Effect of Intensity on Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Arterial Stiffness After Equated Continuous Running Training Programs

Background: It is well known that exercise training has positive effects on both cardiac autonomic function and arterial stiffness (AS). However, it is not clear that which exercise training variables, intensity or volume, or both, play a crucial role in this regard. This study investigates the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and AS in sedentary adult men.Materials and Methods: Notably, 45 males (age: 42 ± 5.7 years) were randomly assigned to a control (n = 15), HVMIT (n = 15), or LVHIT (n = 15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week on a treadmill at 50–60% of VO2max for 45–60 min, while the LVHIT trained at 70–85% of VO2max for 25–40 min. Both training protocols were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, pulse wave velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks.Results: Both protocols (i.e., HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the SD of normal sinus beat intervals (SDNN) and high-frequency (HF) bands (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks. Whereas the low-frequency (LF)-HF ratio decreased significantly in both training protocols (p < 0.05); however, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in LF and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Some measures of HRV and PWV were significantly correlated (r = 0.275–0.559; p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results show that the LVHIT protocol was more efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol after 12 weeks of continuous running training. Interestingly, changes in some HRV parameters were related to changes in PWV. Further studies should elaborate on the link between central and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations after continuous and intermittent training regimens differing in intensity.

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Endurance training intensity has greater effects than volume on heart rate variability and arterial stiffness adaptations in sedentary adult men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-317064/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Soltani ◽

Masoud Jokar Baluchi ◽

Daniel Boullosa ◽

Ali Daraei ◽

Karuppasamy Govindasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

High Intensity ◽

High Volume ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

High Intensity Training ◽

Adult Men ◽

Low Volume ◽

Intensity Training

Abstract Background: The current study investigated the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training and low-volume high-intensity training on heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness in sedentary adult men. Materials and methods: Forty-five males (age: 42± 5.7 yrs.) were randomly assigned into control group (n=15), high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) (n=15), and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) (n=15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week, on the treadmill at 50% to 60% of VO2max for 45 to 60 minutes, while the LVHIT trained at 70% to 85% of VO2max for 25 to 40 minutes. Both training programs were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks.Results: Both protocols (HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and High-frequency (HF) bands after 12 weeks (p ˂ 0.05). The LF/HF ratio decreased significantly in both training groups (p ˂ 0.05). However, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, the Root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT protocol (P ˂ 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in low-frequency (LF) and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that the LVHIT protocol is more effective and efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol.

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Eight weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training increases heart rate variability in sedentary postmenopausal women

American Heart Journal ◽

10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.024 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 147 (5) ◽

pp. e8-e15 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Radim Jurca ◽

Timothy S Church ◽

Gina M Morss ◽

Alexander N Jordan ◽

Conrad P Earnest

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise

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Exponential model for analysis of heart rate responses and autonomic cardiac modulation during different intensities of physical exercise

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.190639 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (10) ◽

pp. 190639

Author(s):

Lucas Raphael Bento Silva ◽

Paulo Roberto Viana Gentil ◽

Thomas Beltrame ◽

Marco Antônio Basso Filho ◽

Fagner Medeiros Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Linear Time ◽

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Recovery ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Sympathetic Hyperactivity ◽

Training Protocols

The aim of this study was to compare the heart rate (HR) dynamics and variability before and after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols with workloads based on treadmill workload at which maximal oxygen uptake was achieved ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . Ten participants performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to obtain oxygen uptake ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . All training protocols were performed on a treadmill, with 0% grade, and had similar total distance. The MICT was composed by 21 min at 70% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . The first HIIT protocol (HIIT-30 : 30) was composed by 29 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of s V ˙ O 2 max and the second HIIT protocol (HIIT-4 : 3) was composed by three repetitions of 4 min at 90% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . Before, during and after each training protocol, HR dynamics and variability (HRV) were analysed by standard kinetics and linear (time and frequency domains). The repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the HR dynamics, which characterizes the speed of HR during the rest to exercise transition, was statistically ( p < 0.05) slower during MICT in comparison to both HIIT protocols. The HRV analysis, which characterizes the cardiac autonomic modulation during the exercise recovery, was statistically higher in HIIT-4 : 3 in comparison to MICT and HIIT-30 : 30 protocols ( p < 0.005 and p = 0.012, respectively), suggesting that the HIIT-4 : 3 induced higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation during exercise in comparison to the other training protocols. In conclusion, HIIT-4 : 3 demonstrated post-exercise sympathetic hyperactivity and a higher HRpeak, while the HIIT-30 : 30 and MICT resulted in better HRV and HR in the exercise-recovery transition. The cardiac autonomic balance increased in HIIT-30 : 30 while HIIT-4 : 3 induced sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac overload.

