scholarly journals The Complexity of Modulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway by Deficit Irrigation in Table Grapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Afifi ◽  
David Obenland ◽  
Ashraf El-kereamy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Coachella Valley ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Red Color

Deficit irrigation (DI) is an irrigation scheduling technique that is used in grapes to improve red color development; however, results are not always satisfactory in table grapes. The red color in grapes is mainly due to the plant pigment anthocyanin. In the present study, the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Scarlet Royal grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the San Joaquin and Coachella Valleys, and subjected to two different DI strategies was investigated. The objective of this study was to identify potential regulatory factors that may lead to potential treatments to improve red color in table grapes, especially under warm climate conditions. In both locations, DI induced the expression of several genes involved in three major pathways that control the red color in table grapes: anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and antioxidant system. DI at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation and enhanced red color in berries at harvest time. However, anthocyanin accumulation was lower at the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The lower level of anthocyanin was associated with lower expression of critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), myb-related regulatory gene (R2R3-MYB) (MYBA1), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) (MYCA1) and the tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat (WDR or WD40) proteins (WDR1). Further, gene expression analysis revealed the association of ABA biosynthesis gene 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO3), and the gibberellic acid (GA) catabolic gene GA2 oxidase (GA2ox1) in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis. An increase in the chalcone synthase gene (CHS2) was observed in response to DI treatments in both sites. However, CHS2 expression was higher in Coachella Valley after ending the DI treatment, suggesting the involvement of environmental stress in elevating its transcripts. This data was also supported by the lower level of antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activities in the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The present data suggested that the lack of grape red coloration could partially be due to the lower level of antioxidant activities resulting in accelerated anthocyanin degradation and impaired anthocyanin biosynthesis. It seems that under challenging warmer conditions, several factors are required to optimize anthocyanin accumulation via DI, including an active antioxidant system, proper light perception, and hormonal balance.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Enhances Up-Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3-Infected in vitro Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Leaves

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1606-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Hua Cui ◽  
Wen-Lu Bi ◽  
Xin-Yi Hao ◽  
Peng-Min Li ◽  
Ying Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

Reddish-purple coloration on the leaf blades and downward rolling of leaf margins are typical symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) in red-fruited grapevine cultivars. These typical symptoms are attributed to the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanins synthesis, and the accumulation of flavonoids in diseased leaves. Drought has been proven to accelerate development of GLD symptoms in virus-infected leaves of grapevine. However, it is not known how drought affects GLD expression nor how anthocyanin biosynthesis in virus-infected leaves is altered. The present study used HPLC to determine the types and levels of anthocyanins, and applied reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanin synthesis. Plantlets of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3)-infected Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ were grown in vitro under PEG-induced drought stress. HPLC found no anthocyanin-related peaks in the healthy plantlets with or without PEG-induced stress, while 11 peaks were detected in the infected plantlets with or without PEG-induced drought stress, but the peaks were significantly higher in infected drought-stressed plantlets. Increased accumulation of total anthocyanin compounds was related to the development of GLD symptoms in the infected plantlets under PEG stress. The highest level of up-regulated gene expression was found in GLRaV-3-infected leaves with PEG-induced drought stress. Analyses of variance and correlation of anthocyanin accumulation with related gene expression levels found that GLRaV-3-infection was the key factor in increased anthocyanin accumulation. This accumulation involved the up-regulation of two key genes, MYBA1 and UFGT, and their expression levels were further enhanced by drought stress.

scholarly journals Combined transcriptome and metabolome integrated analysis of Acer mandshuricum to reveal candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

AbstractThe red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin biosynthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals Low Temperature Promotes Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in the Seedlings of Purple Head Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong He ◽  
Yanjing Ren ◽  
Wenbin Zhao ◽  
Ru Li ◽  
Lugang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Temperature Induction

To elucidate the effect of low temperature on anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple head Chinese cabbage, we analyzed anthocyanin accumulation and related gene expression in the seedlings of purple head Chinese cabbage, white head parent Chinese cabbage, and its purple male parent under a normal 25 °C temperature and a low 12 °C temperature. Anthocyanin accumulation in purple lines was strongly induced by low temperature, and the total anthocyanin content of seedlings was significantly enhanced. In addition, nearly all phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway genes (PMPGs) were down-regulated, some early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) were up-regulated, and nearly all late biosynthesis genes (LBGs) directly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis showed higher expression levels in purple lines after low-temperature induction. Interestingly, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) gene ‘BrMYB2’ and a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) regulatory gene ‘BrTT8’ were highly up-regulated in purple lines after low temperature induction, and two negative regulatory genes ‘BrMYBL2.1’ and ‘BrLBD38.2’ were up-regulated in the white line. BrMYB2 and BrTT8 may play important roles in co-activating the anthocyanin structural genes in purple head Chinese cabbage after low-temperature induction, whereas down-regulation of BrMYB2 and up-regulation of some negative regulators might be responsible for white head phenotype formation. Data presented here provide new understanding into the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism during low temperature exposure in Brassica crops.

scholarly journals The Effects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression in Dark-Purple Tea Cultivar ‘Ziyan’ (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Liqiang Tan ◽  
Yao Zou ◽  
Xiaoqin Tan ◽  
Jiacheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
White Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Tea Cultivar

