scholarly journals Use of Legumes and Yeast as Novel Dietary Protein Sources in Extruded Canine Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Reilly ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas ◽  
Bruce R. Southey ◽  
Jolene M. Hoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Peanut Flour ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The popularity of plant-based protein sources has increased as consumer demand for grain-free and novel protein sources increase. Minimal research has been conducted as regards to use of legumes and yeast and their effects on acceptability and digestibility in canine diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate macronutrient apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products in extruded, canine diets. Five diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with either garbanzo beans (GBD), green lentils (GLD), peanut flour (PFD), dried yeast (DYD), or poultry by-product meal (CON) as the primary protein sources. Ten adult, intact, female beagles (mean age: 4.2 ± 1.1 yr, mean weight: 11.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used in a replicated, 5 × 5 Latin square design with 14 d periods. Each experimental period consisted of 10 d of diet adaptation, followed by 4 d of total fecal and urine collection. A fasted, 5 ml blood sample was collected at the end of each period and analyzed for serum metabolites and complete blood count. Serum metabolites were within normal ranges and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. Fecal quality, evaluated on a 5-point scale, was considered ideal. Macronutrient ATTD was similar among dietary treatments, with diets highly digestible (>80%). Total fecal branched-chain fatty acid concentrations were highest (P < 0.05) for DYD (23.4 μmol/g) than GLD (16.1 μmol/g) and PFD (16.0 μmol/g) but not different (P > 0.05) than other treatments. The plant-based protein treatments had greater (P < 0.05) total fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (average 627.6 μmol/g) compared with CON (381.1 μmol/g). Fecal butyrate concentration was highest (P < 0.05) for DYD than all other dietary treatments (103.9 μmol/g vs. average 46.2 μmol/g). Fecal microbial communities showed Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria as abundant phyla. There was greater β-diversity for dogs fed DYD which differed from all other diets in both weighted and unweighted UNIFRAC analyses. Inclusion of these novel, plant-based, protein sources showed no detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility or fecal characteristics and represent viable protein sources in canine diets that can produce beneficial shifts in fecal metabolites.

scholarly journals PSIII-20 Use of legumes and yeast as main protein sources in extruded canine diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Heather Mangian ◽  
Jolene Hoke ◽  
Gary Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Peanut Flour ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Main Protein ◽  
Green Lentils ◽  
Minimal Information ◽  
Novel Protein

Abstract Plant-based protein sources have gained popularity as consumer demand for grain-free and novel protein sources increase. However, minimal information is available about the effects on digestibility, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products of novel plant-based proteins in dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate legumes and yeast as protein sources in extruded canine diets. Five diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with either garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), peanut flour (PF), dried yeast (DY), or poultry byproduct meal (CON) as the primary protein source. Ten, adult, female beagles (mean age: 5.0 ± 1.2 years, mean BW: 11.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Each 14 d period consisted of a 10 d diet adaptation followed by a 4 d total fecal and urine collection. At the end of each period, 5 mL of blood was collected and analyzed for a complete blood count and serum chemistry. Serum metabolites were within normal ranges and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. Fecal scores, evaluated on a 5-point scale, were considered ideal and did not differ among treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and organic matter was highest (P < 0.05) for CON (86.3% and 91.2%, respectively) and PF (85.6% and 90.3%, respectively) and lowest (P < 0.05) in dogs fed the DY diet (80.1% and 84.3%, respectively). GL had the lowest (P < 0.05) crude protein ATTD (81.5%) with no differences among other treatments (84.6% average). Dogs fed CON, PF, and GB diets had the highest (P < 0.05) acid hydrolyzed fat ATTD, with an average of about 94%. In conclusion, novel plant-based protein sources and yeast are comparable to traditional poultry byproduct meal diet and are appropriate protein sources for canine diets.

Rumen biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on microbial efficiency and nutrient digestibility in sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. WACHIRA ◽  
L. A. SINCLAIR ◽  
R. G. WILKINSON ◽  
K. HALLETT ◽  
M. ENSER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Different Sources

