Efficiency of Marine Bacteria and Yeasts on the Biocontrol Activity of Pythium ultimum in Ancho-Type Pepper Seedlings

Ancho-type pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a crop susceptible to Pythium ultimum, which has already been controlled with synthetic fungicide applications; however, marine antagonist microorganisms could be an alternative source of control. The efficiency in vitro and in vivo of marine bacteria and yeasts was determined against P. ultimum. The inhibition of the radial growth of P. ultimum was quantified in vitro by the bacteria Stenotrophomonas rhizophila KM01 and KM02; Bacillus subtilis RBM01 and RBM02, B. amyloliquefaciens 2RLBF and 3R4CF; and Pseudomonas spp. 2R6BF and 2RE9CF, as well as the yeasts Debaryomyces hansenii 1R11AB, 1R11CB, and LL01 and Cryptococcus laurentii 2R3BF and 2R1CB. The β-1,3-glucanase activity of the marine microorganisms was quantified in the presence of the phytopathogen. The disease index (DI), growth parameters, and colony forming units (CFU) were determined in ancho-type pepper plants inoculated with marine bacteria, yeasts, and P. ultimum. The radial zone of the phytopathogen was inhibited by 80% and 75% by S. rhizophila KM01 and C. laurentii 2R1CB, respectively. D. hansenii LL01 and S. rhizophila KM02 showed the highest activity of β-1,3-glucanase, with 6060 U/mL and 47 U/mL, respectively. B. subtilis RBM02 protected 100% of the plants from the oomycete, and an increase was quantified in all the growth parameters and CFU. The use of these marine bacteria and yeasts are, therefore, an option for P. ultimum biocontrol in ancho-type pepper plants, thereby minimizing the application of synthetic fungicides.

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Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040781 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 781

Author(s):

Ana Isabel González-Hernández ◽

M. Belén Suárez-Fernández ◽

Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez ◽

María Ángeles Gómez-Sánchez ◽

María Remedios Morales-Corts

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Open Flower ◽

Pepper Plants

Compost teas (CTs) are organic solutions that constitute an interesting option for sustainable agriculture. Those that come from garden waste have been applied in vitro and in vivo on pepper plants to determine its suppressive effect against both Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani. The studied CT showed relevant content in NO3−, K2O, humic acids, and microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria, N-fixing bacteria, and actinobacteria, which play a role in plant growth and resistance. This rich abundance of microbiota in the CT induced a reduction in the relative growth rate of both P. capsici and R. solani (31.7% and 38.0%, respectively) in in vitro assays compared to control. In addition, CT-irrigated plants displayed increased growth parameters and showed the first open flower one week before those treatments without CTs, which suggests that its application advanced the crop cycle. Concerning pathogen infection, damage caused by both pathogens became more apparent with a one-week inoculation compared to a four-week inoculation, which may indicate that a microbiological and chemical balance had been reached to cope with biotic stresses. Based on these results, we conclude that CT application induces plant growth and defense in pepper plants against P. capsici and R. solani because of its relevant soluble nutrient content and microbiota richness, which provides a novel point for plant nutrition and protection in horticultural crops.

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Grafts Derived from an α-Synuclein Triplication Patient Mediate Functional Recovery but Develop Disease-Associated Pathology in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Journal of Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.3233/jpd-202366 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Shelby Shrigley ◽

Fredrik Nilsson ◽

Bengt Mattsson ◽

Alessandro Fiorenzano ◽

Janitha Mudannayake ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Functional Recovery ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Hesc Line ◽

Alternative Source ◽

And Function

Background: Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been proposed as an alternative source for cell replacement therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and they provide the option of using the patient’s own cells. A few studies have investigated transplantation of patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons in preclinical models; however, little is known about the long-term integrity and function of grafts derived from patients with PD. Objective: To assess the viability and function of DA neuron grafts derived from a patient hiPSC line with an α-synuclein gene triplication (AST18), using a clinical grade human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (RC17) as a reference control. Methods: Cells were differentiated into ventral mesencephalic (VM)-patterned DA progenitors using an established GMP protocol. The progenitors were then either terminally differentiated to mature DA neurons in vitro or transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats and their survival, maturation, function, and propensity to develop α-synuclein related pathology, were assessed in vivo. Results: Both cell lines generated functional neurons with DA properties in vitro. AST18-derived VM progenitor cells survived transplantation and matured into neuron-rich grafts similar to the RC17 cells. After 24 weeks, both cell lines produced DA-rich grafts that mediated full functional recovery; however, pathological changes were only observed in grafts derived from the α-synuclein triplication patient line. Conclusion: This data shows proof-of-principle for survival and functional recovery with familial PD patient-derived cells in the 6-OHDA model of PD. However, signs of slowly developing pathology warrants further investigation before use of autologous grafts in patients.

