scholarly journals The Effect of Ball Milling Time on the Isolation of Lignin in the Cell Wall of Different Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangrong Yang ◽  
Xueying An ◽  
Shilong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Lower Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Milled Wood Lignin ◽  
Ball Milling Time ◽  
Poplar Sawdust

Ball milling technology is the classical technology to isolate representative lignin in the cell wall of biomass for further investigation. In this work, different ball milling times were carried out on hardwood (poplar sawdust), softwood (larch sawdust), and gramineous material (bamboo residues) to understand the optimum condition to isolate the representative milled wood lignin (MWL) in these different biomass species. Results showed that prolonging ball milling time from 3 to 7 h obviously increased the isolation yields of MWL in bamboo residues (from 39.2% to 53.9%) and poplar sawdust (from 15.5% to 35.6%), while only a slight increase was found for the MWL yield of larch sawdust (from 23.4% to 25.8%). Importantly, the lignin substructure of ß-O-4 in the MWL samples from different biomasses can be a little degraded with the increasing ball milling time, resulting in the prepared MWL with lower molecular weight and higher content of hydroxyl groups. Based on the isolation yield and structure features, milling time with 3 and 7 h were sufficient to isolate the representative lignin (with yield over 30%) in the cell wall of bamboo residues and poplar sawdust, respectively, while more than 7 h should be carried out to isolate the representative lignin in larch sawdust.

Experimental Investigation and Micro-Structural Evolution Analysis of CNT & Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 830-831 ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udaya ◽  
Peter Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
Ball Milling Time ◽  
Al Matrix

The paper illustrates Carbon nanotubes reinforced pure Al (CNT/Al) composites and fly ash reinforced pure Al (FA/Al) composites produced by ball-milling and sintering. Microstructures of the fabricated composite were examined and the mechanical properties of the composites were tested and analysed. It was indicated that the CNTs and fly ash were uniformly dispersed into the Al matrix as ball-milling time increased with increase in hardness.

Preparation of High Density BaZr0.97Y0.03O3-δ Ceramic and its Interaction with Titanium Melt

2018 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Yun Kang ◽  
Guang Yao Chen ◽  
Bao Tong Li ◽  
Zi Wei Qin ◽  
Xiong Gang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Sintered Pellet ◽  
Conventional Solid State Reaction ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Minimum Particle Size ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Ball Milling Time

In this paper, the BaZrO3(BZ) and BaZr0.97Y0.03O3-δ(BZY3) powders were prepared by using the industrial grade BaCO3, ZrO2and Y2O3powders combining the conventional solid state reaction. The BaZrO3(BZ) and BaZr0.97Y0.03O3-δ(BZY3) ceramics were fabricated at 1750°C. The effect of ball milling time and sintering aid (TiO2) on the sinterability of BaZr0.97Y0.03O3-δ(BZY3) ceramics were investigated, and the improved stability of BaZrO3refractory with Y2O3additive were studied according to the refractory-metal interaction. The results revealed that the particle size of BZY3 powders decreased first and then increased with the increasing of ball milling time from 6h to 12h, and the minimum particle size was only 2.252μm at 8h. When 2wt.%TiO2was added, the sintered pellet of BZY3 was the most densest and the relative density was above 95%. After melting the Ti2Ni alloy on the BZY and BZ ceramics, the thickness erosion layer of BaZrO3and BZY3refractories and Ti2Ni alloy is approximately 50μm and 20μm respectively, showing that BZY3 was more stable than BaZrO3refractory.

scholarly journals Ball Milling’s Effect on Pine Milled Wood Lignin’s Structure and Molar Mass

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigory Zinovyev ◽  
Ivan Sumerskii ◽  
Thomas Rosenau ◽  
Mikhail Balakshin ◽  
Antje Potthast
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Sugar Composition ◽  
High Molar Mass ◽  
Milled Wood Lignin ◽  
Lignin Extraction

