Association of Socioeconomic Status and Overweight/Obesity in Rural-to-Urban Migrants: Different Effects by Age at Arrival

This study aims to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and overweight/obesity in rural-to-urban Yi migrants in China, and to explore whether the association varied by the age at arriving urban areas. The cross-sectional population-based data from the Yi Migrants Study in 2015 was used, which included 1,181 Yi migrants aged 20–80 years. Socioeconomic status was evaluated by education level, personal annual income, and a composited variable (socioeconomic status index, SESI). Measured weight and height were used to calculate BMI and to define overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2). The results suggested that the association of income and SESI with overweight/obesity was not significant when age at arrival (two groups, <20 and ≥20 years) was considered as a covariate. In the stratification analysis, reversed association was observed in the two groups of age at arrival. In migrants of <20 years of age at arrival, higher level of education and SESI were related to decreased risk of overweight/obesity. In contrary, in those of ≥20 years at arrival, higher socioeconomic status level was found to be related to increased risk. Our findings suggest that the effect of socioeconomic status on overweight/obesity was modified by the age at arrival in Yi migrants. Especially, the association between socioeconomic status and overweight/obesity was negative when migration before 20 years of age, and transfer to positive after 20 years.

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Disparities in prevalence of metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional analysis of Indian adults

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

C Joshi ◽

M Thanikachalam ◽

OI Bermudez ◽

K K H Chui

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Urban Areas ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Socioeconomic Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Usa

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of risk factors: central obesity, a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high levels of triglyceride, fasting glucose, and blood pressure. Individuals with MS have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. South Asians, including Indians, generally have higher rates, earlier onset, and severe forms of cardiovascular diseases and the associated risk factors compared to other ethnic groups. This study assessed the prevalence of MS in an adult South Indian population, and further examined socioeconomic, gender and rurality disparities. Methods We analyzed data from 7,697 adults aged between 20 and 76 years participating in the baseline PURSE-HIS study, a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in India in 2012. Socioeconomic status was derived from summary scores of three variables: family income, education and occupation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to find the association between behavioral risk factors and metabolic syndrome, after adjusting for age, sex, rurality and socioeconomic status. Results The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 36.3%, with significant gender difference (38.3% for women vs. 33.8% for men, P < 0.01). Women in semi-urban areas were twice as likely to have metabolic syndrome compared to men in urban areas (OR = 2.0, 95%CI:1.2 to 3.1, p < 0.01). Women in higher socioeconomic group were more than four times likely to have metabolic syndrome compared to men in lower socioeconomic group (OR = 4.2, 95%CI:2.3 to 7.6, p < 0.01). Conclusions The study emphasizes the need of preventative and curative interventions focused on low-socioeconomic populations, particularly women who reside in non-urban areas. The findings have important implications for the USA because there are 2.4 million foreign-born population from India, making it the second-largest immigrant group in the USA after Mexicans. Key messages Low socioeconmic population and women residing in non-urban areas are at higher risk for metabolic syndrome. Preventative and curative interventions focused on low-socioeconomic populations should be prioritized.

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Socioeconomic Status and The Prevalence of Melanoma in Ontario, Canada

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.2310/7750.2007.00001 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Aamir Haider ◽

Muhammad Mamdani ◽

Neil H. Shear

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Large Population ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Income Group ◽

Population Based ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Rural Residence ◽

Cross Sectional

Objective: To determine if an association exists between the prevalence of melanoma and socioeconomic status based on income gradients in a large population of over 12 million people in Ontario, Canada. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study using administrative health care databases was conducted. Individuals were divided into five income quintiles based on median neighborhood household income. A Mantel-Haenszel extension test was used to assess whether there was a gradient in the prevalence of melanoma across income groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine if median neighborhood income predicted the prevalence of a melanoma, independent of gender, age, and urban-rural residence status. Results: The study cohort consisted of 14,623 patients with melanoma. Between the lowest income group of $37,637 and the highest income group of $84,162, the prevalence of melanoma increased by 225%. Our study also identified an association between melanoma prevalence and rural residence. The overall prevalence rate was 30% ( p < .01) higher in rural areas compared with urban areas. Conclusion: A higher socioeconomic status and rural versus urban residence status appear to be significant risk factors for the development of melanoma in Ontario.