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The use of dairy cow faeces rather than rumen liquor in the gas pressure transducer technique for assessing digestion kinetics in vitro

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s175275620059108x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1995 ◽

pp. 113-113

Author(s):

D M Harris ◽

A Barlet ◽

A T Chamberlain

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Pressure Transducer ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Faecal Material ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Digestion Kinetics ◽

In Sacco

The pressure transducer technique has been proposed as a method of evaluating feed degradation characteristics (Theodorou, 1993) and it has been shown to predict the in vivo and in sacco degradability of forages (Blummel and Orskov, 1993). However the original technique requires rumen liquor and hence access to surgically prepared animals. Faecal material is generally easier to obtain and this work assessed it's suitability as an alternative source of microbes.Rumen liquor (R) and faeces (F) were collected simultaneously from a rumenally fistulated lactating dairy cow. R was mixed 1:1 with modified van Soest medium and F 1:2 to obtain similar dry matter contents. Homogenised strained 20 ml aliquats were inoculated into vented 250 ml bottles containing 180 ml of modified van Soest medium and 1.5g DM of a 7:3 mixture of milled air dried grass silage and 180 g CP / kg DM concentrates. The 7:3 ratio of silage and concentrates was chosen to reflect the diet the donor cow was consuming.

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Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-99-3-0258 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 258-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ting Yu ◽

Jishuang Chen ◽

Huangping Lu ◽

Xiaodong Zheng

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Biocontrol Efficacy ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

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The use of dairy cow faeces rather than rumen liquor in the gas pressure transducer technique for assessing digestion kinetics in vitro

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600028798 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1995 ◽

pp. 113-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D M Harris ◽

A Barlet ◽

A T Chamberlain

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Pressure Transducer ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Faecal Material ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Digestion Kinetics ◽

In Sacco

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AMD3100-Mobilized CD34+ Cells Are Phenotypically Different and Better Targets for Retroviral Transduction Than G-CSF-Mobilized CD34+ Cells in Rhesus Macaques.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.2686.2686 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2686-2686

Author(s):

Andre Larochelle ◽

Allen Krouse ◽

Donald Orlic ◽

Robert E. Donahue ◽

Cynthia E. Dunbar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Steady State ◽

Genetic Manipulation ◽

Rhesus Macaques ◽

Post Transplantation ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Cd34 Cells

Abstract AMD3100 (AMD) has recently been shown to rapidly mobilize primitive hematopoietic cells in mice and humans, but little is known about the properties of cells mobilized with this agent. We initiated a study to determine retroviral (RV) in vivo gene marking efficiency in AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells in rhesus macaques. CD34+ cells collected 3 hours after administration of AMD to 2 animals were transduced using RV vectors containing the NeoR gene. Animals were irradiated and cells reinfused immediately after transduction. By molecular analysis, the levels of PB MNC and granulocyte NeoR gene marking at steady-state (up to 12 months post-transplantation) was 1–2% in animal RC909 and 30–40% in RQ2851. In two additional rhesus macaques, CD34+ cells were collected from steady-state BM and from the PB after mobilization with AMD or G-CSF (G). The two PB populations from each animal were transduced with one of two distinguishable NeoR vectors and simultaneously reinfused into irradiated animals. In animal RQ3590, 2% in vivo gene marking at steady-state (up to 4 months post-transplantation) was derived from AMD-mobilized cells compared to 0.05% from the G-mobilized fraction. Animal RQ3636 showed 10% in vivo marking from the AMD-mobilized fraction and no detectable marking from the G-mobilized cells. We also compared phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD34+ cells from BM, AMD-PB and G-PB. An average of 31% of the AMD-mobilized cells were in the Go phase of the cell cycle, compared to 79% of G-mobilized cells (p=0.02), and 45% for the BM fraction (p=0.24). In contrast, 64% AMD-mobilized cells were in G1 compared to 17% of G-mobilized cells (p=0.03) and 44% for the BM fraction (p=0.15). Flow cytometry showed CXCR4 expression on 59% AMD-mobilized cells, in comparison to 11% G-mobilized cells (p=0.02) and 22% BM cells (p=0.07). Similar results were obtained when comparing VLA-4 expression. The increased expression of CXCR4 on AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells correlated with their increased ability to migrate towards SDF-1α in vitro (45%) compared to G-mobilized cells (8%, p=0.01) and BM cells (17%, p=0.08). Our data indicate efficient long-term in vivo gene marking in the rhesus macaque model, validating the ability of AMD to induce mobilization of true long-term repopulating HSCs. AMD-mobilized PB HSCs represent an alternative source of HSCs amenable to genetic manipulation with integrating RV vectors, with potential applications in gene therapy approaches for patients with sickle cell anemia; documented complications have precluded mobilization using G or G/SCF in these patients. Also, cell cycle status and surface phenotype of AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells are more comparable to steady-state BM cells than G-mobilized PB HSCs. AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells are more actively cycling than G-mobilized CD34+ cells, correlating with the increased efficiency of replication-dependent retrovirus-mediated gene transduction. The increased expression of the adhesion receptors CXCR4 and VLA-4 on primitive AMD-mobilized cells compared to G-mobilized cells suggests fundamental differences in the mechanisms of AMD-mediated and cytokine-mediated stem cell mobilization.

