scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Derived Exosome Therapy as a Potential Future Approach for Treatment of Male Infertility Caused by Chlamydia Infection

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahin Izadi ◽  
Laleh Dehghan Marvast ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani ◽  
Marzieh Zohrabi ◽  
Ali Aliabadi ◽  
...  

Some microbial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have adverse effects on the reproductive tract, sperm function, and male fertility. Given that STIs are often asymptomatic and cause major complications such as urogenital inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring, optimal treatments should be performed to prevent the noxious effect of STIs on male fertility. Among STIs, Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common asymptomatic preventable bacterial STI. C. trachomatis can affect both sperm and the male reproductive tract. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes have been considered as a new therapeutic medicine due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and regenerative effects without consequences through the stem cell transplantation based therapies. Inflammation of the genital tract and sperm dysfunction are the consequences of the microbial infections, especially Chlamydia trachomatis. Exosome therapy as a noninvasive approach has shown promising results on the ability to regenerate the damaged sperm and treating asthenozoospermia. Recent experimental methods may be helpful in the novel treatments of male infertility. Thus, it is demonstrated that exosomes play an important role in preventing the consequences of infection, and thereby preventing inflammation, reducing cell damage, inhibiting fibrogenesis, and reducing scar formation. This review aimed to overview the studies about the potential therapeutic roles of MSCs-derived exosomes on sperm abnormalities and male infertility caused by STIs.

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Cai ◽  
Sandra Mazzoli ◽  
Nicola Mondaini ◽  
Gianni Malossini ◽  
Riccardo Bartoletti

<p>The role of <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> (Ct) in everyday clinical practice is now on the increase because Ct infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. Ct can cause urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis, or epididymitis, although asymptomatic infections are quite common. Ct infection remains asymptomatic in approximately 50% of infected men and 70% of infected women, with risk for reproductive tract sequelae both in women and men. A proper early diagnosis and treatment is essential in order to prevent persistent consequences. An accurate comprehension of the pathology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity is essential for the urologist. We review the literature about the new findings in diagnosis and treatment of Ct infection in sexually active young men.</p>


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
A Shrestha ◽  
N Adhikari ◽  
Y Shah ◽  
P Poudel ◽  
B Acharya ◽  
...  

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted organism and causes important public health problem in the sexually active age group. Limited studies are found regarding the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Nepal. Moreover, currently there are no any study in Nepal reporting the association of chlamydia and HIV infection. This study attempts to determine the burden of chlamydia on HIV positive patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 HIV positive patients visiting a HIV clinic in Kathmandu, were screened for chlamydia infection. For this, urine samples were collected and analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique (PCR). Results: C. trachomatis was detected in 4.2% of the total 117 HIV patients. Out of positive cases 60% were males and 40% were females. However, chlamydia was found more prevalent among females (6.8%) than males (3.4%). Eighty percent of positive cases were asymptomatic. Conclusions: Although, the prevalence of chlamydia infection was found less HIV patients, most of those cases were asymptomatic. Therefore, routine checkup is recommended for all suspected cases for timely management of the disease. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i1.8003 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(1):12-16


2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 340-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Nadeau ◽  
Dennis Fujii ◽  
Jessica Lentscher ◽  
Amanda Haney ◽  
Richard Burney

Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. Within the U.S. military, the age- and race-adjusted chlamydia infection rates among female service members are consistently higher than civilian rates, with a 20% annual acquisition rate among young active-duty women. The sequelae of chlamydia disproportionately impact women in terms of severity and cost. Untreated chlamydia progresses to pelvic inflammatory disease in 40% of cases, and is a leading cause of fallopian tube damage and pelvic adhesive disease resulting in ectopic pregnancy, tubal infertility, and acute and chronic pelvic pain. Tubal infertility is among the leading indications for in vitro fertilization (IVF) nationally and rates among couples undergoing IVF at military treatment centers are double the national average. Collectively, chlamydia infection represents a significant resource burden to the military health care system and, in view of the serious gynecologic health sequelae, a significant threat to the readiness of servicewomen. In this review, we discuss the gynecologic impact of chlamydia infection within the military, the critical gaps for research funding, and opportunities for intervention.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
May Wenche Jøraholmen ◽  
Mona Johannessen ◽  
Kirsten Gravningen ◽  
Mirja Puolakkainen ◽  
Ganesh Acharya ◽  
...  

