scholarly journals Screening Corn Hybrids for Soil Waterlogging Tolerance at an Early Growth Stage

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Brendan Zurweller ◽  
Peter Motavalli ◽  
Kelly Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Excess Water

Identification of corn hybrids that can withstand wet soil conditions is one approach to prevent crop production losses from abiotic stress caused by excessive soil moisture during early spring season in the midwestern United States. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in 2013 to screen and identify corn hybrids tolerant or susceptible to soil waterlogging at the V2 growth stage. The main plots included waterlogging durations: no waterlogging; 14-day waterlogging and then allowing recovery from waterlogging stress for 7 days; and 21-day waterlogging. Subplots included eight commercial corn hybrids. The shoot and root biomass, plant height, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll meter readings were decreased due to waterlogging for 14 days and 21 days. Hybrid #2 appeared to be more tolerant to waterlogging as evidenced by greater growth and higher stomatal conductance and chlorophyll meter readings on newer leaves under waterlogged conditions. Hybrid #5 and Hybrid #8 were more susceptible to waterlogging than other hybrids. Large variability occurred among corn hybrids in response to soil waterlogging durations. Beneficial effects of improved soil conditions after excess water removal from 14-day waterlogged pots were not seen in this experiment, probably due to the short recovery time period between the excess water removal and experiment termination.

scholarly journals Calcium-Enriched Animal Manure Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Homeostasis of Zea mays L.

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Niamat ◽  
Muhammad Naveed ◽  
Zulfiqar Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Yaseen ◽  
Allah Ditta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Growth Physiology

Soil salinity and sodicity are among the main problems for optimum crop production in areas where rainfall is not enough for leaching of salts out of the rooting zone. Application of organic and Ca-based amendments have the potential to increase crop yield and productivity under saline–alkaline soil environments. Based on this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of compost, Ca-based fertilizer industry waste (Ca-FW), and Ca-fortified compost (Ca-FC) to increase growth and yield of maize under saline–sodic soil conditions. Saline–sodic soil conditions with electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 15, were developed by spiking soil with a solution containing NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2. Results showed that soil salinity and sodicity significantly reduced plant growth, yield, physiological, and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the application of Ca-FC caused a remarkable increase in the studied parameters of maize at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1 as compared to the control. In addition, Ca-FC caused the maximum decrease in Na+/K+ ratio in shoot up to 85.1%, 71.79%, and 70.37% at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1, respectively as compared to the control treatment. Moreover, nutrient uptake (NPK) was also significantly increased with the application of Ca-FC under normal as well as saline–sodic soil conditions. It is thus inferred that the application of Ca-FC could be an effective amendment to enhance growth, yield, physiology, and nutrient uptake in maize under saline–sodic soil conditions constituting the novelty of this work.

scholarly journals Growth and grain yield of eight maize hybrids is aligned with water transport, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis in a semi-arid irrigated system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M Gleason ◽  
Lauren Nalezny ◽  
Cameron Hunter ◽  
Robert Bensen ◽  
Satya Chintamanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Improved Performance

There is increasing interest in understanding how trait networks can be manipulated to improve the performance of crop species. Working towards this goal, we have identified key traits linking the acquisition of water, the transport of water to the sites of evaporation and photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and growth across eight maize hybrid lines grown under well-watered and water-limiting conditions in Northern Colorado. Under well-watered conditions, well-performing hybrids exhibited high leaf-specific conductance, low operating water potentials, high rates of midday stomatal conductance, high rates of net CO2 assimilation, greater leaf osmotic adjustment, and higher end-of-season growth and grain yield. This trait network was similar under water-limited conditions with the notable exception that linkages between water transport, midday stomatal conductance, and growth were even stronger than under fully-watered conditions. The results of this experiment suggest that similar trait networks might confer improved performance under contrasting climate and soil conditions, and that efforts to improve the performance of crop species could possibly benefit by considering the water transport pathway within leaves, as well as within the whole-xylem, in addition to root-level and leaf-level traits.

A model of stomatal closure driven by nonlinearities in soil-plant hydraulics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Wankmüller ◽  
Mohsen Zarebanadkouki ◽  
Andrea Carminati
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Optimization Models ◽  
Soil Conditions