The study examined the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources were biohydrogenated in the rumen and their effects on rumen microbial efficiency and whole tract nutrient digestibility. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wether lambs were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets based on dried grass were formulated to provide similar fat levels (60g/kg DM) from different sources; Megalac (palmitic acid: C16:0; Control), whole linseed (α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3 ; Linseed) fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n-3, EPA and docosahexaenoic acids C22:6n-3, DHA; Fish oil) and whole linseed plus fish oil providing equal amounts of oil (LinFish). Diets were offered at a rate of 1·2kg/day in 12 equal portions.Total fatty acid intake was similar on all diets whilst duodenal fatty acid flow varied between 101, 94, 87 and 90% of dietary intake for animals fed the Control, Linseed, Fish oil and Linfish diets respectively. Duodenal flow of C18:3 n-3 in animals fed the Linseed diet was twice that of animals fed the Control diet (P < 0·01) whilst animals fed the Fish oil diet had a significantly greater flow of EPA and DHA than those fed any of the other dietary treatments. Duodenal flow of trans C18:1 in animals fed the Linfish diet was significantly greater than that in animals fed either Linseed, Fish oil or Control diets (P < 0·001). Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 was 80 to 93% in all diets whilst that of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was 72 to 79% in diets that contained fish oil or linseed and fish oil. Apparent fatty acid digestibility (duodenum to rectum) tended to be greater for unsaturated than saturated fatty acids whilst whole tract fatty acid digestibility (mouth to rectum) was significantly greater in animals fed diets containing fish oil (P0·05). All dietary n-3 PUFA sources decreased microbial protein synthesis and efficiency when expressed as either gN/kg organic matter (OM) apparently or truly degraded in the rumen. Additionally, the inclusion of fish oil increased the proportion of propionate in the rumen whilst depressing the rumen digestibility of OM and fibre (P < 0·01), but had no significant effect on whole tract OM or fibre digestibility.

scholarly journals 86 Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility of Human-Grade Dog Foods and Their Effects on Stool Characteristics, Serum Metabolites, and Hematology of Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Sungho Do ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Fecal Ph

Abstract Human-grade pet foods are believed to be of higher quality than traditional pet foods, but little research has been conducted on them to date. Therefore, our objective was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of human-grade pet foods and evaluate their effects on stool characteristics, serum metabolites, and hematology of dogs. Twelve dogs (mean age = 5.5 ± 1.0; BW = 11.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. The diets included: 1) Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe (extruded; Blue Buffalo); 2) Roasted Meals Tender Chicken Recipe (fresh; Freshpet); 3) Beef & Russet Potato (human-grade; JustFoodForDogs); and 4) Chicken & White Rice (human-grade; JustFoodForDogs). Each period consisted of 28 d, with a 6-d diet transition phase, 16 d of consuming 100% of the diet, a 5-d phase for total and fresh fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Dogs fed the extruded diet had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) daily food intake (dry matter basis; DMB) and fecal output (as-is and DMB) compared with dogs fed fresh or human-grade dog foods. There were no differences in fecal pH or scores across diets, but ATTD of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for dogs fed the human-grade diets than those fed the fresh diet. Likewise, DM, OM, and AHF ATTD were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in dogs fed the fresh diet than those fed the extruded diet. The majority of serum metabolites and blood cell counts of dogs fed all diets were within the reference ranges for adult dogs, with few treatment differences. In conclusion, the human-grade foods tested were shown to be highly digestible and maintained stool characteristics, serum chemistry, and complete blood count in adult dogs.

Feeding oil versus calcium salt of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid on feed intake, digestibility, enteric methane emission and blood metabolic profile in cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
SM Amanullah ◽  
MM Rahamn ◽  
MA Kabir ◽  
SMJ Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Oils ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A study was conducted to know effects of dietary oils and calcium salts (Ca-salts) of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid (FA) on feed intake, digestibility, enteric methane and blood metabolic profiles in bull. Four rumen cannulated bulls were used in 4x4 Latin Square Designs and supplied with Napier silage and concentrate mixture. Four dietary treatments were sunflower oil (SFO; n-6), linseed oil (LSO;n-3), Ca-salt of SFO (Ca-SFO; n-6) and Ca-salt of LSO (Ca-LSO; n-3). Oils and salts were mixed with concentrate part of the ration at 3% (w/w). Data were analyzed for ANOVA in 2x2 Factorial arrangements. It was found that, intake of DM (p<0.05), OM (P<0.01) and ADF (p<0.05) were reduced by feeding Ca-salts compared to oil sources. On the other hand, intake of CP (p<0.01) and NDF (p<0.05) was reduced by Ca-salts of n-3 FA only, but not of n-6 FA. The EE intake was affected by both FAs and their sources (p<0.01). Digestibility of DM was found higher (p<0.05) in n-3 FA and further Ca-salts reduced (p<0.05) DM digestibility. The CP (p<0.01) and ADF (p<0.01) digestibility was reduced by Ca-salts of either FA, while NDF digestibility was increased (p<0.01) by Ca-salt only in n-3 FA but not in n-6 FA. Concentrations of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol and IgF-1 were affected neither by FA types nor by its sources (p>0.05). Concentrations of total cholesterol, IgG and insulin were decreased (p<0.01) by Ca-salt of FA, while triglyceride was decreased (p<0.05) by n-6 FA. The HDL was found to increase by n-3 FA (p<0.01) as well as Ca-salts (p<0.01) of both FA, but LDL was decreased by n-3 FA (p<0.01) as well as Ca-salts (p<0.01) of both FA. Methane production (% of total gas) were significantly reduced (p<0.01) by n-3 FA at 0 and 4 h after feeding, but not at 2h, while Ca-salts irrespective of FA reduced (p<0.05) methane in all different time periods. Oil sources compared to Ca-salts. In conclusion, Ca-salts of FAs hampered nutrient digestibility but helped to improve lipid profiles in plasma by reducing total cholesterol and LDL, but increasing HDL. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 34-42

