scholarly journals Complex Interactions Between Membrane-Bound Organelles, Biomolecular Condensates and the Cytoskeleton

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Koppers ◽  
Nazmiye Özkan ◽  
Ginny G. Farías
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Organelle Transport ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Dynamic Membrane ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Organelle Division ◽  
Polarized Cells ◽  
Membrane Bound

Membrane-bound and membraneless organelles/biomolecular condensates ensure compartmentalization into functionally distinct units enabling proper organization of cellular processes. Membrane-bound organelles form dynamic contacts with each other to enable the exchange of molecules and to regulate organelle division and positioning in coordination with the cytoskeleton. Crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and dynamic membrane-bound organelles has more recently also been found to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, recent work has revealed that, in addition, the cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles interact with cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. The extent and relevance of these complex interactions are just beginning to emerge but may be important for cytoskeletal organization and organelle transport and remodeling. In this review, we highlight these emerging functions and emphasize the complex interplay of the cytoskeleton with these organelles. The crosstalk between membrane-bound organelles, biomolecular condensates and the cytoskeleton in highly polarized cells such as neurons could play essential roles in neuronal development, function and maintenance.

Some Aspects of the Polyhexamethyleneguanidine Salts Effect on Cell Cultures

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mandygra ◽  
A. Lysytsia
Keyword(s):  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Membrane Bound Enzymes ◽  
Anion Type ◽  
Cell Culture Methods

Aim. To investigate the effect of polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) to eukaryotic cell culture. Methods. The passaged bovine tracheal cells culture (TCC) and primary culture of chicken embryo fi broblasts (FCE) were used in the experiments. TCC and FCE monolayers were treated with aqueous solutions of PHMG chloride or succinate. The method of PHMG polycation adsorption to the cells’ plasma membrane together with microscopy were applied. Results. The dependence of PHMG effect on the eukaryotic cells on the agent concentration, duration of exposure and the anion type has been fi xed. The PHMG concentration of 10 –5 per cent (0.1 μg/ml) never causes degradation of the previously formed cell monolayer, while the higher concentrations damage it. The conditions of the PHMG chloride and succinate’s negative effect on cell proliferation and inhibition of monolayer formation were determined. The hypothesis that under certain conditions PHMG stimulates the proliferative activity of the cells has been confi rmed. Stimulation may be associated with non-specifi c stress adaptation of cells. In this case, it is due to modifi cations of the cell membrane after PHMG adsorption to it. Conclusions. PHMG polycation binds with the membrane’s phosphoglycerides fi rmly and irreversibly. A portion of the lipids are removed from participation in the normal cellular processes at that. At the same time, the synthesis of new lipids and membrane-bound enzymes is probably accelerated. The phospholip ids’ neogenesis acceleration can stimulate mitosis under certain conditions. The obtained results can be used in the biotechnologies.

GSK-3 Inhibitors in Regulation and Controlling of Colon Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitansu Sekhar Nanda ◽  
Md Imran Hossain ◽  
Heongkyu Ju ◽  
Dong Kee Yi
Keyword(s):  
Colon Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Threonine Kinase ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Adenocarcinoma Cells ◽  
Membrane Bound

Background: GSK-3 inhibitors became a novel therapeutic agent treating cancer. There are so many uses of GSK-3 inhibitor for treating cancer like breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and no pathological changes are shown by the morphological examination of GSK-3. Objectives: This review describes the recent affairs using GSK-3 inhibitors, mainly treating in colon carcinoma. The authorsAuthors have also shown the different mechanisms of different GSK-3 inhibitors for treating various cancers and proposed some mechanisms that can be useful for further research by GSK-3 inhibitors for various cancerscancer including colon carcinoma. Results: The majority of the cancers and pre-cancerous lesions are stimulated by the transformation of membrane-bound arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosanoids for the viability, proliferation, and spread of cancer. GSK-3 inhibitors can reinstate hostility to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) responsiveness in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. GSK-3, the final enzyme in glycogen synthesis, is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates varied sequences that are more than a hundred in number, within proteins in an array of heterogeneous pathways. It is an essential module of an exceptionally huge number of cellular processes, a fundamental role in many metabolic processes and diseases. Many patients achieve long term remission with outstanding survival diagnosed with colon cancer through it. Conclusion: Before the extensive application of these proposed mechanisms of GSK-3 inhibitor, further evaluation and clinical studies are needed. After doing the appropriate clinical studies and morphological examination, it can be appropriate for extensive application.

