scholarly journals Effectors of Plant Necrotrophic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Shao ◽  
Damon L. Smith ◽  
Mehdi Kabbage ◽  
Mitchell G. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Genetic Intervention ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Functional Context ◽  
Necrotrophic Effectors

Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction and deployed by pathogens to facilitate plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Compared to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, effector biology is poorly understood for necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Recent bioinformatics advances have accelerated the prediction and discovery of effectors from necrotrophic fungi, and their functional context is currently being clarified. In this review we examine effectors utilized by necrotrophic fungi and hemibiotrophic fungi in the latter stages of disease development, including plant cell death manipulation. We define “effectors” as secreted proteins and other molecules that affect plant physiology in ways that contribute to disease establishment and progression. Studying and understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is critical for identifying avenues of genetic intervention that could lead to improved resistance to these pathogens in plants.

Morphological and molecular based identification of Antifungal bacillus licheniformis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
B Oyuntogtokh ◽  
M Byambasuren
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Bacterial Cultures

At present, plant diseases caused by soil borne plant pathogens have major constraints on crop production. Which include genera Fusarium spp, Phytophtora spp, Sclerotinia and Altenaria. Due to this reason, chemical fungicides are routinely used to control plant disease, which is also true in Mongolian case. However, use of these chemicals has caused various problems including environmental pollution with consequence of toxicity to human health also resistance of some pathogens to these fungicides are present. Fortunately, an alternative method to reduce the effect of these plant pathogens is the use of antagonist microorganisms. Therefore, some species of the genus Bacillus are recognized as one of the most effective biological control agent.Our research was focused to isolate Bacillus licheniformis, with antifungal potential, from indigenous sources. In the current study, 28 bacterial cultures were isolated from soil and fermented mare’s milk also named as koumiss. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified according to simplified key for the tentative identification of typical strain of Bacillus species. As a result 8 strains were positive and further screened for antifungal activity against Fusarium spp and Alternaria solani. Out of these 8 strains 5 strains are selected based on their high effectiveness against fungal pathogens and for further confirmation Polymerase Chain reaction run for effective bacterial strains using specific primers B.Lich-f and B.Lich-r. 

scholarly journals Incidence and management of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides canker on Jatropha curcas L. in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1811-1814
Author(s):  
J.O. Nwogwugwu ◽  
A.A. Batcho ◽  
I Time
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of fungal pathogens on man is enormous, stretching from infecting humans to destroying a third of all food crops annually thereby causing economic losses and impacting global poverty. As a result, fungal disease incidence was assessed under natural field infection and data were collected randomly from 12 months old jatropha seedlings with cankers. Colletotrichum spp. isolated from the diseased sampled were interacted with known fungi and bacteria biocontrol agents. The experiment was carried out on completely randomized design (CRD) in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and statistically different means were separated using LSD (p≤0.05). The dual culture interaction proved that all the BCA used, possessed antagonistic potential, and could serve best for prophylactic protection. Plant diseases may be suppressed by the activities of one or more plant-associated microbes hence keeping them in check below threshold levels. This will help to maintain the quality and abundance of food, thereby mitigating hunger. Negative environmental consequences caused by excessive use and misuse of agrochemicals, requires that healthier and costeffective approaches to disease management should be adopted. Keywords: Biodiesel; Agrochemicals; Biocontrol agent; Dual culture; Pathogens

scholarly journals Engineering of Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein as an Ecological, Friendly, and Non-toxic Pest Control Agent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Chiu ◽  
Anita Behari ◽  
Justin Chartron ◽  
Alexander Putman ◽  
Yanran Li
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Function Correlation ◽  
Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Fungal pathogens cause extensive plant diseases that damage crop production in the agricultural industry, resulting in annual crop loss, diminished food security, and historically significant epidemics. Though effective fungicides are available, their risks to the environment and animal health have increased the demand for more sustainable methods to control fungal pathogens. In plants, polygalacturonic-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play critical roles for resistance to fungal disease by inhibiting the pectin-depolymerizing activity of endopolygalacturonases (PGs), one type of enzyme secreted by pathogens that compromise plant cell walls and leave the plant susceptible to disease. Here, the interactions between PGIPs from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP1 and PvPGIP2) and PGs from Aspergillus niger (AnPG2), Botrytis cinerea (BcPG1, BcPG2), and Fusarium moniliforme (FmPG3) were reconstituted through a yeast two hybrid (Y2H) system to investigate the inhibition efficiency of various PvPGIP1 and 2 truncations and mutants. We found that tPvPGIP2_5-8, which contains LRR5 to LRR8 and is of only one-third the size of the full-length peptide, exhibits the same level of interactions with AnPG and BcPGs as the full length PvPGIP2 via Y2H. The inhibitory activities of tPvPGIP2_5-8 on the growth of A. niger were then examined and confirmed on pectin agar. Application of both full length PvPGIP2 and tPvPGIP2_5-8 clearly slows down the growth of A. niger and B. cinerea in the presence of pectin. The investigation on the sequence-function correlation of PvPGIP2 suggests that LRR5 could have the most essential structural feature for the inhibitory activities, and may be a possible target for the future engineering of PGIP with enhanced activity. This work highlights the potential of using plant-derived PGIPs as an exogenously applied fungal control agent both to plants and postharvest crops while minimally impacting the environment and human health.

