Review of Immunohistochemistry Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.799025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Tuan Trong Luu

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

High Rate ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Diagnostic Efficacy ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Diagnostic Modalities ◽

Cancer Tissues ◽

Insight Into

Pancreatic cancer is one of the cancer types with poor prognosis and high rate of mortality. Diagnostic modalities for early detection of pancreatic cancer have been among the academic concerns. On account of the potential role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) biomarkers in overcoming certain limitations of imaging diagnostic tools in discriminating pancreatic cancer tissues from benign ones, a growing scholarly attention has been given to the diagnostic efficacy of IHC biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. This review will analyze and synthesize published articles to provide an insight into potential IHC biomarkers for pancreatic cancer diagnosis.

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Evaluation of serum ATX and LPA as potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with pancreatic cancer

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01635-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiang Chen ◽

Hongyu Li ◽

Wenda Xu ◽

Xiaozhong Guo

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Potential Role ◽

Early Stage ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Diagnostic Efficacy ◽

Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽

The Poor

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating disease that has a poor prognosis and a total 5-year survival rate of around 5%. The poor prognosis of PC is due in part to a lack of suitable biomarkers that can allow early diagnosis. The lysophospholipase autotaxin (ATX) and its product lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) play an essential role in disease progression in PC patients and are associated with increased morbidity in several types of cancer. In this study, we evaluated both the potential role of serum LPA and ATX as diagnostic markers in PC and their prognostic value for PC either alone or in combination with CA19-9. Methods ATX, LPA and CA19-9 levels were evaluated using ELISA of serum obtained from PC patients (n = 114) healthy volunteers (HVs: n = 120) and patients with benign pancreatic diseases (BPDs: n = 94). Results Serum levels of ATX, LPA and CA19-9 in PC patients were substantially higher than that for BPD patients or HVs (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of LPA in early phase PC was 91.74% and the specificity of ATX was 80%. The levels of ATX, LPA and CA19-9 were all substantially higher for early stage PC patients compared to levels in serum from BPD patients and HVs. The diagnostic efficacy of CA19-9 for PC was significantly enhanced by the addition of ATX and LPA (p = 0.0012). Conclusion Measurement of LPA and ATX levels together with CA19-9 levels can be used for early detection of PC and diagnosis of PC in general.

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The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9041063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kıvanç Görgülü ◽

Kalliope N. Diakopoulos ◽

Ezgi Kaya-Aksoy ◽

Katrin J. Ciecielski ◽

Jiaoyu Ai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Cancer Tissue ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Cancer Associated Fibroblasts ◽

Preneoplastic Lesions ◽

Pancreatic Cancer Tissue ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Initiation Stage

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancer types urgently requiring effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy occurs in several compartments of pancreatic cancer tissue including cancer cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and immune cells where it can be subjected to a multitude of stimulatory and inhibitory signals fine-tuning its activity. Therefore, the effects of autophagy on pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression differ in a stage and context dependent manner. In the initiation stage autophagy hinders development of preneoplastic lesions; in the progression stage however, autophagy promotes tumor growth. This double-edged action of autophagy makes it a hard therapeutic target. Indeed, autophagy inhibitors have not yet shown survival improvements in clinical trials, indicating a need for better evaluation of existing results and smarter targeting techniques. Clearly, the role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer is complex and many aspects have to be considered when moving from the bench to the bedside.

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Current and Emerging Strategies for Prediction and Diagnosis of Prelabour Rupture of the Membranes: A Narrative Review

Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 5-17

Author(s):

Saadia Ghafoor

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Markers ◽

Potential Role ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Published Data ◽

Effective Management ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

Foetal Membranes ◽

Diagnostic Modalities

Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to the disruption of foetal membranes before the onset of labour, resulting in the leakage of amniotic fluid. PROM complicates 3% and 8% of preterm and term pregnancies, respectively. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective management to prevent adverse maternal- and foetal-outcomes. The diagnosis of equivocal PROM cases with traditional methods often becomes challenging in current obstetrics practice; therefore, various novel biochemical markers have emerged as promising diagnostic tools. This narrative review is sought to review the published data to understand the current and emerging trends in diagnostic modalities in term and preterm pregnancies complicated with PROM and the potential role of various markers for predicting preterm PROM (pPROM) and chorioamnionitis in women with pPROM.