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and causes serious reproductive tract complications among women. The limitations of existing oral antibiotics and treatment of antimicrobial resistance require alternative treatment options. We are proposing, for the first time, the natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES) in an advanced delivery system comprising liposomes incorporated in chitosan hydrogel, for the localized treatment of C. trachomatis infection. Both free RES and RES liposomes-in-hydrogel inhibited the propagation of C. trachomatis in a concentration-dependent manner, assessed by the commonly used in vitro model comprising McCoy cells. However, for lower concentrations, the anti-chlamydial effect of RES was enhanced when incorporated into a liposomes-in-hydrogel delivery system, with inhibition of 78% and 94% for 1.5 and 3 µg/mL RES, respectively for RES liposomes-in-hydrogel, compared to 43% and 72%, respectively, for free RES. Furthermore, RES liposomes-in-hydrogel exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, in a concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide production in the LPS-induced macrophages (RAW 264.7). The combination of a natural substance exhibiting multi-targeted pharmacological properties, and a delivery system that provides enhanced activity as well as applicability for vaginal administration, could be a promising option for the localized treatment of C. trachomatis infection.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vegim Zhaku ◽  
Ashok Agarwal ◽  
Sheqibe Beadini ◽  
Ralf Henkel ◽  
Renata Finelli ◽  
...  

Within the male reproductive system, oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as prevailing etiology of male infertility. The effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on male fertility depend on the dimensions, “modus operandi” of the ROS and the oxido-reduction potential (ORP) of the male reproductive tract. Hereupon, for an adequate response to OS, the cells of our body are endowed with a well-sophisticated system of defense in order to be protected. Various antioxidant enzymes and small molecular free radical scavengers, maintain the delicate balance between oxidants and reductants (antioxidants), crucial to cellular function and fertility. Therapeutic use of antioxidants is an optimal and coherent option in terms of mitigating OS and improving semen parameters. Therefore, recognizing and managing OS through either decreasing ROS levels or by increasing antioxidant force, appear to be a requesting approach in the management of male infertility. However, a clear defined attitude of the experts about the clinical efficacy of antioxidant therapy is still deprived. Prominently, antioxidant such as coenzyme Q10, vitamin C and E, lycopene, carnitine, zinc and selenium have been found useful in controlling the balance between ROS production and scavenging activities. In spite of that, healthy lifestyle, without smoke and alcohol, everyday exercise, reduction of psychological stress and quality well-designed meals, are habits that can overturn male infertility.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009365
Author(s):  
Torrington Callan ◽  
Stephen Woodcock ◽  
Wilhelmina May Huston

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted infection that is associated with a range of serious reproductive tract sequelae including in women Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Ascension of the pathogen beyond the cervix and into the upper reproductive tract is thought to be necessary for these pathologies. However, Chlamydia trachomatis does not encode a mechanism for movement on its genome, and so the processes that facilitate ascension have not been elucidated. Here, we evaluate the factors that may influence chlamydial ascension in women. We constructed a mathematical model based on a set of stochastic dynamics to elucidate the moderating factors that might influence ascension of infections in the first month of an infection. In the simulations conducted from the stochastic model, 36% of infections ascended, but only 9% had more than 1000 bacteria ascend. The results of the simulations indicated that infectious load and the peristaltic contractions moderate ascension and are inter-related in impact. Smaller initial loads were much more likely to ascend. Ascension was found to be dependent on the neutrophil response. Overall, our results indicate that infectious load, menstrual cycle timing, and the neutrophil response are critical factors in chlamydial ascension in women.


