scholarly journals An Overview of Current Approaches and Challenges to the Control of Endemic Infectious Cattle Diseases in Albania

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xhelil Koleci ◽  
Ali Lilo ◽  
Sotiraq Papa ◽  
Keti Margariti ◽  
Annika van Roon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
National Control

Agriculture is an important production sector in Albania that makes a significant contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. The livestock sector contributes more than half of the agricultural GDP. The Albanian cattle population represents 50% of the total livestock units and accounts for 85% of the national milk production, the rest being supplied by small ruminants. Cattle productivity, health and welfare are hindered by infectious diseases, some of which are also transmissible to humans (zoonosis). The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the control of selected regulated and non-EU regulated cattle diseases in Albania and to highlight specific challenges for the Albanian cattle industry. The most important infectious cattle diseases in Albania for which national control and eradication strategies are in place are bovine brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and anthrax, which are all zoonotic. Additionally, lumpy skin disease recently emerged in the Balkan region and is currently subject to controls. Most of the available funds and European Union support are allocated to the control of EU regulated zoonotic diseases. For control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases, no funds are available resulting in the lack of national control programmes (CPs). Based on research, clinical investigations and laboratory results, several non-EU regulated cattle infectious diseases appear endemic in Albanian dairy farms. While no national CPs exist for any of them, regional initiatives are available on a voluntary basis to control infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea. In the voluntary CPs, there is no monitored requirement to prove disease freedom of purchased animals and to re-evaluate the herd's free status after the introduction of animals into a herd. Data on animal movements that are routinely collected could potentially be used to control the risk of purchase, but quality needs to be further improved to increase its usefulness in disease CPs. This overview aims to collate existing information on the CPs implemented in Albania and to evaluate these to highlight gaps and threats in disease control, as well as opportunities and strengths through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, with the goal of providing a framework for the future implementation of animal disease control measures in Albania.

scholarly journals Key Learnings During the Development of a Generic Data Collection Tool to Support Assessment of Freedom of Infection in Cattle Herds

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika M. van Roon ◽  
Egle Rapaliute ◽  
Xhelil Koleci ◽  
Violeta Muñoz ◽  
Mathilde Mercat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Generic Data ◽  
Control Programmes

Various European Member States have implemented control or eradication programmes for endemic infectious diseases in cattle. The design of these programmes varies between countries and therefore comparison of the outputs of different control programmes is complex. Although output-based methods to estimate the confidence of freedom resulting from these programmes are under development, as yet there is no practical modeling framework applicable to a variety of infectious diseases. Therefore, a data collection tool was developed to evaluate data availability and quality and to collect actual input data required for such a modeling framework. The aim of the current paper is to present the key learnings from the process of the development of this data collection tool. The data collection tool was developed by experts from two international projects: STOC free (Surveillance Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of FREEdom from infection, www.stocfree.eu) and SOUND control (Standardizing OUtput-based surveillance to control Non-regulated Diseases of cattle in the EU, www.sound-control.eu). Initially a data collection tool was developed for assessment of freedom of bovine viral diarrhea virus in six Western European countries. This tool was then further generalized to enable inclusion of data for other cattle diseases i.e., infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Johne's disease. Subsequently, the tool was pilot-tested by a Western and Eastern European country, discussed with animal health experts from 32 different European countries and further developed for use throughout Europe. The developed online data collection tool includes a wide range of variables that could reasonably influence confidence of freedom, including those relating to cattle demographics, risk factors for introduction and characteristics of disease control programmes. Our results highlight the fact that data requirements for different cattle diseases can be generalized and easily included in a data collection tool. However, there are large differences in data availability and comparability across European countries, presenting challenges to the development of a standardized data collection tool and modeling framework. These key learnings are important for development of any generic data collection tool for animal disease control purposes. Further, the results can facilitate development of output-based modeling frameworks that aim to calculate confidence of freedom from disease.

Principles of infectious disease control

2021 ◽  
pp. 597-622
Author(s):  
Robert J. Kim-Farley
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infectious Disease Control ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. Lower respiratory infections are the third leading causes of death worldwide and their control is a constant challenge that faces health workers and public health officials in both industrialized and developing countries. This chapter provides a global and comprehensive view of the principles of infectious disease control through examination of the magnitude of disease burden, the chain of infection (agent, transmission, and host) of infectious diseases, the varied approaches to their prevention and control (measures applied to the host, vectors, infected humans, animals, environment, and agents), and the factors conducive to their eradication as well as emergence and re-emergence.

