Corrigendum: Phytogenic Feed Additives as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Broiler Chickens

Phytoadditives in animal nutrition have attracted a lot of attention for their potential role as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Phytoadditives are feed additives originated from plants or botanicals that are used in poultry nutrition. This chapter provides an overview about the potency of alternative additive from plants as a basis for exploring it as a phytoadditive for poultry. These substances are derived from herbs, spices, and other plants and their extracts. They are natural, less toxic, residue free and ideal feed additives for poultry when compared to synthetic antibiotics. There efficacy of phytogenic applications in poultry nutrition depends on several factors, such as composition and feed inclusion level of phytogenic preparations, bird genetics, and overall diet composition. Addition of 100 mg/kg feed essential oils consist of carvacrol, thymol and limonene in matrix encapsulation improved performance and apparent ideal digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Besides enhancing performance, phytogenic also has antioxidant, the effects of which are associated with essential oils (EOs) and their components. Administration of eucalyptus and peppermint oil blends by oral (0.25 ml/L drinking water) and spray route (0.1 ml/20 ml water) reduced Newcastle disease infection in broilers. Phytoadditives have antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitoxigenic, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties. The benefits of using phytoadditives in poultry nutrition are increased feed intake, stimulation of digestion, increased growth performance, reduced incidence of disease, improved reproductive parameters, feed efficiency, profitability. Based on the latest scientific findings presented in this chapter, the following main conclusions have been drawn that phytomolecule and that bioactives have potential to be developed as an alternative additive for poultry, and that promote health.

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The Effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on Antibiotic Resistance and the Digestive System of Broiler Chicken in Sleman, Yogyakarta

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213304005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 04005

Author(s):

Tri Untari ◽

Okti Herawati ◽

Marla Anggita ◽

Widya Asmara ◽

Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Public Understanding ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

The Impact

Chicken is a major source of animal protein consumption in Indonesia. The problem facing the poultry industry is the incidence of resistance which increases mortality of the chicken production. One of the causes of resistance case is the use of antibiotics in feed additives. The public understanding about the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in chickens in antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of chicken needs to be done to avoid the impact on economic losses and health problems. This study aims to provide an understanding of the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of broiler chickens. This study was carried out at a broiler chicken farm in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Based on the histopathological result of the digestive tract of chickens that were given antibiotics as AGP, there was no inflammation occurs, but the administration of antibiotics caused antibiotic resistance in various type of antibiotics including tetracycline (90% resistance), streptomycin (60% resistance), amoxicillin (50% resistance), erythromycin (80% resistance), and no resistance for gentamycin.

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Composition of more specialised pre-starter and starter diets for young broiler chickens: a review

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15333 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (8) ◽

pp. 1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. R. Barekatain ◽

R. A. Swick

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Management Practices ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Sustainable Growth ◽

Gut Development ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Nutrient Utilisation ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Time Required

The broiler industry has experienced remarkable improvements in productivity owing to high priority placed on genetic programming, nutrition and management practices. Nutrition of the meat chicken is driven by the need to satisfy the constantly increasing genetic potential, resulting in the shortening of the rearing time required to get the bird to market weight. The concept of feeding broilers a more specialised pre-starter diet for the first 10–14 days of age is gaining interest, as this now accounts for more than 20% of the time for grow-out. Specialised diets may be formulated to be highly digestible or aim to provide specific nutrients at a higher level to meet nutritional requirements of the bird. The effectiveness of specifically formulated pre-starter or starter diets depends on potential carryover effect to increase the bird performance up to the market age. There is evidence that some nutrient requirements of birds, digestible amino acids in particular, in the first 10 days of life may be higher than the current industry recommendation. Among cereals, rice with its lower non-starch polysaccharide content may be a better cereal for pre-starter diets than are corn or wheat. Inclusion of fibrous ingredients in low-fibre diets of young broilers may also stimulate gut development and enhance nutrient utilisation, leading to improved bird performance. There are inconsistencies in responses to various feed additives tested specifically for pre-starter diets of broilers. Finally, with an increasing demand for removal of antibiotic growth promoters from all broiler feeds, focus on formulations to ensure sustainable growth at start will gain importance.

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Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01153-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽

Dong Zeng ◽

Abdul Khalique ◽

Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽

Hesong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

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Effects of butyric acid, mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and avilamycin on performance and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200030726 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 233-233

Author(s):

S N Mousavi ◽

M Shivazad ◽

N Ghazvini

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Public Scrutiny

The subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animals has been under scientific and public scrutiny as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been linked to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which poses a threat to human health (Smith et al., 2003). Short chain fatty acids such as butyrate are considered as potential alternative to AGP, In addition to its bactericidal activity; butyrate appears to play a role in development of the intestinal epithelium (Leeson 2005). Prebiotics (e.g. mannanoligosaccharides, MOS) are nondigestible feed ingredients that can selectively stimulate growth or metabolic activity of a limited number of intestinal microorganisms (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effectiveness of mannanoligosaccharides and butyric acid as potential alternatives to AGP in broilers.