The effect of ball milling expressed as the yield of milled wood lignin (MWL) on the structure and molar mass of crude milled wood lignin (MWLc) preparation is studied to better understand the process’ fundamentals and find optimal conditions for MWL isolation (i.e., to obtain the most representative sample with minimal degradation). Softwood (loblolly pine) MWLc preparations with yields of 20–75% have been isolated and characterized based on their molar mass distribution (by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)), hydroxyl groups of different types (31P NMR), methoxyl groups (HS-ID GC-MS), and sugar composition (based on methanolysis). Classical MWL purification is not used to access the whole extracted lignin. The results indicate that lignin degradation during ball milling occurs predominantly in the high molar mass fraction and is less pronounced in the low molar mass fraction. This results in a significant decrease in the Mz and Mw of the extracted MWLc with an increase in the yield of MWLc, but has only a very subtle effect on the lignin structure if the yield of MWLc is kept below about 55%. Therefore, no tedious optimization of process variables is necessary to achieve the required MWLc yield in this range for structural studies of softwood MWL. The sugar composition shows higher amounts of pectin components in MWLs of low yields and higher amounts of glucan and mannan in high-yield MWLs, confirming that lignin extraction starts from the middle lamella in the earlier stages of MWL isolation, followed by lignin extraction from the secondary wall region.

scholarly journals Effects of Mechanical Ball Milling Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mo2NiB2-Ni Cermets

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Zhifu Huang ◽  
Yangzhen Liu ◽  
Yupeng Shen ◽  
Kemin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Ball Milling ◽  
Ball Milling Time ◽  
Milled Powders

Mo2NiB2-Ni cermets have been extensively investigated due to their outstanding properties. However, studies have not systematically examined the effect of the powder milling process on the cermets. In this study, Mo, Ni, and B raw powders were subjected to mechanical ball milling from 1 h to 15 h. XRD patterns of the milled powders confirmed that a new phase was not observed at milling times of 1 h to 15 h. With the increase in the mechanical ball milling time from 1 h to 11 h, raw powders were crushed to small fragments, in addition to a more uniform distribution, and with the increase in the mechanical ball milling time to greater than 11 h, milled powders changed slightly. Mo2NiB2-Ni cermets were fabricated by reaction boronizing sintering using the milled powders at different ball milling times. The milling time significantly affected the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo2NiB2-Ni cermets. Moreover, the Mo2NiB2 cermet powder subjected to a milling time of 11 h exhibited the finest crystal size and the maximum volume fraction of the Mo2NiB2 hard phase. Furthermore, the cermets with a milling time of 11 h exhibited a maximum hardness and bending strength of 87.6 HRA and 1367.3 MPa, respectively.

Preparation and Characterization of Coated Alumina/Aluminum Cermet Composite Powder via Ball Milling Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Ai Xia Chen ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Min Han Xu ◽  
Da Ming Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Aluminum Powder ◽  
Composite Powder ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Aluminum Composite ◽  
Alumina Particles ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Milling Condition ◽  
Ball Milling Time

Cermet is an important new engineering material that not only maintains the excellent properties of ceramic materials, but also has the advantages of metal materials. In this paper, the encapsulated alumina-aluminum composite powder was prepared by ball milling and characterized, which laid a foundation for the development of high properties cermet materials. Through the analysis of experimental results, the conclusions are shown when the ball milling time is greater than 3 h, the alumina particles are more evenly distributed around the aluminum powder. the ball milling for 6 h may have reached a limit of the mixing uniformity of the two powder, so the ball milling is determined 6 h as the better ball milling time. Under the ball milling condition of 50 r/min, the distribution of alumina particles around the aluminum powder is more uniform around the aluminum powder than the ball mill under 75 r/min, the ball milling speed is preferably 50 r/min. As the content of aluminum powder increases, the distribution of alumina in aluminum powder is large and uniform, and there is a small amount of pinning. It provides a package-like composite for the preparation of cermet with a wrapped structure and the thermal conduction mechanism of the controlled cermet.

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