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Propolis: A Complex Natural Product with a Plethora of Biological Activities That Can Be Explored for Drug Development

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/206439 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Ricardo Silva-Carvalho ◽

Fátima Baltazar ◽

Cristina Almeida-Aguiar

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Clinical Effectiveness ◽

Biological Properties ◽

New Drugs ◽

Published Data ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Scientific Attention

The health industry has always used natural products as a rich, promising, and alternative source of drugs that are used in the health system. Propolis, a natural resinous product known for centuries, is a complex product obtained by honey bees from substances collected from parts of different plants, buds, and exudates in different geographic areas. Propolis has been attracting scientific attention since it has many biological and pharmacological properties, which are related to its chemical composition. Severalin vitroandin vivostudies have been performed to characterize and understand the diverse bioactivities of propolis and its isolated compounds, as well as to evaluate and validate its potential. Yet, there is a lack of information concerning clinical effectiveness. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential of propolis for the development of new drugs by presenting published data concerning the chemical composition and the biological properties of this natural compound from different geographic origins.

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In vitro and in vivo toxicity of fungicides and biofungicides for the control of verticillium and fusarium wilt of pepper

Pesticidi i fitomedicina ◽

10.2298/pif2101023m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

Milica Mihajlovic ◽

Emil Rekanovic ◽

Jovana Hrustic ◽

Mila Grahovac ◽

Brankica Tanovic

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Verticillium Dahliae ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Thiophanate Methyl ◽

Significant Difference ◽

By Products ◽

Pepper Plants

A survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p > 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum.

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Resazurin Method for Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Cranberry Extracts Using the Metabolic Activity of a ΔSOD1 Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Under Severe Osmotic Stress

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.19-0264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 422-427

Author(s):

Agata Święciło ◽

Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Alcohol Water

Abstract Background: In addition to nutrients, plant raw materials for food production should also contain substances with beneficial biological properties, which unquestionably include antioxidant compounds. Among the numerous methods of determining the antioxidant properties of samples of plant material, biological methods that provide information about not only the in vivo antioxidant potential of samples but also their metabolism and bioavailability are increasingly valued. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant properties of extracts from large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) obtained from different producers. Methods: Biologically active compounds were extracted from cranberry fruits using water alone and ethyl alcohol–water in proportions of 1+1 and 4+1 (v/v) as solvents. The following were determined in the extracts: content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, total antioxidant capacity based on reduction of the ABTS+• [2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical cation, and antioxidant properties as reflected by the growth of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δsod1 mutant in a liquid hypertonic environment. The growth parameters of this Δsod1 mutant, monitored by a method exploiting a color reaction with resazurin, reflected the antioxidant properties of the extracts. Results: The ethanol–water cranberry extracts showed higher content of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and total antioxidants expressed as Trolox equivalent, determined on the basis of ABTS+• reduction. Conclusions: The antioxidant properties determined by the bioassay did not respond strongly to the data obtained in the in vitro chemical and biochemical assays, because they were more closely associated with the batch of fruit than with the type of solvent used to extract phytochemicals.

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Which games are growing bacterial populations playing?

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2015.0121 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (108) ◽

pp. 20150121 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Xiang-Yi Li ◽

Cleo Pietschke ◽

Sebastian Fraune ◽

Philipp M. Altrock ◽

Thomas C. G. Bosch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Game Theory ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Evolutionary Game Theory ◽

Community Dynamics ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Evolutionary Game ◽

Frequency Dependent

Microbial communities display complex population dynamics, both in frequency and absolute density. Evolutionary game theory provides a natural approach to analyse and model this complexity by studying the detailed interactions among players, including competition and conflict, cooperation and coexistence. Classic evolutionary game theory models typically assume constant population size, which often does not hold for microbial populations. Here, we explicitly take into account population growth with frequency-dependent growth parameters, as observed in our experimental system. We study the in vitro population dynamics of the two commensal bacteria ( Curvibacter sp. (AEP1.3) and Duganella sp. (C1.2)) that synergistically protect the metazoan host Hydra vulgaris (AEP) from fungal infection. The frequency-dependent, nonlinear growth rates observed in our experiments indicate that the interactions among bacteria in co-culture are beyond the simple case of direct competition or, equivalently, pairwise games. This is in agreement with the synergistic effect of anti-fungal activity observed in vivo . Our analysis provides new insight into the minimal degree of complexity needed to appropriately understand and predict coexistence or extinction events in this kind of microbial community dynamics. Our approach extends the understanding of microbial communities and points to novel experiments.

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