scholarly journals Plant–Pathogen Molecular Dialogue: Evolution, Mechanisms and Agricultural Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211
Author(s):  
E. E. Khavkin
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Pathogen Virulence

Abstract Plant diseases persistently challenge sustainable crop production worldwide. The most economical and eco-friendly way to effectively deal with this problem is to breed new cultivars with stable and durable resistance. Current progress towards this goal has been reinforced by considerable advancements in the molecular studies of pathogens and host plants. These advancements have greatly benefited from recently developed methods to research into gene structure and activity, especially the “omics” technologies. These steps forward are vividly represented by the case of late blight, which is economically the most important disease of potato and tomato (Solanum L.). Late blight became a popular model of multidimensional plant-microbe interactions, and newly obtained molecular evidence has considerably reshaped both our vision of plant–pathogen molecular dialogue and our approach to mitigating this disease. Drawing on recent publications, this review will focus on genome of the causal agent of disease, the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, and its already characterized genes of virulence, with particular emphasis on their evolution, which underlines the exceptional genetic and phenotypic plasticity of this pathogen. Specially highlighted is the diversity of the immediate tools of virulence—effectors, which interact with potato target molecules, alter host physiology and facilitate plant colonization. Turning to plant defense barriers, the reviewer elaborates on the polymorphism and evolution of Solanum genes providing for plant resistance to P. infestans. The repertoire of P. infestans virulence genes in agrocenoses and the diversity of resistance genes in potato wild relatives are explored as regards the agriculture-oriented implementation of new molecular knowledge. The multifaceted approach to late blight combines the search for new resistance genes in genetic collections, the characterization of their function and stacking these genes in potato cultivars in order to breed new donors of long-lasting and durable resistance together with express assessment of pathogen virulence genes.

scholarly journals Proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors in fungal virulence

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kar-Chun Tan ◽  
Richard P. Oliver ◽  
Peter S. Solomon ◽  
Caroline S. Moffat
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Necrotrophic Effectors ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Shed Light

The host–pathogen interface can be considered as a biological battlefront. Molecules produced by both the pathogen and the host are critical factors determining the outcome of the interaction. Recent studies have revealed that an increasing number of necrotrophic fungal pathogens produce small proteinaceous effectors that are able to function as virulence factors. These molecules can cause tissue death in host plants that possess dominant sensitivity genes, leading to subsequent pathogen colonisation. Such effectors are only found in necrotrophic fungi, yet their roles in virulence are poorly understood. However, several recent key studies of necrotrophic effectors from two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pathogens, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. and Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castell. & Germano, have shed light upon how these effector proteins serve to disable the host from the inside out.

scholarly journals GISTECHNOLOGY FOR THE MONITORING OF SHARKA DISEASE IN THE ODESSA REGION

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
S. Pavlova ◽  
O. Stakhurska ◽  
I. Budzanivska ◽  
V. Polischuk
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Fruit Cultivation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sharka Disease

Plant virus causes many important plant diseases and are responsible for huge losses in crop production and quality in all parts of the world, and consequently, agronomists and plant pathologists have devoted considerable effort toward controlling virus diseases. One the most important virus on many Prunus species, causing great economic losses is Plum pox virus (PPV),casual agent of Sharka disease. Since its discovery, Sharka has been considered as a calamity in stone orchards. The virus has been detected in almost every country where any significant commercial stone fruit cultivation occurs [1]. The virus is entered into the list of regulated pests common in Ukraine. In Ukraine, the total area of PPV spread totals 4013,2764 ha. In Odessa region, 18.5 ha districts are in PPV quarantine. Six hotbeds of PPV infection totalling 28 hectares were found in Odessa region. For the first time in Odessa region, PPV was found on cherry trees. Peach and plum trees are hit equally. In this study, we use geographic information systems technology to identify potential locations in a Odessa region for controlling the spread of Plum pox virus. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to employ GIS technology for controlling plant diseases in Ukraine. Provided it is properly maintained, the geospatial data, and the ability to generate detailed maps with it, is key to the success of PPV containment. Information management will be a key to improving for controlling the spread of Plum pox virus.

scholarly journals Determination of Specific Parameters for Early Detection of Botrytis cinerea in Lettuce

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Lina Dėnė ◽  
Simona Chrapačienė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Leaf Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Indices