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Heart rate response to exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness of young women at high familial risk for hypertension: effects of interval vs continuous training

European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/1741826711398426 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 824-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Emmanuel G Ciolac ◽

Edimar A Bocchi ◽

Julia MD Greve ◽

Guilherme V Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Familial Risk ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Hypertensive Disorder ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Response To Exercise

Exercise training is an effective intervention for treating and preventing hypertension, but its effects on heart rate (HR) response to exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of non-hypertensive offspring of hypertensive parents (FH+) has not been studied. We compared the effects of three times per week equal-volume high-intensity aerobic interval (AIT) and continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME) on HR response to exercise and CRF of FH+. Forty-four young FH+ women (25.0 ± 4.4 years) randomized to control (CON; n = 12), AIT (80–90% of VO2MAX; n = 16), or CME (50–60% of VO2MAX; n = 16) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) before and after 16 weeks of follow-up to evaluate HR response to exercise and several parameters of CRF. Resting, maximal, and reserve HR did not change after the follow-up in all groups. HR recovery (difference between HRMAX and HR at 1 minute of GXT recovery phase) improved only after AIT (11.8 ± 4.9 vs. 20.6 ± 5.8 bpm, p < 0.01). Both exercise programmes were effective for improving CRF parameters, but AIT was more effective than CME for improving oxygen consumption at the respiratory compensation point (VO2RCP; 22.1% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.008) and maximal effort (VO2MAX; 15.8% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.036), as well as tolerance time (TT) to reach anaerobic threshold (TTAT; 62.0 vs. 37.7, p = 0.048), TTRCP (49.3 vs. 32.9, p = 0.032), and TTMAX (38.9 vs. 29.2, p = 0.042). Exercise intensity was an important factor in improving HR recovery and CRF of FH+women. These findings may have important implications for designing exercise-training programmes for the prevention of an inherited hypertensive disorder.

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Aerobic Exercise Training and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.7.4.374 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 374-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Richard A. Boileau ◽

Edward McAuley ◽

Demetra Demetriou ◽

Naveen K. Devabhaktuni ◽

Gregory L. Dykstra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Exercise Program ◽

The Elderly ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Control Group ◽

Before And After

A trial was conducted to examine the effect of moderate aerobic exercise training (AET) on cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness. Previously sedentary participants, age 60-75 years, were randomly assigned to either AET treatment or a control group for 6 months. The AET consisted of walking for 40 min three times/week at an intensity that elevated heart rate to 65% of maximum heart rate reserve. The control group performed a supervised stretching program for 40 min three times/week. CR fitness was assessed before and after the treatments during a grade-incremented treadmill walking test. Both absolute and relative peak V̇O2 significantly increased (p < .01) in the AET group, whereas they decreased modestly in the control group. Maximum treadmill time increased significantly (p < .01) in the AET group relative to the control group. These results indicate that CR fitness as measured by peak V̇O2 modestly improves in the elderly with a moderate-intensity, relatively long-term aerobic exercise program.