1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Black

Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are probably the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Commonly unrecognized and often inadequately treated, chlamydial infections can ascend the reproductive tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which often results in the devastating consequences of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. C. trachomatis infections are also known to increase the risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The obligate intracellular life cycle of C. trachomatis has traditionally required laboratory diagnostic tests that are technically demanding, labor-intensive, expensive, and difficult to access. In spite of these historical challenges, however, laboratory diagnosis of C. trachomatis has been a rapidly advancing area in which there is presently a wide array of commercial diagnostic technologies, costs, manufacturers. This review describes and compares the diagnostic methods for C. trachomatis infection that are currently approved for use in the United States, including the newest DNA amplification technologies which are yet to be licensed for commercial use. Issues to consider in selecting a test for purposes of screening versus diagnosis based on prevalence, performance, legal, social, and cost issues are also discussed.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Shah ◽  
A Shrestha ◽  
N Adhikari ◽  
KP Pant ◽  
KS Khadka ◽  
...  

Background and Objectives: Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted organism and an important public health problem in the sexually active age group. Limited studies are found regarding the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in Nepal. Moreover, no study in Nepal reports the association of Chlamydia and HIV infection. The current study attempts to determine the burden of Chlamydia on HIV positive patients. Material and Methods: A total of 117 HIV positive patients visiting a HIV clinic in Kathmandu, were screened for Chlamydia infection. For this, Urine samples were collected and analyzed using the Multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique (MPCR) and Agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA isolation was performed using QIAamp DNA and Blood mini kit handbook protocol. Results: C. trachomatis was detected in 4.27% of the total 117 HIV patients. Out of positive cases 60% were males and 40% were females. However, Chlamydia is found more prevalent among females (6.89%) than in males (3.4%). Eighty percent of positive cases were asymptomatic. Conclusion: Chlamydia infection was found less commonly among studied patients and most of those cases were asymptomatic. So there is difficulty in timely detection of C. trachomatis and track the clinical sequel, which might be devastating. Hence, routine checkup is recommended for all suspected cases for timely management of the disease Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2013) Vol. 1 (2): 3-10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v1i2.9261


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Eastman ◽  
Sophia Liu ◽  
Jason D. Bell

AbstractProblemOur group has previously shown that baboons with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) have delayed clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Based on this result, we hypothesized that LNG results in changes to development of the immune response by epithelial and resident innate immune cells.Method of StudyUsing the end1 endocervical cell line or the THP.1 monocyte-like cell line, cells were exposed to increasing levels of progesterone (P4) or a dose of LNG representative of LNG in reproductive tract tissues of women with an LNG-IUS. Ct was used at an MOI of 1 and supernatants were collected for ELISA at 48 hours post-infection. Select nuclear receptors were inhibited to determine which receptor contributed to LNG-mediated immunosuppression.ResultsCervical epithelial cells infected with Ct expressed IL-1β when treated with vehicle control. P4 further increased IL-1β expression during Ct infection, while LNG decreased IL-1β expression. Treatment with the androgen receptor blocker ailanthone prevented LNG-mediated immunosuppression.ConclusionsLNG in the presence of increasing P4 suppresses IL-1β production in response to Ct infection in vitro. This appears to be mediated at least in part by the androgen receptor. This has implications for women with LNG-IUS at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.


Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Yoo-Jin Park ◽  
Myung-Geol Pang

Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to spermatozoa. They can also produce reactive oxidation species (ROS). While a moderate concentration of ROS is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation in cholesterol efflux, sperm–egg interaction, and fertilization, excessive ROS generation is associated with male infertility. Moreover, mitochondria participate in diverse processes ranging from spermatogenesis to fertilization to regulate male fertility. This review aimed to summarize the roles of mitochondria in male fertility depending on the sperm developmental stage (from male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract). Moreover, mitochondria are also involved in testosterone production, regulation of proton secretion into the lumen to maintain an acidic condition in the epididymis, and sperm DNA condensation during epididymal maturation. We also established the new signaling pathway using previous proteomic data associated with male fertility, to understand the overall role of mitochondria in male fertility. The pathway revealed that male infertility is associated with a loss of mitochondrial proteins in spermatozoa, which induces low sperm motility, reduces OXPHOS activity, and results in male infertility.


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