Effect of Intensity on Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Arterial Stiffness After Equated Continuous Running Training Programs

Background: It is well known that exercise training has positive effects on both cardiac autonomic function and arterial stiffness (AS). However, it is not clear that which exercise training variables, intensity or volume, or both, play a crucial role in this regard. This study investigates the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and AS in sedentary adult men.Materials and Methods: Notably, 45 males (age: 42 ± 5.7 years) were randomly assigned to a control (n = 15), HVMIT (n = 15), or LVHIT (n = 15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week on a treadmill at 50–60% of VO2max for 45–60 min, while the LVHIT trained at 70–85% of VO2max for 25–40 min. Both training protocols were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, pulse wave velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks.Results: Both protocols (i.e., HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the SD of normal sinus beat intervals (SDNN) and high-frequency (HF) bands (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks. Whereas the low-frequency (LF)-HF ratio decreased significantly in both training protocols (p < 0.05); however, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in LF and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Some measures of HRV and PWV were significantly correlated (r = 0.275–0.559; p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results show that the LVHIT protocol was more efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol after 12 weeks of continuous running training. Interestingly, changes in some HRV parameters were related to changes in PWV. Further studies should elaborate on the link between central and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations after continuous and intermittent training regimens differing in intensity.

Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to a Western Diet and Wheel-Running Training on Brain Energy Metabolism in Female Rats

Background: In the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders (e.g., neurodegenerative), an important role is attributed to an unhealthy lifestyle affecting brain energy metabolism. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases is getting increasing attention. Methods: We performed a series of assessments in adult female Long Evans rats subjected to 6 weeks of Western diet feeding and wheel-running training. A control group of lean rats was fed with a standard diet. In all experimental groups, we measured physiological parameters (animal weights, body composition, serum metabolic parameters). We assessed the impact of simultaneous exposure to a Western diet and wheel running on the cerebrocortical protein expression (global proteomic profiling), and in the second part of the experiment, we measured the cortical levels of protein related to brain metabolism (Western blot). Results: Western diet led to an obese phenotype and induced changes in the serum metabolic parameters. Wheel running did not reduce animal weights or fat mass but significantly decreased serum glucose level. The global proteome analysis revealed that the altered proteins were functionally annotated as they were involved mostly in metabolic pathways. Western blot analysis showed the downregulation of the mitochondrial protein—Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 9, hexokinase 1 (HK1)—enzyme involved in principal glucose metabolism pathways and monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2). Wheel running reversed this decline in the cortical levels of HK1 and MCT2. Conclusion: The cerebrocortical proteome is affected by a combination of physical activity and Western diet in female rats. An analysis of the cortical proteins involved in brain energy metabolism provides a valuable basis for the deeper investigation of changes in the brain structure and function induced by simultaneous exposure to a Western diet and physical activity.

Research on intelligent analysis of running sports training performance based on artificial intelligence

With the increasing awareness of human beings in the pursuit of human health, running in sports has become a fashionable and healthy first choice. The research uses artificial intelligence technology to conduct intelligent analysis when running training, and aims at the use of artificial intelligence technology. Artificial intelligence technology can accurately analyze and predict the application requirements of sports training postures. We proposed a set of sports posture analysis and predict system to design in this paper. It uses the running training record data in the watch heart rate and GPS smart sports watch, and uses Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long and short-term memory (LSTM) and Gate recursive unit (GRU) that three types of neural network models to predict whether the road race can be in the conference. And confirm it will be completed within the scheduled closing time, and it will also perform intelligent analysis of physical fitness (heart rate, pace) and running technology (cadence, pace). The training and test data for this study are the running training records from (Running distance, time, heart rate, stride frequency, stride length, pace, calories, altitude and other characteristic values) as input parameters to test and compare the running completion time trend of RNN, LSTM, GRU neural network models in the exercise table predictive power. The results show predict accuracy is the best is GRU method, and the worst is LSTM method. After the hidden layers are added to the three predict models, RNN is slightly regressive, LSTM has a significant trend of improvement, and GRU is less obvious.