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Head and neck cancer part 2: the patient journey

Dental Update ◽

10.12968/denu.2019.46.9.817 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (9) ◽

pp. 817-824

Author(s):

Stephanie Hackett ◽

Oliver Jones ◽

Despoina Chatzistavrianou ◽

David Newsum

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck Cancer ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Neck Cancer ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Patient Journey ◽

Care And Support ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Insight Into

This is the second paper in a three-part series to discuss head and neck cancer diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Following a confirmed diagnosis of head and neck cancer, patients will begin a long and often challenging pathway that will involve clinicians from a multidisciplinary team (MDT). This paper will summarize the role of individual MDT members involved in patient care, diagnostic and treatment phases for head and neck cancer and common side-effects encountered. By gaining an insight into this part of the patient's journey, dental practitioners should feel more comfortable and confident engaging in the care and support for head and neck cancer patients. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper aims to provide readers with an insight into the journey that patients will undertake after being diagnosed with head and neck cancer.

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Circular RNAs: new genetic tools in melanoma

Biomarkers in Medicine ◽

10.2217/bmm-2019-0567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 563-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jamal Hallajzadeh ◽

Elaheh Amirani ◽

Hamed Mirzaei ◽

Rana Shafabakhsh ◽

Seyyed M Mirhashemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Noncoding Rna ◽

Rna Binding ◽

New Technologies ◽

Rna Binding Proteins ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Microrna Sponge ◽

The Impact ◽

Insight Into

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. New technologies have resulted in major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and other cancer types. Recently, some studies have investigated the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in different cancers. CircRNAs are a member of long noncoding RNA family mainly formed through back-splicing and have a closed-loop structure. These molecules affect several biological and oncogenic cascades in diverse ways via acting as microRNA sponge, interacting with RNA-binding proteins and acting as a transcription regulator. In this review, we made an insight into the impact of circRNA dysregulation in the melanoma tumorigenesis based on the presented evidences.

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Emerging Role of Metabolomics in Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10100419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 419

Author(s):

Asia Saorin ◽

Emanuela Di Gregorio ◽

Gianmaria Miolo ◽

Agostino Steffan ◽

Giuseppe Corona

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Current Status ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Metabolic Alterations ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Specific Cancer ◽

Cancer Phenotypes

Ovarian cancer is considered a silent killer due to the lack of clear symptoms and efficient diagnostic tools that often lead to late diagnoses. Over recent years, the impelling need for proficient biomarkers has led researchers to consider metabolomics, an emerging omics science that deals with analyses of the entire set of small-molecules (≤1.5 kDa) present in biological systems. Metabolomics profiles, as a mirror of tumor–host interactions, have been found to be useful for the analysis and identification of specific cancer phenotypes. Cancer may cause significant metabolic alterations to sustain its growth, and metabolomics may highlight this, making it possible to detect cancer in an early phase of development. In the last decade, metabolomics has been widely applied to identify different metabolic signatures to improve ovarian cancer diagnosis. The aim of this review is to update the current status of the metabolomics research for the discovery of new diagnostic metabolomic biomarkers for ovarian cancer. The most promising metabolic alterations are discussed in view of their potential biological implications, underlying the issues that limit their effective clinical translation into ovarian cancer diagnostic tools.