scholarly journals Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary T Traughber ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Ancient grains are becoming an increasingly abundant carbohydrate source in the pet food market as a result of their popularity and novelty in the human market. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the characteristics of these ingredients in vivo. Ten adult intact female beagles were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Five dietary treatments were evaluated containing either: rice (CON), amaranth (AM), white proso millet (WPM), quinoa (QU), or oat groats (OG). All diets were formulated to include 40% of the test grain and to be isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and nutritionally complete and balanced for adult dogs at maintenance. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the effects of the novel carbohydrate sources on total apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), fecal microbiota, and fermentative end-product concentrations and (2) to evaluate the effects of novel carbohydrate sources on the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adult dogs. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs and fecal scores remained within ideal range for all treatments. In terms of ATTD, all diets were well-digested by the dogs; WPM had the highest digestibility of dry and organic matter in contrast with dogs fed the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, ATTD of total dietary fiber was highest for WPM (72.6%) in contrast with QU (63.5%) and CON (50.8%) but did not differ from AM (65.7%) and OG (66.6%). Dogs fed AM or OG had greater (P &lt; 0.05) fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, as well as propionate and butyrate concentrations, than CON. Ancient grain inclusion appears to beneficially shift fecal microbial populations, with increases in relative abundances of butyrogenic bacteria (i.e., members of the Lachnospiraceae family) observed for OG and reductions in Fusobacteriaceae for both AM and OG when compared with CON. Post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses did not differ among treatments. Together, these data suggest that ancient grains can be included up to 40% of the diet while eliciting beneficial effects on overall host health without detrimentally affecting nutrient digestibility.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

Effects of changing omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios in corn–soybean meal-based diet on performance, serum lipid profile and colostrum and milk composition of sows and performance of piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santi Devi Upadhaya ◽  
Jiao Yang ◽  
Kwang Yong Lee ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Serum Lipid Profile ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study aimed to test the effects of changing omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios in corn–soybean meal-based diet on performance, serum lipid profile and colostrum and milk nutrient contents of lactating sows as well as performance of suckling piglets. In total, 32 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allocated into one of four dietary treatments with eight replicates per treatment. The treatment diets were fed 7 days before farrowing until weaning. The omega-3 FA used in the experiment was from linseed oil and was coated using a spray-drying method. The dietary treatments consisted of control (CON, corn–soybean meal-based basal diet with omega-6:omega-3 FA ratios of 25:1), and basal diets (CON) containing omega-6: omega-3 FA ratios at 20:1, 15:1 and 10:1 levels. Inclusion of omega-6 and omega-3 FA at different ratios in the feed did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) the performance, nutrient digestibility and milk nutrient composition of sows. The concentrations of high-density lipid cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (P &lt; 0.05) and the low-density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C) tended to be reduced (P = 0.08) at weaning for sows fed 10:1 omega 6:omega-3 ratio diet. The bodyweights (BW) and average daily gains (ADG) of piglets born from sows fed 10:1 omega-6:omega-3 FA diet were greater (P &lt; 0.05) at Week 3 and overall respectively. The BW of piglets raised from sows fed all treatment diets were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) at Week 4 (weaning) than those in the CON. Positive correlations between dietary omega-6:omega-3 FA ratio and serum HDL-C concentrations and a negative correlations between dietary omega-6:omega-3 FA ratio and serum LDL-C concentrations for sows at weaning were observed. In addition, a positive correlation between omega-6:omega-3 FA in the diet and ADG in piglets was also observed. In conclusion, inclusion of omega-6:omega-3 FA at different ratios in different proportions did not affect sow performance, while increasing HDL-C and tending to reduce LDL-C in serum lipids. However, the piglets born to sows fed 10:1 diets benefitted, with increased BW and ADG.

Feeding either palm oil or sunflower oil on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in crossbred Thai native x Brahman bull

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wantanee Polviset ◽  
Nattiya Prakobsaeng
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of palm oil and sunflower oil supplementations on digestibility and blood metabolites in crossbred Thai native x brahman bulls fed on TMR used rice straw as a roughage source. Four, 2 year old crossbred Thai native x Brahman bulls were randomly assigned in a 2x2 factorial in 4 x 4 latin square design. Each period of feeding lasted for 21 days to receive four dietary treatments; 3% palm oil, 6% palm oil, 3% sunflower oil and 6% sunflower oil. All animals were fed with TMR ad-libitum. It was found that supplementation of palm oil and sunflower oil had no effect on digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP). Supplementation resulted in significant (P<0.05) lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility when feeding with palm oil on the other hand feeding beef cattle with 6% from palm oil and sunflower oil were higher Ether extract (EE) digestibility than 3% from twice oils (P<0.05). Blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were not significant different among treatments. Based on this study, supplementing TMR sunflower oil in diets was suitable in beef cattle without any effect ruminal digestibility and blood metabolites.

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