Effect of Parachute Running Training on 100 Meter Sprint Running Speed

This study aims to determine how much influence the parachute running exercise has on the 100-meter sprint running speed of class X MA Darul Ulum Waru Sidoarjo. This research is quantitative research with experimental method. The research design used was One Group Pretest and Posttest Design, namely experiments carried out in one group without a comparison group. While the sample in this study found 20 students at MA Darul Ulum Waru Sidoarjo. Results Based on the research, it is known that the minimum pretest value is 15.28, the maximum is 21.09, while the posttest value is at least 15 and the maximum is 16.72, while the sig. (2-tailed) in the experimental group is 028, so the value of sig (2-tailed) < 0.05, it can be said that Ho is rejected and accepted, it can be said that there is an effect on running training using Parachute Running on sprint running speed 100 meters (Students of Class X MA Darul Ulum Waru Sidoarjo). From the results of this study, it is hoped that running exercises using Parachute Running can be a reference as a variation of sprint running exercises so that they are not monotonous.Keywords: parachute running, 100 meter sprint.

Effect of Achilles Tendon Mechanics on the Running Economy of Elite Endurance Athletes

The Achilles tendon stores and releases strain energy, influencing running economy. The present study aims to verify the influence of the Achilles tendon tangent modulus, as a material property, on running economy by comparing two groups of elite endurance-performance athletes undergoing different running training volumes. Twelve athletes, six long-distance runners and six pentathletes, were studied. Long-distance runners had a higher weekly running training volume (116.7±13.7 vs. 58.3±20.4 km, p<0.05) and a better running economy (204.3±12.0 vs. 222.0±8.7 O2 mL ∙ kg−1 ∙ km−1, p<0.05) evaluated in a treadmill at 16 km·h–1, 1% inclination. Both groups presented similar VO2max (68.5±3.8 vs. 65.7±5.0 mL ∙ min−1 ∙ kg−1, p>0.05). Achilles tendon tangent modulus was estimated from ultrasound-measured deformations, with the ankle passively mobilized by a dynamometer. True stress was calculated from the measured torque. The long-distance runners had a higher maximum tangent modulus (380.6±92.2 vs. 236.2±82.6 MPa, p<0.05) and maximum true stress than pentathletes (24.2±5.1 vs. 16.0±3.5 MPa, p<0.05). The correlation coefficient between tangent modulus at larger deformations was R=–0.7447 (p<0.05). Quantifying tendon tissue adaptations associated with different running training volumes will support subject and modality-specific workouts prescription of elite endurance athletes.

Long-distance running training system based on inertial sensor network

Long-distance running is an advantage of Chinese sports, but compared with the world level, there is still a big gap. Therefore, an advanced long-distance running training system is urgently needed to scientifically train our long-distance runners to change this situation. The purpose of this article is to study the long-distance running training system under inertial sensor network. According to the actual situation at home and abroad, a human gait analysis system based on inertial sensors is designed. Gait parameters are transformed into clinical medicine through related algorithms and software platforms. Experimental results show that although the step length calculated by the gait analysis system is different from the actual step length, the error value is small, kept below 3 cm, and the error percentage is less than 2%, which meets the accuracy requirements of gait analysis. This fully proves the feasibility of the zero-speed correction method in gait analysis.

Deep-water running training at moderate intensity and high intensity improves pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial

Objective: The present study aimed to verify the influence of training intensity in the aquatic environment on pain, disability, physical capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain. Design/Setting: A randomized clinical trial. Subjects: Twenty-two patients with chronic low back pain of both sexes (13 women and 9 men) participated in the study. Material and method: One group performed deep-water walking/running training at moderate intensity (MIT) and a second group performed deep-water walking/running training at high intensity (HIT). Pain, disability, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and quality of life were assessed before and after an intervention. Results: Decreases in pain and disability were observed within both groups, without differences in these parameters between training groups. VO2peak did not change in either group after the training intervention. The results of the HIT group showed more significant improvements in quality of life than that of the MIT group, highlighting the social domain, psychological domain, and general quality of life. Both groups presented significant improvements in the physical and environmental domains of quality of life. Conclusions: Deep-water aerobic exercise training seems to be effective for improving pain symptoms and reducing the disability of people with chronic low back pain. These improvements seem to be independent of the intensity at which the training is performed. In addition, improving pain and disability does not directly reflect all areas of quality of life. In this case, the group that performed the intervention at high intensity achieved more significant improvements in quality of life.