A model for Rab GTPase localization

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Rab Gtpase ◽  
Rab Proteins ◽  
Rab Gtpases ◽  
Macromolecular Assemblies ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Membrane Compartment ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Distinct Membrane

The human genome encodes almost 70 Rab GTPases. These proteins are C-terminally geranylgeranylated and are localized to the surfaces of distinct membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells. This mini review presents a working model for how Rabs achieve and maintain their steady-state localizations. Data from a number of laboratories suggest that Rabs participate in the generation of macromolecular assemblies that generate functional microdomains within a given membrane compartment. Our data suggest that these complex interactions are important for the cellular localization of Rab proteins at steady state.

scholarly journals Hex1, the Major Component of Woronin Bodies, Is Required for Normal Development, Pathogenicity, and Stress Response in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Verticillium dahliae

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Vasileios Vangalis ◽  
Ioannis A. Papaioannou ◽  
Emmanouil A. Markakis ◽  
Michael Knop ◽  
Milton A. Typas
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Septal Pores

Woronin bodies are membrane-bound organelles of filamentous ascomycetes that mediate hyphal compartmentalization by plugging septal pores upon hyphal damage. Their major component is the peroxisomal protein Hex1, which has also been implicated in additional cellular processes in fungi. Here, we analyzed the Hex1 homolog of Verticillium dahliae, an important asexual plant pathogen, and we report its pleiotropic involvement in fungal growth, physiology, stress response, and pathogenicity. Alternative splicing of the Vdhex1 gene can lead to the production of two Hex1 isoforms, which are structurally similar to their Neurospora crassa homolog. We show that VdHex1 is targeted to the septum, consistently with its demonstrated function in sealing hyphal compartments to prevent excessive cytoplasmic bleeding upon injury. Furthermore, our investigation provides direct evidence for significant contributions of Hex1 in growth and morphogenesis, as well as in asexual reproduction capacity. We discovered that Hex1 is required both for normal responses to osmotic stress and factors that affect the cell wall and plasma-membrane integrity, and for normal resistance to oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. The Vdhex1 mutant exhibited diminished ability to colonize and cause disease on eggplant. Overall, we show that Hex1 has fundamentally important multifaceted roles in the biology of V. dahliae.

scholarly journals A Combined-Cross Analysis Reveals Genes With Drug-Specific and Background-Dependent Effects on Drug Sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Seok Kim ◽  
Justin C. Fay
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Drug Responses ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Cross Linkage

Effective pharmacological therapy is often inhibited by variable drug responses and adverse drug reactions. Dissecting the molecular basis of different drug responses is difficult due to complex interactions involving multiple genes, pathways, and cellular processes. We previously found a single nucleotide polymorphism within cystathionine β-synthase (CYS4) that causes multi-drug sensitivity in a vineyard strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, not all variation was accounted for by CYS4. To identify additional genes influencing drug sensitivity, we used CYS4 as a covariate and conducted both single- and combined-cross linkage mapping. After eliminating numerous false-positive associations, we identified 16 drug-sensitivity loci, only 3 of which had been previously identified. Of 4 drug-sensitivity loci selected for validation, 2 showed replicated associations in independent crosses, and two quantitative trait genes within these regions, AQY1 and MKT1, were found to have drug-specific and background-dependent effects. Our results suggest that drug response may often depend on interactions between genes with multi-drug and drug-specific effects.

scholarly journals In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals filamentous actin within the microtubule lumen

2020 ◽  
Vol 219 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Paul ◽  
Judith Mantell ◽  
Ufuk Borucu ◽  
Jennifer Coombs ◽  
Katherine J. Surridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
In Situ Study ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cryo Electron Tomography ◽  
And Migration

Microtubules and filamentous (F-) actin engage in complex interactions to drive many cellular processes from subcellular organization to cell division and migration. This is thought to be largely controlled by proteins that interface between the two structurally distinct cytoskeletal components. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to demonstrate that the microtubule lumen can be occupied by extended segments of F-actin in small molecule–induced, microtubule-based, cellular projections. We uncover an unexpected versatility in cytoskeletal form that may prompt a significant development of our current models of cellular architecture and offer a new experimental approach for the in situ study of microtubule structure and contents.