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The effect of moderate versus high intensity exercise on heart rate variability in sedentary office workers

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v16i1.54348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

Vibha Gangwar ◽

Manish Kumar Verma ◽

Ritesh Singh Gangwar ◽

Nitin Ashok John ◽

Rajani Bala Jasrotia

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Exercise Training ◽

High Intensity ◽

High Intensity Exercise ◽

Office Workers ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Group I ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Background: Sedentary behavior is one of the leading modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Physical exercise exerts beneficial physiological effects on cardiovascular fitness. Different grades of physical exercise have different effects on cardiovascular health. Objective: To compare the effect of moderate and high intensity exercise training on heart rate variability (HRV) in sedentary office workers. Methods: This study was conducted on 40 healthy sedentary volunteers aged between 20-40 years of both the genders. Participants were distributed into two groups of 20 subjects each. Subjects of group I and group II performed moderate intensity and high intensity exercise respectively on bicycle ergometer for 12 weeks. Their 5- minute ECG recording was done by three channel physiograph, and frequency domain indices of HRV and heart rate (HR) were analyzed and compared before and after exercise training. Their blood pressure was also recorded and compared before and after exercise training. Independent sample t-test and paired sample ttest were used for statistical analysis. Results: HF, systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduced significantly after exercise in group II (p=0.015, 0.005, and 0.015 respectively) while HR and LF/HF ratio reduced in both group I and group II (p=0.000 for HR, and 0.034, 0.001 for LF/HF). The decrease in HR was greater after high intensity exercise than moderate intensity exercise (p= 0.025). Conclusion: Parasympathetic activity improves after moderate and high intensity exercise but improvement is more after high intensity exercise training. Therefore, high intensity exercise training is more beneficial than moderate intensity exercise training. J Bngladesh Soc Physiol 2021;16(1): 16-23

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Altered Arterial Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Young Smokers in Response to One-Bout of Aerobic Exercise: MICE vs. HIIE

Exercise Science ◽

10.15857/ksep.2020.29.3.307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 307-315

Author(s):

Jisun Hwang ◽

Ruda Lee ◽

Jin-Su Kim ◽

Moon-Hyon Hwang

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Augmentation Index ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Significant Group ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Young Smokers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on arterial stiffness, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in young smokers.METHODS: Young smokers (23.1 years & 7.2 pack years) were randomly assigned to either MICE (n=5) or HIIE (n=4) group. MICE was implemented at 70% of HRmax for 30 minutes. HIIE was performed at 70% and 90% of HRmax for 24 minutes. Central artery stiffness was assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), augmentation index (AIx) at pre and post-exercise, and 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 24 hours following the exercises. Cerebral blood flow was continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy technique before and during exercise, and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 24 hours following the exercises. Cognitive function was assessed by Stroop Color-Word test at pre-exercise, and 30 minutes and 24 hours following the exercises.RESULTS: There was no significant group by time interaction in cfPWV, AIx, cerebral blood flow (HbO2) level, and cognitive function. Compared with MICE, cfPWV was increased (p=.01) at 30 minutes but AIx was decreased (p=.02) at 1 hour following HIIE. When MICE and HIIE combined, arterial stiffness and cerebral blood flow measures, and cognitive function parameters were improved following even one-bout of exercise (p≤.049). Change in AIx was associated with change in cognitive function at 30 minutes following the exercises (r=.69, p=.06).CONCLUSIONS: Even one-bout of either MIIE or HIIT acutely improves aortic wave reflection, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in young smokers. The intensity of aerobic exercise does not seem to make meaningful differences in the positive effects on arterial stiffness, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive function in young smokers if both exercises have the same volume.

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Impact of Moderate Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability in Obese Adults

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology ◽

10.31189/2165-7629-10.1.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19

Author(s):

Breanna L. Davidson ◽

Kristen A. Byrne ◽

Brittany L. Rood ◽

Elizabeth S. Edwards ◽

Jeremy D. Akers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Exercise Training ◽

High Frequency ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Frequency Component ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Postexercise Recovery

ABSTRACT Background: Exercise has been shown to improve heart rate variability (HRV) at rest in healthy subjects. HRV response during and immediately after acute exercise in obese individuals following aerobic exercise training has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training on HRV during acute exercise and active postexercise recovery in obese individuals. Methods: Eleven obese individuals (5 men, 6 women; body mass index = 39.2 ± 6.3 kg·m−2] underwent 12 weeks of exercise training at 60% of predicted VO2max, determined via a submaximal treadmill test. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. HRV was measured during the final minute in each exercise stage and in recovery and analyzed with Kubios HRV software. Results: Predicted VO2max (baseline: 28.2 ± 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 and posttraining: 27.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, P > 0.05) was unchanged and body fat % decreased (46.2% ± 2.2 vs 45.5% ± 7.2, respectively). Initial stage heart rate and postexercise recovery heart rate was lower after training. The high frequency component was greater during the initial exercise stage after training. The low frequency component and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability were greater during the final exercise stage after training. During cooldown, the root-mean-square of differences between adjacent RR intervals and high frequency normalized units were greater after training. Conclusion: HRV markers were improved during acute exercise stage and active recovery in obese individuals following 12 weeks of moderate intensity exercise training. These results suggest improvements in autonomic function can be seen with reductions in adiposity, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness changes in obese adults.

