scholarly journals Effectiveness of Some Vitamins in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anureet K. Shah ◽  
Naranjan S. Dhalla
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Cation Transport ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Cellular Integrity

By virtue of their regulatory role in various metabolic and biosynthetic pathways for energy status and cellular integrity, both hydro-soluble and lipo-soluble vitamins are considered to be involved in maintaining cardiovascular function in health and disease. Deficiency of some vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, folic acid, C, D, and E has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular abnormalities whereas supplementation with these vitamins has been claimed to reduce cardiovascular risk for hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. However, the data from several experimental and clinical studies for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease due to vitamin deficiency as well as therapy due to different vitamins are conflicting. In this article, we have attempted to review the existing literature on the role of different vitamins in cardiovascular disease with respect to their deficiency and supplementation in addition to examining some issues regarding their involvement in heart disease. Although both epidemiological and observational studies have shown some merit in the use of different antioxidant vitamins for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, the results are not conclusive. Furthermore, in view of the complexities in the mechanisms of different cardiovascular disorders, no apparent involvement of any particular vitamin was seen in any specific cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, we have reviewed the evidence that deficiency of vitamin B6 promoted KCl-induced Ca2+ entry and reduced ATP-induced Ca2+-entry in cardiomyocytes in addition to decreasing sarcolemmal (SL) ATP binding. The active metabolite of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, attenuated arrhythmias due to myocardial infarction (MI) as well as cardiac dysfunction and defects in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-transport in the ischemic-reperfused hearts. These observations indicate that both deficiency of some vitamins as well as pretreatments with different vitamins showing antioxidant activity affect cardiac function, metabolism and cation transport, and support the view that antioxidant vitamins or their metabolites may be involved in the prevention rather than the therapy of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Madsen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic, studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Lipoprotein(a): An update on its role in human health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Amalia-Despoina Koutsogianni ◽  
Evangelos Liberopoulos ◽  
Alexandros D. Tselepis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
The Past ◽  
Causal Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Clinical Benefit ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Health And Disease

Over the past few years, there has been an undiminished interest on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. High Lp(a) levels have been proposed as an independent causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main question that remains to be answered, however, is the potential clinical benefit of Lp(a) reduction. This will contribute to the enrichment of our knowledge on the exact pathophysiological role of this lipoprotein. This narrative review aims to summarize currently available data on the structure, metabolism, and pathogenicity of Lp(a).

scholarly journals The Role of NT-proBNP as Prognostic Biomarker for Preeclampsia Complications: A Systematic Review Protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman Hilmi Asaduddin ◽  
Shafira Yasmine Anshari ◽  
Agni Shalha Ali ◽  
Ardhia Fefrine Indarta ◽  
Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Fetal Complications

Abstract Background There are two central dogmas between the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, the placental origin and the extra-placental origin. Recent findings found that women with a history of preeclampsia are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death because of cardiovascular disease. This finding leads to the extra-placental origin. During normal pregnancy, the maternal cardiovascular system undergoes modification. However, hemodynamic and vascular modification are disrupted in women who develop preeclampsia. NT-proBNP is a biomarker that indicates the disruption of the cardiovascular system and can predict the complication of preeclampsia. Based on that information, we would like to investigate the roles of NT-proBNP plasma levels in predicting maternal and fetal complications of preeclampsia women. Besides, we also investigate the roles of NT-proBNP plasma levels in predicting the severity and onset of preeclampsia women and the sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP plasma levels in preeclamptic women.MethodsWe designed and registered a study protocol for a systematic review. This study aims to investigate the roles of NT-proBNP plasma levels in predicting maternal and fetal complications of preeclampsia women. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy was used to structure our methodological approach and the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines in reporting the findings of this review. We will search literature in Hinari, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Scopus database. Then, we will search the grey literature in OCLC’s OAISTER. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies will be included in the analysis. Three reviewers will independently screen articles, extract data, and evaluate for quality and bias using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Studies were included according to the following procedures: (1) Identification, Duplication of articles and non-original research articles will be excluded; (2) Title and Abstract Screening, RCT and observational studies and focused on NT-proBNP levels in preeclampsia; (3) Full-text availability; and (4) Full-text screening based on PICO criteria. Each outcome is synthesized by a qualitative or narrative approach. The results will be divided into certain points, namely (a) Selection of the studies, (b) Characteristics of the Eligible Studies, (c) Data Extraction of the Eligible Studies, and (d) Risk of Bias Analysis Results.Discussion A systematic review of the role of NT-proBNP as predicting biomarkers for preeclampsia complications will be conducted. This study can help predict the severity, onset, and complication of a pregnant woman with preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Marco B. Morelli ◽  
Jessica Gambardella ◽  
Vanessa Castellanos ◽  
Valentina Trimarco ◽  
Gaetano Santulli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The potential beneficial effects of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have been investigated in a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess both clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin C in cardiac and vascular disorders, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases. Pitfalls and controversies in investigations on vitamin C and cardiovascular disorders are also discussed.