scholarly journals Peroxisome division in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is regulated by a signal from inside the peroxisome

2003 ◽  
Vol 162 (7) ◽  
pp. 1255-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Guo ◽  
Yuriy Y. Kit ◽  
Jean-Marc Nicaud ◽  
Marie-Therese Le Dall ◽  
S. Kelly Sears ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Peroxisomal Protein ◽  
Organelle Division ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Acyl Coa Oxidase ◽  
Peroxisome Division ◽  
Yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica

We describe an unusual mechanism for organelle division. In the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, only mature peroxisomes contain the complete set of matrix proteins. These mature peroxisomes assemble from several immature peroxisomal vesicles in a multistep pathway. The stepwise import of distinct subsets of matrix proteins into different immature intermediates along the pathway causes the redistribution of a peroxisomal protein, acyl-CoA oxidase (Aox), from the matrix to the membrane. A significant redistribution of Aox occurs only in mature peroxisomes. Inside mature peroxisomes, the membrane-bound pool of Aox interacts with Pex16p, a membrane-associated protein that negatively regulates the division of early intermediates in the pathway. This interaction inhibits the negative action of Pex16p, thereby allowing mature peroxisomes to divide.

scholarly journals Lipid Mediators and Human Leukemic Blasts

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Fiancette ◽  
Christelle Vincent-Fabert ◽  
Estelle Guerin ◽  
Franck Trimoreau ◽  
Yves Denizot
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Specific Membrane

Some of the most potent inflammatory mediators share a lipid origin. They regulate a wide spectrum of cellular processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the precise roles and ways (if any) in which these compounds impact the growth and apoptosis of leukemic blasts remain incompletely resolved. In spite of this, significant advances have been recently made. Here we briefly review the current knowledge about the production of lipid mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor) by leukemic blasts, the enzymatic activities (phospholipaseA2, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases) involved in their productions and their effects (through specific membrane bound receptors) on the growth, and apoptosis of leukemic blasts.

scholarly journals System-wide organization of actin cytoskeleton determines organelle transport in hypocotyl plant cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (28) ◽  
pp. E5741-E5749 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Breuer ◽  
Jacqueline Nowak ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
Marc Somssich ◽  
Staffan Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
System Level ◽  
Organelle Transport ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Actin Network ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Golgi Transport ◽  
Distribution Efficiency

The actin cytoskeleton is an essential intracellular filamentous structure that underpins cellular transport and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. However, the system-level properties of actin-based cellular trafficking remain tenuous, largely due to the inability to quantify key features of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we developed an automated image-based, network-driven framework to accurately segment and quantify actin cytoskeletal structures and Golgi transport. We show that the actin cytoskeleton in both growing and elongated hypocotyl cells has structural properties facilitating efficient transport. Our findings suggest that the erratic movement of Golgi is a stable cellular phenomenon that might optimize distribution efficiency of cell material. Moreover, we demonstrate that Golgi transport in hypocotyl cells can be accurately predicted from the actin network topology alone. Thus, our framework provides quantitative evidence for system-wide coordination of cellular transport in plant cells and can be readily applied to investigate cytoskeletal organization and transport in other organisms.

scholarly journals Who's really in control: microbial regulation of protein trafficking in the epithelium

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. C187-C197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Hendricks ◽  
Jennifer M. Bomberger
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Host Tissues

Due to evolutionary pressure, there are many complex interactions at the interface between pathogens and eukaryotic host cells wherein host cells attempt to clear invading microorganisms and pathogens counter these mechanisms to colonize and invade host tissues. One striking observation from studies focused on this interface is that pathogens have multiple mechanisms to modulate and disrupt normal cellular physiology to establish replication niches and avoid clearance. The precision by which pathogens exert their effects on host cells makes them excellent tools to answer questions about cell physiology of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, an understanding of these mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface will benefit our understanding of how pathogens cause disease. In this review, we describe a few examples of how pathogens disrupt normal cellular physiology and protein trafficking at epithelial cell barriers to underscore how pathogens modulate cellular processes to cause disease and how this knowledge has been utilized to learn about cellular physiology.

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