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Exercise training of dogs with myxomatous valve disease

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-9230 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 325-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.A. Valandro ◽

J.P.E. Pascon ◽

D.T.P. Pereira ◽

M.L.A. Mistieri

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Exercise Training ◽

High Frequency ◽

Training Group ◽

Valve Disease ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Control Group ◽

Maximum Heart Rate ◽

The Time Domain ◽

And Training

ABSTRACT The present study has the objective of evaluating the effects of exercise training, using moderate intensity walking (60 to 80% of maximum heart rate), from 30 to 50 minutes, three times a week, in alternate days, during eight weeks, on heart rate variability in dogs with myxomatous valve disease (MVD). For that, 20 dogs in stages B1 (1), B2 (14) and C2 (5) of MVD (ACVIM classification) were divided into untrained control group (CG, n=9) and training group (TG, n=11), and assessed at baseline (T0), after four (T1) and eight weeks (T2). Only one B1 and five B2 dogs completed the training program. In the time domain, the rMSSD was greater in TG in T1 (155,5+42,07) and T2 (199,8+83,54) than CG (T1:91,17+35,79 and T2:88,17+57,51). In the frequency domain, the variable High Frequency (HF) increased in TG in T1 (30950+25810) and T2 (40300+33870) when compared to the CG (T1:19090+23210 and T2:18810+22200) and within the group TG in T2 in relation to T0 (29340+20950). The proposed walking protocol is concluded to have increased the rMSSD and HF variables in TG, representing an increase of the parasympathetic tonus, justifying the indication of this therapy in B1 and B2 stages of MVD.

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The Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cardiology ◽

10.1159/000448088 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 136 (2) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Cecilia Ostman ◽

Daniel Jewiss ◽

Neil A. Smart

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Training Intensity ◽

Medline Search ◽

Intensity Training

Objectives: To establish if exercise training intensity produces different effect sizes for quality of life in heart failure. Background: Exercise intensity is the primary stimulus for physical and mental adaptation. Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE search (1985 to February 2016) for exercise-based rehabilitation trials in heart failure using the search terms ‘exercise training', ‘left ventricular dysfunction', ‘peak VO2', ‘cardiomyopathy', and ‘systolic heart dysfunction'. Results: Twenty-five studies were included; 4 (16%) comprised high-, 10 (40%) vigorous-, 9 (36%) moderate- and 0 (0%) low-intensity groups; two studies were unclassified. The 25 studies provided a total of 2,385 participants, 1,223 exercising and 1,162 controls (36,056 patient-hours of training). Analyses reported significant improvement in total Minnesota living with heart failure (MLWHF) total score [mean difference (MD) -8.24, 95% CI -11.55 to -4.92, p < 0.00001]. Physical MLWHF scorewas significantly improved in all studies (MD -2.89, 95% CI -4.27 to -1.50, p < 0.00001). MLWHF total score was significantly reduced after high- (MD -13.74, 95% CI -21.34 to -6.14, p = 0.0004) and vigorous-intensity training (MD -8.56, 95% CI -12.77 to -4.35, p < 0.0001) but not moderate-intensity training. A significant improvement in the total MLWHF score was seen after aerobic training (MD -3.87, 95% CI -6.97 to -0.78, p = 0.01), and combined aerobic and resistance training (MD -9.82, 95% CI -15.71 to -3.92, p = 0.001), but not resistance training. Conclusions: As exercise training intensity rises, so may the magnitude of improvement in quality of life in exercising patients. Aerobic-only or combined aerobic and resistance training may offer the greatest improvements in quality of life.

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