fraco” defendido por Habermas em base de uma distinção não-esclarecida entre o “mundo natural” e o “mundo-da-vida”. O terceiro tema ou posicionamento, ao qual Habermas se tem dedicado especialmente nos últimos anos, é a conjunção ou conexão ambígua e obscura entre a rejeição incondicional da metafísica e a (re)avaliação da religião. Estes três temas ou posicionamentos constituem três dicotomias que permanecem sem esclarecimento no pensamento do filósofo alemão. Uma tentativa de esclarecê-las consistiria em elaborar um conceito irrestrito de razão ou racionalidade e de teoria e de tematizar um conceito de Mundo como a dimensão que abarca os dois polos de cada uma das dicotomias. A execução desta tarefa teria como resultado uma teoria, à qual, em termos tradicionais, se deveria atribuir um estatuto metafísico.Abstract: The term ‘metaphysics’ is used in contemporary philosophy equivocally or, more precisely, chaotically. As a consequence, uses of such derivative terms as Anonmetaphysical”, “antimetaphysical” and “postmetaphysical” are also chaotic. This paper makes no attempt to bring order to this chaos. Its focus is only on Habermas’s understanding of metaphysics and of his own thinking as postmetaphysical, in his sense. It shows that he often comes close to identifying metaphysics with the modern philosophy of subjectivity or consciousness. This makes clear that the term “postmetaphysical,” as Habermas uses it, means only, “beyond what Habermas calls ‘metaphysics’”— hence, most importantly, “beyond Kantian and post-Kantian philosophies of subjectivity.” It cannot mean, “beyond everything that, in the history of philosophy, has been called ‘metaphysics.’” The paper first examines and criticizes in detail Habermas’s two ways of arriving at and characterizing and explaining his postmetaphysical position. The historico-philosophical path takes the form of severely truncated considerations of the history of philosophy that lead him to conclude that metaphysical thinking is utterly obsolete; these considerations almost always begin with Kant and end with Habermas himself. The thematic path consists of two fundamental and far-reaching assumptions. According to his methodological assumption, reason and/ or rationality has a purely procedural character. His contentual assumption is that the dimension of social interaction and communicative practices, the human lifeworld, is the only real subject matter for philosophy. Section 3, the most important section of the paper, presents more narrowly focused critiques of Habermas’s postmetaphysical thinking. It addresses three central problems in his philosophy, and reveals highly significant shortcomings of his postmetaphysical philosophical position. It shows extensively that his treatments of these problems put him on paths that he cannot follow to their ends because of the narrow limits of his postmetaphysical approach. The first problem is the lack of a concept of World (with a capital “W”) as the unity of the dimension of truth and the dimension of world-as-the-totality-of-objects43.3.2.3 The missing concept of World (capital-W)) as the unity of truth dimension and world-as-the-totalityof-objects; the second problem is his weak naturalism and his unclarified distinction between the natural world and the lifeworld; the third problem is his ambiguous and incoherent conjunction of the rejection of metaphysics and the (re)evaluation of religion. These three problems involve dichotomies Habermas leaves unexplained. Explaining them would require him to elaborate non-restricted concepts of reason/rationality and theory, and to thematize the World, i.e., the dimension encompassing both poles of the dichotomies. Such elaboration and thematization would yield a theory that would be, in traditional terms, metaphysical.


Author(s):  
Svitlana BABIІCHUK ◽  

Have been described the role of the scientific method of cognition and the role of scientific knowledge in the educational sphere in the period of Modern philosophy. Have been determined the role of the empirical method and the theoretical method in experiments in order to gain new knowledge and test hypotheses. Considered the role of scientific societies and academies as centers of development of scientific knowledge. Have been determined that the expansion of knowledge through the improvement of the scientific method has led to the need for changes in principles of education. Are described the demonstrations of physical experiments for educational purposes in universities and academies. Have been described the physical experiments on the example of a lecture of Jacques Rohault and Pierre Poliniere. The contribution of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton in the study of the effectiveness and objectivity of the scientific method in research is described. Was considered that scientific research was made with the aim of practical efficiency for human life, and not as a self-goal. Knowledge and education should be formed based on the inductive method. The main ideas of the work "Reflections on the method" are considered as the publication of tipping point in the formation of Modern philosophy. Have been described the main ideas of 21 rules of application the scientific method in researches in this publication. Have been determined that in the Modern philosophy period science had a direct impact on education, as well-known representatives of science popularized and involved in their research students and young scientists through educational institutions. At this time, education has become an instrument of human socialization, so well-known educators of this period emphasized to the need of early child development (John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau) and the universality of education (Jan Amos Comenius). It is determined that the application of the scientific method in the research activities of period of Modern philosophy is inextricably linked with their pedagogical practice. In this way it has led to active improvement and structuring of scientific methods, and to involving more young minds in scientific research and investigations. Which was a background to the germination of the next period of Classical Philosophy of Science


