scholarly journals Combining Organic Fertilizer With Controlled-Release Urea to Reduce Nitrogen Leaching and Promote Wheat Yields

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuyi Yang ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Ma ◽  
Qianjin Liu ◽  
Juan An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

Soil deterioration, low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and environmental risks caused by excessive chemical N fertilizer use are key factors restricting sustainable agriculture. It is extremely critical to develop effective N management strategies that consider both environmental and agronomic benefits. From 2017 to 2019, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of combinations of organic fertilizers (OF, provided at 30, 50, and 70% of the total applied N) and controlled-release urea (CU) on the NUE, N leaching and wheat yield compared with the effects of urea and CU. The results suggested that OF released N slowly in the early stage and showed a significant residual effect, while CU released N quickly in the first 2 months. The OF substitutes with 30–50% CU increased wheat yield by 4.2–9.2%, while the 70%OF+30%CU treatment showed no significant difference relative to the urea treatment. The average maximum apparent NUE recovery (50.4%) was achieved under the 50%OF+50%CU treatment, but the partial factor productivity was not affected by the N type. As the OF application rate increased, the total carbon content increased, and the total N value decreased. The NO3−-N and NH4+-N concentrations in the OF+CU treatments were lower before the jointing stage but higher from the grain-filling to mature stages than those in the urea treatment. NO3−-N and NH4+-N were mainly concentrated in the 0–60-cm layer soil by OF substitution, and N leaching to the 60–100-cm soil layer was significantly reduced. Hence, the results suggest that the combination of 30–50% OF with CU synchronizes absorption with availability due to a period of increased N availability in soils and proved to be the best strategy for simultaneously increasing wheat production and reducing N leaching.

scholarly journals Innovative Controlled-Release Polyurethane-Coated Urea Could Reduce N Leaching in Tomato Crop in Comparison to Conventional and Stabilized Fertilizers

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1827
Author(s):  
Luca Incrocci ◽  
Rita Maggini ◽  
Tommaso Cei ◽  
Giulia Carmassi ◽  
Luca Botrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
Coated Urea

Large amounts of fertilizers are being used in agriculture to sustain growing demands for food, especially in vegetable production systems. Soluble fertilizers can generally ensure high crop yields, but excessive leaching of nutrients, mainly as nitrate, can be a major cause of water pollution. Controlled-release fertilizers improve the nutrient use efficiency and lower the environmental hazard, usually without affecting the production. In this study, an innovative controlled-release coated urea fertilizer was compared to conventional nitrogen (N) fertilizers and a soluble ammonium-based fertilizer containing a nitrification inhibitor, in a round table tomato cultivation. Both the water and N balance were evaluated for each treatment, along with the yield and quality of the production. The experiment was repeated in three different seasons (spring, autumn and summer-autumn) in a glasshouse to prevent the effect of uncontrolled rainfall. The results indicated that N leaching decreased by increasing the percentage of coated urea. The application of at least 50% total N as coated urea strongly reduced N leaching and improved N agronomic efficiency in comparison with traditional fertilizers, ensuring at the same time a similar fruit production. Due to reduced leaching, the total N amount commonly applied by growers could be lowered by 25% without detrimental effects on commercial production.

scholarly journals Flora of spoil heaps after hard coal mining in Trzebinia (southern Poland): effect of substratum properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin W. Woch ◽  
Magdalena Radwańska ◽  
Anna M. Stefanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Spoil Heaps