‘Ziyan’ is a novel anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar with dark purple young shoots. However, how its anthocyanin accumulation is affected by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV), remains unclear. In this study, we observed that UV light treatments stimulated anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Ziyan’ leaves, and we further analyzed the underlying mechanisms at gene expression and enzyme activity levels. In addition, the catechins and chlorophyll contents of young shoots under different light treatments were also changed. The results showed that the contents of total anthocyanins and three major anthocyanin molecules, i.e., delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin, were significantly higher in leaves under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-AB treatments than those under white light treatment alone. However, the total catechins and chlorophyll contents in these purple tea plant leaves displayed the opposite trends. The anthocyanin content was the highest under UV-A treatment, which was higher by about 66% than control. Compared with the white light treatment alone, the enzyme activities of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) under UV treatments increased significantly, whereas the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities reduced. There was no significant difference in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) activity under all treatments. Comparative transcriptome analyses unveiled that there were 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 29,648 genes in three pair-wise comparisons (white light versus UV-A, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-B, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-AB, W vs. UV-AB). The structural genes in anthocyanin pathway such as flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), F3′5′H, DFR, and ANS, and regulatory gene TT8 were upregulated under UV-A treatment; F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT and regulatory genes EGL1 and TT2 were upregulated under UV-AB treatment. However, most structural genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways were downregulated under UV-B treatment compared with control. The expression of LAR and ANR were repressed in all UV treatments. Our results indicated that UV-A and UV-B radiations can induce anthocyanin accumulation in tea plant ‘Ziyan’ by upregulating the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, UV radiation repressed the expression levels of LAR, ANR, and FLS, resulting in reduced ANR activity and a metabolic flux shift toward anthocyanin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Accumulation and Related Gene Expression Profile in ‘Red Zaosu’ Pear and Its Green Mutant

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Yunting Zhang ◽  
Shanlin Li ◽  
Xianjie Gu ◽  
Diya Lei ◽  
Bing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Green Mutant

Red-skinned pear is a promising commercial fruit due to its attractive appearance and nutritious value. Anthocyanin is the determinant of the red coloration of the pear peel. However, differences in anthocyanin accumulation exist among red pear cultivars with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we analyzed the anthocyanin content and gene expression patterns in the fruits and different tissues of the red pear ‘Red Zaosu’ at different developmental stages and found a difference in anthocyanin accumulation between ‘Red Zaosu’ pear and its green mutant. The data showed that the expression profiles of transcripts that encoded critical anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were basically consistent with a tendency to a decreased anthocyanin content during fruit development, indicating that a synergistic effect of these genes was responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed that they could be expressed in all tissues but at different levels. PbF3H, PbDFR, and PbANS were mainly expressed during the early flowering period, which explained the reduced levels of anthocyanin content in petals. Additionally, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 significantly decreased in the green mutant of ‘Red Zaosu’, suggesting that PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 probably play a decisive role in determining the skin coloration of ‘Red Zaosu’ and its green mutant.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Patterns and Related Gene Expression in Two Varieties of Red Pear

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
Zhiwei Deng ◽  
Hongwei Sun ◽  
Jiankun Song ◽  
Dingli Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Bud Sport ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Time Of Harvest

Red pear is a popular fruit that is appreciated for its attractive and distinctive appearance and mild flavor. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the red coloration of pear skin using the ‘Xinqihong’ cultivar—which was selected as a spontaneous bud sport mutant of the ‘Xinli 7′(Pyrus betulifolia Rehd.) variety and has a stronger red color that is retained in the mature fruit—as an experimental model. We compared the phenotype and gene expression patterns of the two varieties and found no significant differences at the early stage of fruit development. However, although the red color of ‘Xinli 7′ fruits began to fade 107 days after full bloom, that of ‘Xinqihong’ fruits persisted until the time of harvest. Transcriptome sequencing identified 639 genes that were differentially expressed between the two varieties, including genes related to light, calcium, and hormone signaling (e.g., PbPIF3, PbGA2ox, and the calmodulin related genes). Moreover, anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were downregulated as the red color of ‘Xinli 7′ fruits faded. These results provide insight into the molecular basis of color differences in red pears that can be useful for improving its fruit quality and commercial value.

Effects of pH stress on antioxidant system enzyme activities and gene expression of Fenneropenaeus chinensis

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun WANG ◽  
Jian LI ◽  
Jitao LI ◽  
Yuying HE ◽  
Zhiqiang CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Fenneropenaeus Chinensis ◽  
Ph Stress ◽  
Effects Of Ph

scholarly journals The Purple Leaf (pl6) Mutation Regulates Leaf Color by Altering the Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Contents in Rice

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Asadullah Khan ◽  
Sanaullah Jalil ◽  
Huan Cao ◽  
Yohannes Tsago ◽  
Mustapha Sunusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Morphological Marker ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Rice Mutant ◽  
Purple Coloration

The anthocyanin biosynthesis attracts strong interest due to the potential antioxidant value and as an important morphological marker. However, the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in plant tissues is not clearly understood. Here, a rice mutant with a purple color in the leaf blade, named pl6, was developed from wild type (WT), Zhenong 41, with gamma ray treatment. By map-based cloning, the OsPL6 gene was located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The multiple mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at −702, −598, −450, an insertion at −119 in the promoter, three SNPs and one 6-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR region, were identified, which could upregulate the expression of OsPL6 to accumulate anthocyanin. Subsequently, the transcript level of structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including OsCHS, OsPAL, OsF3H and OsF3′H, was elevated significantly. Histological analysis revealed that the light attenuation feature of anthocyanin has degraded the grana and stroma thylakoids, which resulted in poor photosynthetic efficiency of purple leaves. Despite this, the photoabatement and antioxidative activity of anthocyanin have better equipped the pl6 mutant to minimize the oxidative damage. Moreover, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokanin (CK) were elevated along with anthocyanin accumulation in the pl6 mutant. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of OsPL6 could be responsible for the purple coloration in leaves by accumulating excessive anthocyanin and further reveal that anthocyanin acts as a strong antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus play an important role in tissue maintenance.

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