Autophagy in health and disease: focus on the cardiovascular system

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Mialet-Perez ◽  
Cécile Vindis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Autophagy Activity ◽  
Disease Focus

Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of lysosome-mediated protein and organelle degradation that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the last few years, specific functions for autophagy have been identified in many tissues and organs. In the cardiovascular system, autophagy appears to be essential to heart and vessel homeostasis and function; however defective or excessive autophagy activity seems to contribute to major cardiovascular disorders including heart failure (HF) or atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of cardiovascular autophagy in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

The Role of Folate, Antioxidant Vitamins and other Constituents in Fruit and Vegetables in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Epidemiological Evidence

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Eichholzer ◽  
Jürg Lüthy ◽  
Felix Gutzwiller ◽  
Hannes B. Stähelin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Intervention Trials

Evidence that fruit and vegetables may protect against coronary heart disease is accumulating. It is unclear which constituents of fruit and vegetables are responsible for this protective effect. Folate as a co-substrate in homocysteine metabolism may be important. An intake of about 400 mug folate equivalents/day seems to be required to achieve stable low homocysteine blood levels. Five of eight epidemiologic studies show significant inverse associations between folate and cardiovascular disease. These associations could be confounded by antioxidant vitamins and/or other substances. In trials examining an association between folate and cardiovascular disease such confounding must be excluded, before specific recommendations can be given. Observational studies suggest that vitamin C plays a role in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease, but there are no completed intervention trials of this vitamin alone. With regard to vitamin E two cohort studies point to cardiovascular benefits with the long-term use of supplements of at least 100 IU/day, but the results of controlled trials are inconclusive. There is some evidence from observational studies of an inverse association between beta-carotene and cardiovascular disease, particularly in smokers. Intervention trials do not support this hypothesis, rather, they suggest a possible harmful effect of beta-carotene supplements in smokers. Nevertheless, protective effects of beta-carotene and vitamin E in different dosages, durations of administration, or different combinations, are still possible. The last paragraph of this review discusses limitations of the present and priorities of future research.

The Role of Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) in Mental Health and Disease

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (422) ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Gregory
Keyword(s):  
General Term ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Crystalline Substance ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Water Soluble Vitamin ◽  
Erroneous Belief ◽  
Health And Disease

Shortly before the end of the last century, Eijkman observed that fowl receiving a diet of polished rice developed a disease which he believed to be of the same nature as human beri-beri. It was subsequently shown that this condition in fowl (polyneuritis gallinarum), and beri-beri in man, could both be cured by the addition to the diet of rice polishings or an extract prepared from them. In 1911, Funk obtained from rice polishings a crystalline substance capable of preventing or curing beri-beri, which he named “vitamine” in view of its evident importance to life, and in the erroneous belief that it had the chemical structure of an amine. Four years later, McCollum and Davis demonstrated that at least two such dietary factors were necessary for growth in rats—“fat-soluble A” and “water-soluble B”. Before long it was recognized that the latter factor had the properties of the antineuritic “vitamine“, and a number of similar organic compounds were discovered, which were essential constituents of the diet in minute quantities, and for which the general term “vitamin”, was agreed upon. For several years it was assumed that water-soluble vitamin B (contained in yeast, rice polish, liver, etc.) was a single entity, but in 1919 Mitchell noted that certain vegetables rich in the antineuritic principle had little power to promote growth, and in 1926 two fractions were distinguished, each essential for growth—thermolabile vitaminB1, containing the antineuritic principle (thiamin), and thermostable vitamin B2.

The endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular health and disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1209-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Millott ◽  
Elzbieta Dudek ◽  
Marek Michalak
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Set Up

The endoplasmic reticulum has an intricate network of pathways built to deal with the secretory and integral membrane protein synthesis demands of the cell, as well as adaptive responses set up for the endoplasmic reticulum to rely on when stressed. These pathways are both essential and complex, and because of these 2 factors, several situations can lead to a dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum and result in a dysfunctional cell with the potential to contribute to the progression of disease. The endoplasmic reticulum has been implicated in several metabolic, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, and renal diseases and disorders, and in particular, cardiovascular diseases. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular disease shows how the change in function of a particular microscopic organelle can lead to macroscopic changes in the form of disease.

scholarly journals Bone Cell Bioenergetics and Skeletal Energy Homeostasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C. Riddle ◽  
Thomas L. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Metabolic Properties

The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.

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