Abstract - The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of spontaneous plant cover and the physicochemical properties of the substratum of spoil heaps of the Siersza hard coal mine in Trzebinia (southern Poland) abandoned in 2001. Floristic and soil analyses were performed in 2011. The substratum was very diverse in terms of texture (sand: 55-92 %, clay: 6-38 %), nutrient content (total C: 1.3-41.0 %, total N: 0.05-0.49 %, total Ca: 0.5-7.3 %) and pH (3.7-8.7). Moreover, total thallium concentration in the substratum was high, ranging from 6.0 to 14.6 mg kg-1. Plant cover varied from 50 to 95 %. The number of plant species per 4m2 varied from 6 to 29 and correlated negatively with total carbon content (r = -0.85, p < 0.01), and positively with sand content in the substratum (r = 66, p < 0.05). The highest number of species per area unit was observed on a humus substratum, where initial soil has developed on the part of carboniferous waste rock spoil under 20-30 year old trees, and the lowest on carbon shale with coal and culm. Among 197 plant species, most belong to Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae families. Hemicryptophytes (49%) and terophytes (18%) predominated. The investigated area was primarily colonized by native species spread by the wind. However, invasive alien species also had a significant share (8%) in the plant cover.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Properties of Activated Carbons Produced in a One-stage And a Two-Stage Process

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Bergna ◽  
Toni Varila ◽  
Henrik Romar ◽  
Ulla Lassi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Pore Size Distributions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage Process

Activated carbons (ACs) can be produced from biomass in a thermal process either in a direct carbonization-activation process or first by carbonizing the biomass and later on activating the biochars into activated carbons. The properties of the ACs are dependent on the type of process used for production. In this study, the properties of activated carbons produced in a one-stage and a two-stage process are considered. Activated carbons were produced by physical activation of two types of starting materials, biochars produced from spruce and birch chips in a commercial carbonization plant and from the corresponding raw chips. The activated carbons produced were characterized regarding specific surfaces, pore volumes and pore size distributions. The unactivated biochars had some degree of surface area and some porosity. According to the results obtained, two slightly different types of activated carbons are produced depending if a one-stage or a two-stage carbonization and activation process is used. The ACs produced in the one-stage process had higher specific surface areas compared to the ones produced in a two-stage process. In addition, total pore volumes were higher in one-stage process but development of micropores is greater compared to two-stage process. There was no significant difference in total carbon content between one-stage and two-stage process.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Nitrogen Release Patterns from Controlled-release Fertilizers by Nitrogen Leaching Analysis

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
N Release ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers ◽  
Leaching Pattern

Seven nursery grade (8-9 month duration), polymer-coated, controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) were topdressed or incorporated into a 2 peat: 1 vermiculite: 1 sand (by volume) medium to yield the same amount of N per container. The pots (0.5 L) were uniformly irrigated with DI water every week to produce a target leaching fraction of 25%. Leachate N contents (ammonium plus nitrate), employed as indicators of N release, allowed for comparison of CRF performance as a function of temperature changes over a season. Two distinct N leaching (i.e., release) patterns were observed over the 180-day experimental period. The fertilizers Osmocote 18-6-12FS (Fast Start: OSM-FS), Prokote Plus 20-3-10 (PROK), Osmocote 24-4-8HN (High N: OSM-HN) and Polyon 25-4-12 (POLY) exhibited a N leaching pattern that closely followed changes in average daily ambient temperatures (Tavg) over the season. This relationship was curvilinear, with N leaching rates per pot (NLR) being highly responsive to Tavg changes between 20 and 25 °C. Temperatures above 25 °C produced an average maximum NLR of 1.27 mg·d-1 for these fertilizers. OSM-FS, PROK, and OSM-HN had the highest cumulative N losses over the experimental period. In contrast, the CRF group formed by Nutricote 18-6-8 (270: NUTR), Woodace 20-4-12 (WDC), and Osmocote 18-6-12 (OSM) showed a more stable N leaching pattern over a wider range of temperatures, with rates about 30% to 40% lower than those in the temperature-responsive CRF, and averaging a maximum NLR of 0.79 mg·d-1 for Tavg >25 °C. NUTR and WDC had the lowest cumulative N losses over the season. Soluble salt readings paralleled N leaching for each CRF, indicating similar leaching patterns for other nutrients. Incorporation produced significantly higher cumulative N losses than topdressing, but without effect on the actual N leaching pattern over the season. Regardless of the N formulation in the CRF, over 85% of the N recovered in the leachates was in the nitrate form.

scholarly journals Assessment of Temporal Change in Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration Capacity With Land Use Land Cover Change Along the Metro Corridor in Kochi, India