<p>Predicting plant responses to drought is a long-standing research goal. Since stomata regulate gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere, understanding their response to drought is fundamental. Current predictions of stomatal behavior during drought mainly rely on empirical models. These models may suit well to a specific set of plant traits and environmental growth conditions, but their predictive value is doubtful when atmospheric and soil conditions change. Stomatal optimization offers an alternative framework to predict stomatal regulation in response to drought for varying environmental conditions and plant traits. Models which apply this optimization principle posit that stomata maximize the carbon gain in relation to a penalty caused by water loss, such as xylem cavitation. Optimization models have the advantage of requiring a limited number of parameters and have been successfully used to predict stomatal response to drought for varying environmental conditions and species. However, a mechanism that enables stomata to optimally close in response to water limitations, and more precisely to a drop in the ability of the soil-plant continuum to sustain the transpiration demand, is not known. Here, we propose a model of stomatal regulation that is linked to abscisic acid (ABA) dynamics (production, degradation and transport) and that allows plants to avoid excessive drops in leaf water potential during soil drying and increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The model assumes that: 1) stomatal conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) decreases when ABA concentration close to the guard cells (C<sub>ABA</sub>) increases; 2) C<sub>ABA</sub> increases with decreasing leaf water potential (due to higher production); and 3) C<sub>ABA</sub> decreases with increasing photosynthesis (e.g. due to faster degradation or transport to the phloem). Our model includes simulations of leaf water potential based on transpiration rate, soil water potential and variable hydraulic conductances of key elements (rhizosphere, root and xylem), and a function linking stomatal conductance to assimilation. It was tested for different soil properties and VPD. The model predicts that stomata close when the relation between assimilation and leaf water potential becomes nonlinear. In wet soil conditions and low VPD, when there is no water limitation, this nonlinearity is controlled by the relation between stomatal conductance and assimilation. In dry soil conditions, when the soil hydraulic conductivity limits the water supply, nonlinearity is controlled by the excessive drop of leaf water potential for increasing transpiration rates. The model predicts different relations between stomatal conductance and leaf water potential for varying soil properties and VPD. For instance, the closure of stomata is more abrupt in sandy soil, reflecting the steep decrease in hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils. In summary, our model results in an optimal behavior, in which stomatal closure avoids excessive (nonlinear) decrease in leaf water potential, similar to other stomatal optimization models. As based on ABA concentration which increases with decreasing leaf water potential but declines with assimilation, this model is a preliminary attempt to link optimization models to a physiological mechanism.</p>

Development of climate-adaptable/resilient crop varieties through induced mutation.

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
Fahmina Yasmine ◽  
Md. Kamruzzaman ◽  
Md. Hasanuzzaman Rani ◽  
Hosne Ara Begum
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Carbon Ion ◽  
The People

Abstract For crop production to cope with problems driven by climate change, such as salinity, drought and extreme temperatures, the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) released a late Boro rice variety, 'Binadhan-14' in 2013 which is tolerant to high temperature, has short duration (105-115 days) and gives average yield of 6.9 t/ha. This variety was developed by irradiating the seeds of 'Ashfal', a local salt-tolerant landrace of rice, with 200 Gy of carbon-ion beams. The late-transplanting potential of this variety also helps in avoiding seedling injury due to severe cold. Another variety, 'Binadhan-19', was developed by irradiating the seeds of 'NERICA-10' rice with 40 Gy of carbon-ion beams. This was released by the National Seed Board of Bangladesh (NSB) in 2017 as a drought-tolerant, short-duration (95-105 days) and high-yielding (average 4.0 t/ha) variety for the Aus growing season. BINA developed a salt-tolerant wheat variety, 'Binagom-1', by selecting from a segregating population, obtained from NIAB, Pakistan. This variety was released in 2016; it can tolerate salinity (up to 12 dS/m) and produces an average yield of 2.8 t/ha. Apart from these, BINA developed four salt-tolerant groundnut varieties ('Binachinabadam-5', 'Binachinabadam-6', 'Binachinabadam-7' and 'Binachinabadam-9') by irradiation with gamma-rays. All these four varieties can tolerate salinity (up to 8 dS/m) from flowering to maturity and produce pods at 1.8-3.4 t/ha under saline soil conditions. These climate-resilient varieties are playing a significant role in food security and enhancing the nutritional status of the people of Bangladesh.

THE IMPACT OF FALLOWING AND GREEN MANURING ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND THE GROWTH OF SUGARCANE

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. NIXON ◽  
L. P. SIMMONDS
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
The Impact

There are currently concerns within some sugar industries that long-term monoculture has led to soil degradation and consequent yield decline. An investigation was conducted in Swaziland to assess the effects of fallowing and green manuring practices, over a seven-month period, on sugarcane yields and the physical properties of a poorly draining clay soil. In the subsequent first sugarcane crop after planting, yields were improved from 129 t ha−1 under continuous sugarcane to 141–144 t ha−1 after fallowing and green manuring, but there were no significant responses in the first and second ratoon crops. Also, in the first crop after planting, root length index increased from 3.5 km m−2 under continuous sugarcane to 5.2–6.8 km m−2 after fallowing, and improved rooting was still evident in the first ratoon crop where there had been soil drying during the fallow period. Soil bulk density, total porosity and water-holding capacity were not affected by the fallowing practices. However, air-filled porosity increased from 11 % under continuous sugarcane to 16% after fallowing, and steady state ponded infiltration rates were increased from 0.61 mm h−1 to 1.34 mm h−1, but these improvements were no longer evident after a year back under sugarcane. Levels of soil organic matter were reduced in all cases, probably as a result of the tillage operations involved. In the plant crop, root length was well correlated with air-filled porosity, indicating the importance of improving belowground air supply for crop production on poorly draining clay soils.