scholarly journals Neglected tropical disease control in a world with COVID-19: an opportunity and a necessity for innovation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J Brooker ◽  
Kundai Ziumbe ◽  
Nebiyu Negussu ◽  
Siobhan Crowley ◽  
Mona Hammami
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Countries have seen substantial disruptions to usual health services related to coronavirus disease 2019 and these are likely to have immediate and long-term indirect effects on many disease control programmes, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The pandemic has highlighted the usefulness of mathematical modelling to understand the impacts of these disruptions and future control measures on progress towards 2030 NTD goals. The pandemic also provides an opportunity, and a practical necessity, to transform NTD programmes through innovation.

scholarly journals Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Riitho ◽  
Rebecca Strong ◽  
Magdalena Larska ◽  
Simon P. Graham ◽  
Falko Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Potential Impact

Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.

scholarly journals The Influence of Infectious Diseases on Dentistry

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
Anil Reddy ◽  
Shankar Gouda Patil ◽  
Raghunath Puttaiah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Dentistry, predominantly a surgical field with frequent exposure to blood and body fluids, is a high-risk occupation with respect to occupationally acquiring infectious diseases. On the same note, patients are also at risk of being infected, if adequate infection control measures are not strictly followed. Traditionally, based on the routes of disease transmission, we can categorize diseases that are bloodborne, airborne and also through fomites. Within these traditional categories also fall the new and emerging diseases that have had serious public health consequences of morbidity and mortality. As a health care provider, dentists must understand the impact of these diseases, and strictly implement practical disease control measures during provision of dental care and reduce the spread within the clinical arena. Common diseases of public health concern that need to be addressed are bloodborne diseases, such as hepatitis A, E, B, C, D and G, HIV; respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), AH1N1 influenza and immunizable childhood diseases. Apart from infection control measures, we must implement public health policy measures, such as immunization of current and prospective health care personnel (students in the dental profession) against immunizable diseases, utilize disease screening measures, postexposure disease control measures and utilize standard and additional precautions, the latter as required in certain instances.

Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-251
Author(s):  
Hiroomi Akashi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
History Of

The outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010 has turned out to be the most striking disaster in the history of animal hygiene in Japan, from the points such as the number of the animals culled and buried or the human resources required until the time of termination. Inquiry committees for FMD countermeasures established by Miyazaki Prefecture and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have pointed out the various issues in disease control measures taken during the period starting from the outbreak till the termination. As a result, amendments were made to the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control in April of 2011, and in October, to the Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management. The outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010 has turned out to be the most striking disaster in the history of animal hygiene in Japan, from the points such as the number of the animals culled and buried or the human resources required until the time of termination. Inquiry committees for FMD countermeasures established by Miyazaki Prefecture and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have pointed out the various issues in disease control measures taken during the period starting from the outbreak till the termination. As a result, amendments were made to the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control in April of 2011, and in October, to the Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management. Diseases that cause damage to domestic animals including FMD are presented in this special issue. I hope that this special issue will contribute to the betterment of animal hygiene and furthermore to the enhancement of dietary life. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the authors and reviewers for their great contributions to this issue.

scholarly journals Trypanotolerant livestock: potential and future exploitation

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Murray ◽  
J. C. M. Trail ◽  
J. G. Grootenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trained Manpower ◽  
Livestock Development

The exploitation of genetic resistance to infectious diseases is being given increasing attention in livestock development programmes. This is particularly the case in developing countries where it is estimated that 70 per cent of the world's livestock resources exist but where conventional disease control measures are often not effective, do not exist, or cannot be implemented because of lack of finance or trained manpower.

scholarly journals A prognostic dynamic model applicable to infectious diseases providing easily visualized guides: a case study of COVID-19 in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxuan Zhang ◽  
Chen Gong ◽  
Dawei Li ◽  
Zhi-Wei Wang ◽  
Shengda D. Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Iterative Algorithms ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
The Uk

AbstractA reasonable prediction of infectious diseases’ transmission process under different disease control strategies is an important reference point for policy makers. Here we established a dynamic transmission model via Python and realized comprehensive regulation of disease control measures. We classified government interventions into three categories and introduced three parameters as descriptions for the key points in disease control, these being intraregional growth rate, interregional communication rate, and detection rate of infectors. Our simulation predicts the infection by COVID-19 in the UK would be out of control in 73 days without any interventions; at the same time, herd immunity acquisition will begin from the epicentre. After we introduced government interventions, a single intervention is effective in disease control but at huge expense, while combined interventions would be more efficient, among which, enhancing detection number is crucial in the control strategy for COVID-19. In addition, we calculated requirements for the most effective vaccination strategy based on infection numbers in a real situation. Our model was programmed with iterative algorithms, and visualized via cellular automata; it can be applied to similar epidemics in other regions if the basic parameters are inputted, and is able to synthetically mimic the effect of multiple factors in infectious disease control.

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