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IS HABITAT PATTERNING THE RISK OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG AO NAGAS?

Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X ◽

10.19085/journal.sijmas040301 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Imkongtenla Pongen ◽

Satwanti Kapoor

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Population Based ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Lifestyle Diseases

Introduction: An increased risk of lifestyle diseases in populations with rapid nutritional transition and urbanization, its patterning in urban-rural continuum with clusters of risk factors has been documented in various populations but there has been limited data on tribal population in India.Objective: To compare the distribution pattern of risk factors associated with lifestyle diseases among Ao Nagas residing in different habitats: city, town and villages in Nagaland, India.Methodology: Design: Population based cross-sectional study Setting: Delhi and Mokokchung town and its adjoining villages in Nagaland. Population: 1250 Ao Nagas, aged 20-49 years Protocol: WHO Stepwise approach to Surveillance of Non-communicable diseases (STEP1 and STEP 2).Findings: WHO STEP 1 risk factors,viz.,low physical activity and alcohol consumption; STEP 2 risk factor,viz.,overweight and obesity were significantly higher among city dwellers .Tobacco consumption (STEP 1 risk factor) was significantly higher among town dwellers. However, villagers were found to be significantly more hypertensive (STEP 2 risk factor) than their urban counterparts. Clustering of ≥ 3 risk factors for lifestyle diseases were more likely to be prevalent among the city dwellers as compared to town and village dwellers.Implications: This study calls for careful implementation of different strategies to combat the burden of lifestyle diseases in the population both in rural and urban areas considering a comprehensive approach integrated at the primary healthcare sector. Market penetration of smokeless tobacco products in town and villages should be a concern for the policy makers. Binge drinking and alcohol abuse in the population despite Nagaland been declared as a ‘Dry state’ warrants rigorous and timely health intelligence as prohibitive measures.

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Sex Differences in The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Rural China: An Updated Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-89500/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xuhua Ying ◽

Shuyue Yang ◽

Songtao Li ◽

Meifang Su ◽

Na Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Income Level ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lower Income ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and MS components as well as their association with socioeconomic status among rural Chinese adults.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 26836 participants aged 20 years and older was conducted from June to December 2012 in Yuhuan City, Zhejiang Province, China, which is located on Yuhuan Island. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for MS and their possible interactions.Results: Among 26836 subjects with an average age of 53.4±14.0 years, 59% were female. The overall prevalence of MS was 20.5%, and there was a significant sex difference in the prevalence (15.1% for males vs. 24.2% for females, p<0.001). Compared with males, females also showed a significantly higher proportion of most MS components. A significantly higher prevalence of MS was found among subjects who were elderly, had a lower income level, had a lower level of education, or were unemployed. Multiple significant interactions were observed between the prevalence of MS and sex, age or socioeconomic status (p<0.001). The risk of MS increased significantly with age in females but not in males. Additionally, a lower income level and a lower level of education were significantly related to an increased risk only in females, and unemployed males had a higher risk of MS than unemployed females.Conclusions: The prevalence of MS and its components was relatively high in a rural island Chinese population with rapid urbanization, and sex-specific associations between socioeconomic factors and MS were found. Targeted preventive interventions should be developed and implemented to prevent and control MS among those with a low socioeconomic status, especially females.

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Maternal depression and loss of children under the one-child family planning policy in China: a cross-sectional study of 300 000 women

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e048554

Author(s):

Hanyu Wang ◽

Eric Frasco ◽

Jie Shang ◽

Minne Chen ◽

Tong Xin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Maternal Depression ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The Elderly ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Only Child ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Live Births ◽

Child Group

ObjectivesThis study aims to explore the association between maternal depression and the loss of the only child under the family-planning (FP) policy.DesignCross-sectional data from a Chinese population-based study were analysed.SettingPopulation from 10 (5 rural and 5 urban) areas in China.ParticipantsAround 300 000 females were included in the study. The FP group was defined as women with one or two live births. Those with no surviving child were classified into the loss-of-only-child group. The non-FP group included women who had more than two live births. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and family types, after stratification and adjustment.OutcomeMDD was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory.ResultsThe odds of MDD are 1.42 times higher in the FP group in general (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.57), as opposed to the non-FP group. In particular, the odds of MDD are 1.36 times greater in the non-loss-of-only-child group (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.21 to 1.51) and 2.80 (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 0.88 to 8.94) times greater in the loss-of-only-child group, compared with the non-FP group. The associations between FP groups and MDD appeared to be stronger in the elderly population, in those who were married, less educated and those with a higher household income. The association was found progressively stronger in those who lost their only child.ConclusionsPeople in the FP group, especially those who lost their only child, are more susceptible to MDD than their counterparts in the non-FP group. Mental health programmes should give special care to those who lost their only child and take existing social policies and norms, such as FP policies, into consideration.