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Irs P6 Liss Iv

Kochi is undergoing drastic environmental changes with the developmental activities. Kochi metro rail project is one among them. The present study focuses on the decrease in carbon sequestration capacity due to clearing of vegetation, especially trees and paddy fields for metro rail. Metro rail corridor extends to a length of 18.22 km with 16 stations. Total extent of the study area is 777.7 ha covering 200 m buffer zone on both sides of metro corridor. This study integrates analysis of satellite images using GIS along with carbon inventory data from field surveys. IRS P6 LISS IV satellite sensor images of 26th February 2013 and 5th February 2017 are used for the study. Ground-truthing is done for 25 sampling plots. The study showed a total reduction of 35.8 ha of vegetation area which is converted into built-up area. The total carbon content is reduced by 6877 tons in an area of 777.7 ha ie: 8.84t/ha on an average. Maximum reduction has occurred along the metro rail and station zones, where maximum numbers of gown up trees were removed.

scholarly journals Influence of variable biochar concentration on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions, Wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Saif-ur-Rahman ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
Shah Alam Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn important source of the destructive greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) comes from the use of ammonium based nitrogen (N) fertilizers that release N2O in the incomplete conversion (nitrification) of NH4+ to NO3ˉ1. Biochar has been shown to decrease nitrification rates and N2O emission. However, there is little information from semi-arid environments such as in Pakistan where conditions favor N2O emissions. Therefore, the object was to conduct field experiment to determine the impact of biochar rates in the presence or absence of urea amended soils on yield-scaled N2O emissions, and wheat yield and N use efficiency (NUE). The experiment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), had a randomized complete block design with four replications and the treatments: control, sole urea (150 kg N ha−1), 5 Mg biochar ha−1 (B5), 10 Mg biochar ha−1 (B10), urea + B5 or urea + B10. In urea amended soils with B5 or B10 treatments, biochar reduced total N2O emissions by 27 and 35%, respectively, over the sole urea treatment. Urea + B5 or + B10 treatments had 34 and 46% lower levels, respectively, of yield scaled N2O over the sole urea treatment. The B5 and B10 treatments had 24–38%, 9–13%, 12–27% and 35–43%, respectively greater wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield, total N uptake, and NUE, over sole urea. The biochar treatments increased the retention of NH4+ which likely was an important mechanism for reducing N2O by limiting nitrification. These results indicate that amending soils with biochar has potential to mitigate N2O emissions in a semi-arid and at the same time increase wheat productivity.

scholarly journals Optimized Nitrogen Application Increases Soil Water Extraction by Changing in-Season Maize Root Morphology and Distribution in Rainfed Farmland

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1606
Author(s):  
Liang Tang ◽  
Haoran Sun ◽  
Ruxiao Sun ◽  
Yinan Niu ◽  
Jingrong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Root Weight Density ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

The proper promotion of a deep root system is important for maize cultivation to improve water use efficiency in the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau. Here, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of combined controlled release urea and normal urea on root growth and water extraction of maize in dryland fields. Maize in the combined controlled release urea and normal urea treatment had greater root systems compared to those in the normal urea treatment and no N application treatment. Compared to the urea treatment, combined controlled release urea and normal urea advanced the root length density and root weight density in the 0–10 cm soil layer at R1 stage by 30.99% and 45.03% in 2016 and by 20.54% and 19.13% in 2017. The root length density also increased at the dent stage (R5) by 52.05% and 47.75% in 2016 and 2017, and root weight density increased by 19.58% in 2016. Combined controlled release urea and normal urea promoted production of fine roots and root distribution, as well as decreased soil water storage (SWS) in the deep soil layer at the R5 stage. The grain yield was positively correlated with root length density and root weight density in the topsoil layer at the silking stage (R1) and in the whole soil profile at the R5 stage, suggesting that better root system management is helpful for increasing crop grain yield. Therefore, this work demonstrates that combined use of controlled release urea and normal urea to higher crop yields might attribute to increasing water extraction by optimizing in-season maize root morphology and distribution in the rainfed farmland of the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals New Zealand made controlled release coated urea increases winter growth rates of Italian ryegrass with lower N leaching than uncoated urea