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
I A Katsapova

The article reveals the socio-cultural foundations of the national philosophy of law, which are considered in the historical and modern civilizational aspect. The role of law is analyzed in social and cultural programs of social development. It is emphasized that the special importance in the conditions of modern modernization of state and public relations is the understanding of the possibilities and boundaries of the implementation of the existing universal meanings and principles of the organization. It is emphasized relations and their adaptation to modern processes. Modernization is considered as a factor of social development of society, as a way to improve social institutions and relations. The article also focuses on the problem of global modernization and inclusion of local cultures. The article focuses on the problem of adaptation of traditional societies to the modern model of global modernization. The attention focuses on the fact that modern social projects and concepts should move from the concept of «global community» to the understanding of new factors of social life and form new ideas about the conditions of human life in the planetary world.The article reveals the principle of correlation between the philosophy of law and social philosophy. Domestic philosophy of law, is based on philosophical ethics. It is presented in the article as a «normative area of knowledge», and transformed into a system of norms (law and morality) regulations and obligations of public life. It is also emphasized that the main task of the modern philosophy of law is to determine the conceptual unity of historical and modern understanding of the nature of the socio-political world and ways of its knowledge, based on the dialectic of complementarity. The practical task of the modern philosophy of law is to substantiate and concretize the ideology of social life, which assumes the unity of law, politics and morality. It is also proved that in the context of globalization the modern philosophy of law meets the challenges that actualizes the process of socio-political integration and modernization.


Author(s):  
Peter Widmann

The final work of the late Knud Ejler Løgstrup Metafysik I-IV can be considered as a consequent step on his road to a religious philosophy. In all his writings Løgstrup has tried to show the importance of a religious interpretation of reality both for a sound development of theology and for the survival of Western civilization. This religious interpretation has to be pronounced as a philosophical position, criticizing the disastrous consequences of the split between nature and human existence in modern philosophy. This return to religion in the understanding of reality is not meant to eliminate modern science of the liberties of Western society. According to Løgstrup, the interpretation of reality as given by a transcendent power is a possibility – not a necessity – also today. This interpretation does not touch the radical otherness of God, whose only unambiguous manifestation is to be found in his Word in Christ.The article raises some questions concerning the consistency of Løgstrup’s metaphysical and theological position. In the posthumously edited volume III, Løgstrup claims that the “Universe” is the final actor in both nature and history. Is this position tenable without traditional realistic metaphysics? Does Løgstrup rely on a pre-critical pre-supposition, namely that we have access to reality as such? Løgstrup seems, consequently, to exaggerate the dangers of post-critical thinking. Furthermore, it can be questioned, whether Løgstrups’ latest metaphysical views are in harmony with some of his theological convictions.


The usual division of philosophy into ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’ obscures the continuities in philosophy up until 1700. This book examines three areas where these continuities are particularly clear: knowledge, the mind, and language. It does so through three chapters, by different authors, each followed by a detailed response. The first chapter shows how Descartes attacked faculty psychology and thus separated himself from one strand of the medieval tradition, represented by Suárez. At the same time, Descartes was closely following another strand, found in Ockham. Thus, the discontinuity between medieval and modern may not be as sharp as first appears. The second chapter considers discussions of whether knowledge should be kept for the elite. In the Christian world medieval and seventeenth-century thinkers alike rarely advocated esotericism, but Jewish and Muslim scholars such as al-Ghazâlî, Averroes, and Maimonides strongly defended it. The main chapter of Part III argues that a version of such esotericism may be a defensible philosophical position today. The main chapter of Part II shows how Locke's philosophy of language fits into a long medieval tradition of thought based on Aristotle's On Interpretation. Locke introduced the requirement that a word be linked to an idea in the speaker's mind, but the chapter argues that this does not mean that Locke was proposing that we each have a private language.


2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Tom St Quinton ◽  
Ben Morris

AbstractParticipation rates in a number of health-related behaviors, such as physical activity, have shown recent declines. To promote participation, psychological health behavior change theories have been developed to understand and help identify relevant psychological processes. Such processes can then be targeted within interventions utilizing specific behavior change techniques (BCTs). Although the use of these theories and BCTs is useful in facilitating change, such work could be enhanced through the inclusion and consideration of philosophical positions. Existentialism suggests that the absurdity and meaningless of human life allows the individual to create their own meaning within a behavior. This philosophical position thus places meaning and individual purpose at the center of human behavior. The purpose of this article is to connect the theoretical insights and BCTs outlined within health psychological behavior change theories with the philosophical position of existentialism. The integration of this philosophical position, and potentially many others, with psychological ideas may provide useful insights into the promotion of health-related behaviors.


Author(s):  
Michael Inwood

Hermeneutics, the ‘art of interpretation’, was originally the theory and method of interpreting the Bible and other difficult texts. Wilhelm Dilthey extended it to the interpretation of all human acts and products, including history and the interpretation of a human life. Heidegger, in Being and Time (1927), gave an ‘interpretation’ of the human being, the being that itself understands and interprets. Under his influence, hermeneutics became a central theme of continental philosophy. Hermeneutics generates several controversies. In interpreting something do we unearth the author’s thoughts and intentions, imagining ourselves in his position? Or do we relate it to a wider whole that gives it meaning? The latter view gives rise to the hermeneutic circle: we cannot understand a whole (for example, a text) unless we understand its parts, or the parts unless we understand the whole. Heidegger discovered another circle: as we inevitably bring presuppositions to what we interpret, does this mean that any interpretation is arbitrary, or at least endlessly revisable?


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