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Performance, blood parameters and economic indices of broiler chickens fed graded levels of chestnut (Castenea sativa) phytobiotics as replacement for antibiotics growth promoters

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v47i2.123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 161-170

Author(s):

N. G. Dialoke ◽

P. A. Onimisi ◽

M. Afolayan

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Feed Cost ◽

Final Weight ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Economic Indices

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance, serum, lipid, haematology and economic indices of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with different levels of Chestnut (Castenea sativa) phytobiotic as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). A total of 300, oneday-old cobb 500 broiler chicks were allotted in a completely randomized design to five dietary treatments each replicated thrice, with 20 chicks per replicate. Chestnutphytobiotics was included at 0, 100, 125 and 150g/100 Kg diet while Oxytetracycline was included at 111g/100kg diet. Data was collected on growth performance, haematology, serum biochemical parameters, lipid profiles and economic indices. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant differences among treatment means were compared using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test of significance. At the end of the starterphase, result showed that chicks placed on 100g phytobiotics diet had significantly (P<0.05) high final weight and weight gain than other supplemented diets and control. There was significant (P<0.05) differences in the feed conversion ratio. Feed cost per kilogram gain was significantly lower in chicks fed control diet, followed by phytobiotics, however higher feed cost per kilogram gain was recorded for chicks fed diet containing Oxytetracycline. Weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher on oxytetracycline based diet (1783.2g) for finisher phase however, there was an improved values for chicks placed on phytobiotics. Glucose (206.51mg/dL) was significantly higher in treatment diet that contained oxytetracycline. Haematological indices showed that values for white blood cell (91.90x103/μL) and Heterophils (20.63%) were significantly higher in diets containing oxytetracycline than other treatment groups. Values for red blood cell, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were significantly (P<0.05) higher in broiler chickens fed diets containing 100g phytobiotics . Chestnut phytobiotics reduced the total cholesterol values from 151.13 - 96.55mg/dL when compared to other treatment groups. There were significant(P<0.05) differences in all the villi morphometry parameters measured except for crypt depth. The mean yield cost decreased as the level of phytobiotics increased. In conclusion, supplementation of Chestnut phytobiotics reduced total cholesterol and significantly improved the final weight, weight gain, feed cost per Kg gain and feed conversion ratio for both starter and finisher at 100g/100Kg. Chestnut phytobiotic is therefore a potential replacement for antibiotic growth promoters.

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Identification and Characterization of a Bile Salt Hydrolase from Lactobacillus salivarius for Development of Novel Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02519-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (24) ◽

pp. 8795-8802 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Zhong Wang ◽

Ximin Zeng ◽

Yiming Mo ◽

Katie Smith ◽

Yuming Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Bile Salts ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽

Content Type ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Food Animals

ABSTRACTAntibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as feed additives to improve average body weight gain and feed efficiency in food animals for more than 5 decades. However, there is a worldwide trend to limit AGP use to protect food safety and public health, which raises an urgent need to discover effective alternatives to AGPs. The growth-promoting effect of AGPs has been shown to be highly correlated with the decreased activity of intestinal bile salt hydrolase (BSH), an enzyme that is produced by various gut microflora and involved in host lipid metabolism. Thus, BSH inhibitors are likely promising feed additives to AGPs to improve animal growth performance. In this study, the genome ofLactobacillus salivariusNRRL B-30514, a BSH-producing strain isolated from chicken, was sequenced by a 454 GS FLX sequencer. A BSH gene identified by genome analysis was cloned and expressed in anEscherichia coliexpression system for enzymatic analyses. The BSH displayed efficient hydrolysis activity for both glycoconjugated and tauroconjugated bile salts, with slightly higher catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) on glycoconjugated bile salts. The optimal pH and temperature for the BSH activity were 5.5 and 41°C, respectively. Examination of a panel of dietary compounds using the purified BSH identified some potent BSH inhibitors, in which copper and zinc have been recently demonstrated to promote feed digestion and body weight gain in different food animals. In sum, this study identified and characterized a BSH with broad substrate specificity from a chickenL. salivariusstrain and established a solid platform for us to discover novel BSH inhibitors, the promising feed additives to replace AGPs for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of food animals.

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Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil as a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9050210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 210 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽

Mahmoud Alagawany ◽

Abdel-Moneim E. Abdel-Moneim ◽

Noureldeen G. Mohammed ◽

Asmaa F. Khafaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters

The removal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as feed additives in poultry nutrition from the market in many countries has compelled researchers to find unconventional and safe alternatives to AGPs. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, herbs, immune-stimulants and essential oils (EO) have been investigated as feed additives in poultry production. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), one of the oldest medicinal plants and widely used around the world, can be used in poultry rations in the form of powder or essential oil. Essential oils produced from aromatic plants have become more interesting owing to their potential effects as hypocholesterolaemic agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals and stimulants of digestive enzymes. The potential insecticidal and antimicrobial activities of EO against pathogens that cause spoilage in agriculture crops and human diseases might be attributed mainly to the high content of volatile components (mainly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol) in cinnamon oil. The present review focuses on the effects of cinnamon oil as a feed additive on poultry performance, carcass traits, meat quality, hypocholesterolaemic impact, antioxidant activity, immunity and microbiological aspects.

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