2008 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
P.A. Bishop ◽  
H.Y. Liu ◽  
M.J. Hedley ◽  
P. Loganathan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

In a field trial the application of 5 and 7% polyurethane coated controlled release urea, 10% dicyanodiamide coated urea and three x 50 split urea (SU) applications at 150 kg N/ha (150 N) increased winter pasture dry matter (DM) production of Italian ryegrass over the June-September period by between 1666 to 2240 kg DM/ha. These treatments also reduced nitrate leaching losses from 6.8 to 1 kg N/ha compared to urea (U). Keywords: controlled release urea, nitrogen utilisation, pasture, ryegrass

Green manure as a nitrogen source for wheat in the southeastern United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia B. Nelson ◽  
Larry D. King
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

AbstractInterest in developing more sustainable cropping systems has led to renewed interest in legumes as N sources for crops. We conducted a 2-year study to compare the effects of green manure, green manure plus fertilizer, and fertilizer on wheat yield and N leaching potential. In 1991–92, wheat following corn and receiving 0, 45, or 90 kg N/ha was compared with wheat planted after plowing the autumn regrowth of red clover/johnsongrass hay (supplemented with alfalfa) that supplied 107 kg total N/ha. In 1992–93, wheat following corn and receiving 90 kg N/ha was compared with wheat following hay regrowth that either received fertilizer N at 45 kg/ha or 90 kg N/ha or was supplemented with alfalfa (total of 123 kg N/ha). Yield with only green manure averaged 65% of yield with 90 kg N/ha. Yields with green manure plus 45 or 90 kg N/ha were not different from yield with 90 kg N only. The first year, soil to a depth of 30 cm declined from as high as 40 kg/ha in the fall to less than 10 kg/ha as wheat growth increased in the spring. In contrast, concentration averaged 20 kg/ha throughout the growing season. Trends in soil inorganic N were similar the second year. Profile nitrate distribution indicated a greater potential for N leaching with fertilizer than with green manure. Soil from the site was used in a laboratory incubation study to determine the rate of N mineralization from white clover at 10°C. An average of 80% of the clover N was recovered as soil inorganic N; however, in the field study, recovery (soil inorganic N in the 0 to 30-cm zone + Nin above-ground wheat biomass) was only 21%. Supplementing green manures with spring applications of fertilizer N could decrease the leaching loss without decreasing wheat yield.

Urea fertilizer forms affect grain corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Gagnon ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Cynthia Grant
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

Gagnon, B., Ziadi, N. and Grant, C. 2012. Urea fertilizer forms affect grain corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 341–351. Controlled-release urea may be a good management strategy to increase the efficiency of N fertilizers. In a 3-yr study (2008–2010) conducted on a clay soil near Quebec City, Canada, we compared the effect of polymer-coated urea (PCU), nitrification inhibitor urea (NIU), dry urea and urea ammonium nitrate 32% (UAN) on corn yield, plant N accumulation and soil NO3-N remaining at harvest. Corn was fertilized with urea and PCU at 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 in addition to an unfertilized control (0 N), and NIU and UAN at 150 kg N ha−1. Urea, PCU, and NIU were pre-plant broadcast whereas UAN was side-banded at the six-leaf stage of corn. Response to N fertilization occurred in all years, but the magnitude of the response varied with years. In wet years (2008 and 2009), PCU and NIU resulted in higher grain yield than urea, but the increase was greater for PCU (+0.8 to 1.6 Mg ha−1) than for NIU (+0.3 to 0.6 Mg ha−1). In a dry year (2010), no significant difference was found between urea, PCU and NIU. Yields and apparent N recovery were comparable for PCU and UAN except in the dry year, when plant N accumulation was much higher for the UAN treatment. At harvest, soil NO3-N was increased by PCU in all years. Economic analysis revealed that despite 30% higher cost, PCU gave comparable net returns at equivalent N rate than UAN in wet years. We conclude that controlled-release urea, particularly PCU, would be an additional option to farmers instead of sidedressed UAN application for fertilizing corn grown in eastern Canada.

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