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Endothelial Dysfunction and Neutrophil Degranulation as Central Events in Sepsis Physiopathology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22126272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 6272

Author(s):

Marta Martín-Fernández ◽

Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco ◽

Rocío Aller ◽

Hugo Gonzalo-Benito ◽

Pedro Martínez-Paz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

High Rate ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

Neutrophil Degranulation ◽

New Biomarkers

Sepsis is a major health problem worldwide. It is a time-dependent disease, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. In this sense, an early diagnosis is essential to reduce these rates. The progressive increase of both the incidence and prevalence of sepsis has translated into a significant socioeconomic burden for health systems. Currently, it is the leading cause of noncoronary mortality worldwide and represents one of the most prevalent pathologies both in hospital emergency services and in intensive care units. In this article, we review the role of both endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil dysregulation in the physiopathology of this disease. The lack of a key symptom in sepsis makes it difficult to obtain a quick and accurate diagnosis of this condition. Thus, it is essential to have fast and reliable diagnostic tools. In this sense, the use of biomarkers can be a very important alternative when it comes to achieving these goals. Both new biomarkers and treatments related to endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil dysregulation deserve to be further investigated in order to open new venues for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of sepsis.

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Comprehensive Analysis of the Transcriptional Expressions and Prognostic Value of S100A Family in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

10.21203/rs.3.rs-149466/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hong-Bin Li ◽

Jian-Li Wang ◽

Xiao-Dong Jin ◽

Lei Zhao ◽

Hui-Li Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Pancreatic Cancer Cell ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Cancer Tissues ◽

Refractory Malignancy

Abstract Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a treatment-refractory malignancy with poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify novel and valid biomarkers to predict the progress and prognosis of PDAC. The S100A family have been identified as being involved in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation progression of various cancer types. However, the expression patterns and prognostic values of S100As in PDAC remain to be analyzed. Methods We investigated the transcriptional expressions, methylation level and prognostic value of S100As in PDAC patients from the Oncomine, GEPIA2, Linkedomics, and cBioPortal databases. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expressions of S100A2/4/6/10/14/16 in four pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic cancer tissues from PDAC patients undergoing surgery. To verify the results further, immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of S100A2/4/6/10/14/16 in 43 PDAC patients’ tissue samples. The drug relations of S100As were also analyzed by using Drugbank. Results The results suggested that, the expression levels of S100A2/4/6/10/14/16 were elevated to PDAC tissues than in normal pancreatic tissues, and the promoter methylation levels of S100A S100A2/4/6/10/14/16 in PDAC (n = 10) were lower compared with normal tissue (n = 184) (P < 0.05). In addition, their expressions were negatively correlated with PDAC patient survival. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that S100A2/4/6/10/14/16 might be served as prognostic biomarkers for survivals of PDAC patients.

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Promising diagnostic tools for endometriosis given the pathogenic role of genetic factors

Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health ◽

10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-12-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

G.A. Ikhtiyarova ◽

◽

M.Zh. Aslonova ◽

Z.Sh. Kurbanova ◽

D.M. Kalimatova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Factors ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Pathogenic Role ◽

Endometrial Cells ◽

Keywords Endometriosis ◽

Depth Study ◽

Diagnostic Modalities

This paper discusses promising diagnostic modalities for endometriosis considering current ideas about the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of this condition. The hypotheses on pathogenesis and modern diagnostic approaches are addressed. The authors uncover the issues of genetic predisposition to endometriosis. The inhibition of tumor suppressor genes (CDKN2B, CDKN2 A, and ARF) and the activation of genes of early (embryonic) development of the female reproductive system (HOXA, HOXB, WNT4) lead to endometrial metaplasia. As a result, endometrial cells gain the ability to proliferate. The role of microRNA in the impaired regulation of the methylation of various genes associated with endometriosis is described. These factors specifically affect the course and clinical manifestations of endometriosis. Certain key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and whose synthesis is controlled by microRNA may be regarded as the diagnostic markers of endometriosis. Their in-depth study will identify novel therapeutic targets and promote the development of new non-hormonal treatment approaches to endometriosis. KEYWORDS: endometriosis, proliferation, endometrium, genes, polymorphism, diagnostic, epigenetics, microRNA. FOR CITATION: Ikhtiyarova G.A., Aslonova M.Zh., Kurbanova Z.Sh., Kalimatova D.M. Promising diagnostic tools for endometriosis given the pathogenic role of genetic factors. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(1):12–16. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430- 2021-4-1-12-16.

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