In horticulture, the demand for efficient farming processes and food industries increases rapidly. Plant diseases cause severe crop production and economic losses. Therefore, early detection and identification of the diseases in plants are critical. This study aimed to determine the specific parameters for early detection of Botrytis cinerea in lettuce. The lettuce “Little Gem” was inoculated with B. cinerea isolate spore suspension and disc to evaluate the plant response to inner and outer infection, respectively. The non-destructive measurements of leaf spectral reflectance indices and biochemical compounds (phenols, proteins, DPPH, FRAP, chlorophyll, and carotenoids) were used to evaluate the plant physiological response to inoculation with B. cinerea after 12, 18, 36, 60, and 84 h. Our data showed that lettuce responded differently to inner and outer inoculation with B. cinerea. Therefore, the findings of this study allow for the inoculation method to be chosen to determine the early plant response to infection with B. cinerea according to specific leaf spectral reflectance indexes and phytochemicals in further research.

scholarly journals Fight Hard or Die Trying: Current Status of Lipid Signaling during Plant–Pathogen Interaction

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Sahil Mehta ◽  
Amrita Chakraborty ◽  
Amit Roy ◽  
Indrakant K. Singh ◽  
Archana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
The Impact

Plant diseases pose a substantial threat to food availability, accessibility, and security as they account for economic losses of nearly $300 billion on a global scale. Although various strategies exist to reduce the impact of diseases, they can introduce harmful chemicals to the food chain and have an impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and exploit the plants’ immune systems to control the spread of pathogens and enable sustainable agriculture. Recently, growing pieces of evidence suggest a functional myriad of lipids to be involved in providing structural integrity, intracellular and extracellular signal transduction mediators to substantial cross-kingdom cell signaling at the host–pathogen interface. Furthermore, some pathogens recognize or exchange plant lipid-derived signals to identify an appropriate host or development, whereas others activate defense-related gene expression. Typically, the membrane serves as a reservoir of lipids. The set of lipids involved in plant–pathogen interaction includes fatty acids, oxylipins, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. Overall, lipid signals influence plant–pathogen interactions at various levels ranging from the communication of virulence factors to the activation and implementation of host plant immune defenses. The current review aims to summarize the progress made in recent years regarding the involvement of lipids in plant–pathogen interaction and their crucial role in signal transduction.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Drimane-Amide Derivatives from Sclareol

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaofeng Ma ◽  
Jili Feng ◽  
Dezhi Wang ◽  
Shu-Wei Chen ◽  
Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Amide Derivatives

Aim and Objective: Plant diseases are caused by fungal pathogens lead to severe economic losses in many agriculture crops. And the increasing resistance of many fungi to commonly used antifungal agents necessitates the discovery and development of new fungicides. So this study was focused on synthesizing novel skeleton compounds to effectively control plant diseases. Materials and Methods: A series of drimane-amide derivatives were designed, synthesized by aminolysis reaction of amine with intermediate sclareolide which was prepared from sclareol. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectroscopic data. Their in vitro antifungal activity were preliminarily evaluated by using the mycelium growth rate method against five phytopathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Glomerella cingulata, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria brassicae, and Fusarium graminearum. Results: 23 target compounds were successfully obtained in yields of 52-95%. Compounds A2 and A3 displayed favorable inhibitory potency against B. cinerea, G. cingulata and A. brassicae with IC50 values ranging from 3.18 to 10.48 µg/mL. These two compounds displayed higher fungicidal activity than sclareol against all the tested phytopathogenic fungi, and were more effective than the positive control thiabendazole against A. alternate and A. brassicae. The structure-activity relationship studies of compounds A1-10 indicated that both the position and type of substituent on the phenyl ring had significant effects on antifungal activity. Conclusion: The drimane-amide derivatives A2 and A3 were the most promising derivatives and should be selected as new templates for the potential antifungal agents.

scholarly journals The fungal pathogens causing diseases in pines

Biologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Raitelaitytė ◽  
Arvydas Rutkauskas ◽  
Jana Radzijevskaja ◽  
Judita Žukauskienė ◽  
Svetlana Markovskaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Needle Blight

Fungal infections are the main cause of emerging infectious diseases in forest trees. Over the past decades, the number of invasive fungal pathogens in Europe has increased exponentially. In this paper the  fungal pathogens causing the  most common diseases in pines like Dothistroma needle blight, brown spot needle blight, Lophodermium needle cast, Scots pine blister rust, Scleroderris canker, and Pitch canker were analyzed. These diseases cause defoliation, increase susceptibility of plants to other diseases and pests, and tree mortality can also occur. As a result, the forest industry is suffering severe economic losses. The fungi species causing infection in forest trees have been described as serious pathogens across the  world including Europe, confirming a  fast spread of their ranges. Knowledge of pathogens distribution, life cycle and disease symptoms are essential for the diagnostic and control of pathogenic fungi. Human-driven species expansion has increased in the last century due to the growth of international travel and trade, resulting in huge disturbance to ecosystems. Most of the plant diseases are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Climate change has important consequences on plants, pathogens, and the interaction between them, resulting in changes on diseases epidemics. Fungal infections of plants are difficult to control because pathogens populations are variable in time, space, and genotypes. The potential damage in the future may be large, and that is why we have to be aware of the problems and discuss some possible approaches to reducing the threats.

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