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Suicidal Ideation and Predictors of Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eswatini: A Population-Based Household Telephone Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136700 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6700

Author(s):

Mduduzi Colani Shongwe ◽

Song-Lih Huang

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Telephone Survey ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Psychological Distress Scale ◽

The Government ◽

Distress Scale

The unpredictability of the COVID-19 pandemic can induce psychological distress in individuals. We investigated perceived stressors, prevalence of psychological distress and suicidal ideation, and predictors of psychological distress among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini. This study was a cross-sectional, population-based household telephone survey of 993 conveniently sampled adults (18+ years) from all the four administrative regions of Eswatini. Data were collected between 9 June and 18 July 2020 during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the country was under a partial lockdown. COVID-19-related psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K6). We performed weighted modified Poisson regression analyses to identify significant predictors of moderate/severe psychological distress (K6 scores: ≥5). The weighted prevalences of moderate (K6 scores: 5–12) and severe psychological distress (K6 scores: ≥13) were 41.7% and 5.4%, respectively. Participants reported several perceived COVID-19-related stressors, including worries and fears of the contagion-specific death, serious need for food and money, and concerns about loss of income or business. The weighted prevalence of suicidal ideation was 1.5%. Statistically significant predictors of increased risk for moderate/severe psychological distress included living in the Hhohho and Manzini regions; feeling not well informed about COVID-19; feeling lonely; having received COVID-19 food or financial relief from the government; feeling burdened by the lockdown; being married; and being youth (18–24 years). The results call for the government to urgently augment the provision of mental health services during the pandemic. Mental health practitioners and programs may use several stressors and risk factors identified in this study to inform interventions and government policies aimed at reducing psychological distress induced by the pandemic.

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Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence among the adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: findings the 2017 population based cross-sectional survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11183-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jacqueline Mthembu ◽

Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽

Sarah Reis ◽

Khangelani Zuma ◽

Nompumelelo Zungu

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Young Women ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Population Based ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Low Ses ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background Evidence indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV) is disturbingly high among South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Understanding prevalence and risk factors for IPV among these emerging adults is critical for developing appropriate interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes later in life. This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with lifetime physical IPV experience among AGYW, aged 15–24 years, using the South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey conducted in 2017. Methods The data used in this secondary analysis was obtained from a cross-sectional, population-based household survey data, conducted using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling approach. Multivariate stepwise backward logistic regression modelling was used to determine factors associated with IPV. Results Of 716 AGYW that responded to the two commonly answered questions on IPV, 13.1% (95% CI: 9.6–17.6) indicated that they experienced IPV. The odds of reporting experiences of IPV were significantly lower among AGYW residing in high SES households [AOR = 0.09 (95% CI: 0.02–0.47), p = 0.004] than low SES households, and those residing in rural informal/tribal areas [AOR = 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00–0.22), p = 0.004] than urban areas. AGYW experiencing IPV had higher odds of reporting psychological distress compared to their counterparts [AOR = 4.37 (95% CI, 0.97–19.72), p = 0.054]. Conclusion The findings highlight the need for targeted structural and psychosocial interventions in low SES households and especially in urban areas.