Impact of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Radish Seed

Crop-topping, the practice of applying non-selective herbicides at crop maturity, has proved to be an effective management technique in preventing the input of seed into the seedbank for some annual weed species of southern Australian crop production systems. However, the efficacy of this practice on the dominant broad-leaf weed of these systems, wild radish, is not well understood. These studies investigated the effect of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish. Crop-topping with either glyphosate or sprayseed (paraquat 135 g/L + diquat 115 g/L) can provide large reductions of 80–90% in viable seed production of wild radish plants present in crops at the end of the growing season. However, the efficacy of this practice was found to be highly variable and therefore, cannot be relied upon to consistently produce these large reductions in seed numbers. Similarly, swathing also produced large reductions in viable seed production but results from this practice were even less consistent than crop-topping treatments. For all treatments, early application timings of growth stage 6.5 or earlier, were optimum for targeting wild radish seed production. However, these treatment timings also resulted in large crop yield losses of ~30%. To preserve at least 90% of crop yield, crop-topping and swathing treatments need to be delayed until wild radish growth stage 8.5, with expected reductions in seed numbers of up to 70%. However, in high-density infestations the need to preserve grain yield will be less important than preventing substantial inputs of wild radish seed into the seedbank.

scholarly journals Managing clubroot disease (caused byPlasmodiophora brassicaeWor.) by exploiting the interactions between calcium cyanamide fertilizer and soil microorganisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. DIXON
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Calcium Cyanamide

SUMMARYCalcium cyanamide is a nitrogenous fertilizer used predominantly for over a century in field and glasshouse vegetable and salad production. The current review draws together, for the first time, knowledge concerning the biological properties of the compound that benefit crop production by encouraging sustainable soil health and quality. This is achieved through the increase of microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens. The review also reports on the natural occurence and degradation of cyanamide. The literature survey provides a perspective of research from the early 1900s to current studies. This identifies that nitrogen is released steadily into the rhizosphere from this fertilizer. Calcium is also readily available for plant roots and promotes the alkaline soil conditions beneficial to benign microorganisms. Consequently, soil suppressiveness towards organisms such asPlasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot disease in brassicas, develops. The effects of calcium and accompanying changes in soil pH values are discussed in relation to the life-cycle stages ofP. brassicaeand the development of clubroot disease. Formulations of calcium cyanamide contain the dimeric form, dicyandiamide. This compound slows soil nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching into ground waters, reducing potential pollution. Calcium cyanamide is normally used for growing specialized fresh produce and is not available in quantities comparable with ammoniacal fertilizers. It is contended, however, that it has properties deserving wider assessment because of their implications for sustainable cropping.

scholarly journals The effect of compaction of the arable layer in sandy soils on the growth of maize for silage. 2. Soil conditions and plant growth.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
F.R. Boone ◽  
H.M.G. van der Werf ◽  
B. Kroesbergen ◽  
B.A. ten Hag ◽  
A. Boers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Over Time

Silage maize cv. Brutus was grown on 3 soil types in 1980-82 on (a) loose soil, (b) soil lightly compacted with a packer at ploughing, (c) soil moderately compacted using a tractor with double rear wheels, (d) soil heavily compacted using a tractor with single rear wheels. Crop growth responses varied over time in relation to growth stage and amount of rainfall. There were small yield reductions in loose soil, and large reductions in heavily compacted soil resulting from insufficient soil aeration. Results were greatly influenced by rainfall pattern and local variations in drainage status. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Monthly Monitoring of the Nutrient Status in Citrus Leaves as a Guide for Proper Fertilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
A.A. EI-Sayed ◽  
M.M. Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Citrus Leaves

A field study was conducted with five citrus cultivars grown in clay soil in Kewesna, Monufia, Egypt for two successive growing seasons. The study aimed at using nutrient concentrations in the leaves as a guide for proper fertilization. The study revealed that most of the nutrients in the soil were at adequate levels. However, there were unfavorable soil conditions that affected negatively nutrient availability, Nutrient concentrations in the leaves of the five cultivars were nearly the same, except for a few cases. Leaf nitrogen concentrations were at adequate levels. To minimize the usage of fertilizers, the quantity of N-fertilizer should not exceed 100 kg N per feddan, added as three doses in September, March and June. Phosphorus fertilizers should be added in September and when another dose is needed, it should be in May. For such a clay soil, nearly double the potassium requirement of the crop should be added as split application. More attention should be given to magnesium fertilization. Micronutrients concentrations were at adequate levels. However, under such soil conditions, fertilizers of acidic reactions are recommended and micronutrients should be supplied as foliar sprays in September, March and May. Adequate levels of the nutrients in the 5-7 months spring flush together with the high obtained yields suggest that the obtained levels of the nutrients (except copper) can be used as a basis to correct the fertilizer programmes at any growth stage.

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