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Status and disparities of diabetes among urban and rural residents aged 40 years and older: insight from a population-based study in northeast China, 2017–2019

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2020-213755 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jech-2020-213755

Author(s):

Liying Xing ◽

Yuanmeng Tian ◽

Li Jing ◽

Min Lin ◽

Zhi Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Northeast China ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Haemoglobin A1c ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence

ObjectivesTo evaluate the up-to-date epidemiology of diabetes in northeast China.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2019 using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method. 18 796 participants (28.9% urban and 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were enrolled. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were diagnosed according to the history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%, higher in urban than in rural residents (20.2% vs 15.8%, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 44.3%, higher in rural than in urban areas (49.4% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). The overall FPG and HbA1c were 6.10±1.94 mmol/L and 5.59%±1.08%. The FPG level was higher in rural area than in urban areas (6.15±1.83 mmol/L vs 5.97±2.18 mmol/L, p<0.001). Among participants with diabetes, 47.5% were aware of their diabetes condition; 39.5% were taking antidiabetic medications and 36.8% of people had their diabetes controlled. The awareness and treatment rates in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (47.3% vs 57.5%, 34.4% vs 49.5%, p<0.001). Patients with diabetic, especially those in rural areas, tended to have multiple risk factors including hypertension (71.7%), overweight or obesity (69.6%) and dyslipidaemia (52.8%).ConclusionA considerable burden of diabetes was observed in northeast China, with high percentage of untreated diabetes, high prevalence of pre-diabetes, high overall FPG level and multiple uncontrolled risk factors in patients with diabetics. Therefore, region-specific strategies on prevention and management of diabetes should be emphasised.

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Relation of Sociodemographics and Personal Hygiene on Different Childhood Dermatoses

Kathmandu University Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/kumj.v13i1.13749 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

E Gauchan ◽

A Kumar ◽

G BK ◽

P Thapa ◽

J Pun

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dermatology Department ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Increased Risk

Background Skin diseases in children contribute to significant morbidity and psychological distress. Infective dermatoses are one of the major dermatoses in children. Low socioeconomic status, overcrowding and poor personal hygiene has been linked to skin diseases.Objective To find out the prevalence of infectious skin disease in children, rate of transmissible skin disease and association of sociodemographic factors and personal hygiene on infective childhood dermatoses.Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Pediatric and Dermatology Department, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 226 patients were examined over a period of one year. Relation of sociodemographics, crowding and personal hygiene on skin disease were assessed.Result The most common category was Infections and Infestations (51.3%) followed by Dermatitis (27.9%) . Transmissible skin disease was seen in 49.6%. Low socioeconomic status and overcrowding were associated with increased risk for infective dermatoses.Conclusion Skin disease in children constitutes a public health problem. Improving the socioeconomic status and personal hygiene can help to reduce the incidence of skin disease in children.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.13(1) 2015; 29-33

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A bio-psycho-social approach for frailty amongst Singaporean Chinese community-dwelling older adults – evidence from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-019-1367-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nigel Teo ◽

Pei Shi Yeo ◽

Qi Gao ◽

Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt ◽

Jie Jing Foo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Nursing Home ◽

Functional Disability ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Social Contact ◽

Population Based ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Severe Disability ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Few empirical studies support a bio-psycho-social conceptualization of frailty. In addition to physical frailty (PF), we explored mental (MF) and social (SF) frailty and studied the associations between multidimensional frailty and various adverse health outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted using data from a population-based cohort (SLAS-1) of 2387 community-dwelling Singaporean Chinese older adults. Outcomes examined were functional and severe disability, nursing home referral and mortality. PF was defined by shrinking, weakness, slowness, exhaustion and physical inactivity, 1–2 = pre-frail, 3–5 = frail; MF was defined by ≥1 of cognitive impairment, low mood and poor self-reported health; SF was defined by ≥2 of living alone, no education, no confidant, infrequent social contact or help, infrequent social activities, financial difficulty and living in low-end public housing. Results The prevalence of any frailty dimension was 63.0%, dominated by PF (26.2%) and multidimensional frailty (24.2%); 7.0% had all three frailty dimensions. With a few exceptions, frailty dimensions share similar associations with many socio-demographic, lifestyle, health and behavioral factors. Each frailty dimension varied in showing independent associations with functional (Odds Ratios [ORs] = 1.3–1.8) and severe disability prevalence at baseline (ORs = 2.2–7.3), incident functional disability (ORs = 1.1–1.5), nursing home referral (ORs = 1.5–3.4) and mortality (Hazard Ratios = 1.3–1.5) after adjusting for age, gender, medical comorbidity and the two other frailty dimensions. The addition of MF and SF to PF incrementally increased risk estimates by more than 2 folds. Conclusions This study highlights the relevance and utility of PF, MF and SF individually and together. Multidimensional frailty can better inform policies and promote the use of targeted multi-domain interventions tailored to older adults’ frailty statuses.

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