Effect of Conversion to Organic Farming on Pest and Disease Control in French Vineyards

Since 2006, an increasing number of French vineyards have chosen to convert to organic farming. One major change in vineyard practices includes replacing chemical pesticides with copper and sulfur-based products in line with Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007. This change can make overall management and pest and disease control more difficult and potentially lead to yield losses. From 2013 to 2016, a network of 48 vineyard plots, in southern France, under conventional management and in conversion to organic farming were monitored throughout the three-year conversion phase to investigate the grapevine phytosanitary management of four major pests and diseases and variations in control efficiency. The severity of downy and powdery mildew, grape berry moths, and Botrytis bunch rot were assessed and linked to the protection strategy. The findings showed that pests and diseases were controlled in the third year of conversion at similar efficiency levels as in conventional farming. However, the first two years of conversion were a transitional and less successful period during which higher incidences of cryptogamic diseases were observed. This demonstrates a need for winegrowers to receive more in-depth technical advice and support, especially on pest and disease control, during this critical transition period.

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Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Tindakan Petani Upsus dalam Mengendalikan Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Padi

Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia ◽

10.18343/10.18343/jipi.25.4.515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 515-523

Author(s):

Kurniawan Effendi ◽

Abdul Munif ◽

I Wayan Winasa

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Disease Control ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Government Program ◽

Indonesian Government ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Increase In Productivity ◽

Cultivation Techniques ◽

Chemical Pesticides

The Special Efforts Program (Upsus) is an Indonesian government program to increase production/productivity of lowland rice to support the realization of food self-sufficiency. The Upsus targets are to increase the planting index by 0.5 and productivity by 0.3 tons/ha/GKP. The increase in planting index is achieved by the expansion of added planting, but the increase in productivity has not been reached optimally due to pest and disease attacks. The objective of this research was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of Upsus farmers in controlling pests and diseases, rice cultivation techniques, and implementation of Upsus in Karawang District. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 60 farmers in Tempuran and Tirtajaya Sub-District at Karawang District. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling with the consideration of respondent being an active farmer, having at least 5 years of farming experience, and has ben a member of Upsus for at least 1 year. Most respondents have age in the range of 41-60 years, the highest education of elementary school, and have farming experience for 5-10 years. Pests and diseases are the biggest problems faced by the farmers. Upsus farmers used Ciherang and Inpari 32 varieties and the applications of pesticides were conducted according to the schedule. Most of the farmers could not distinguish between pests and diseases. The dominant pest and disease control carried out was the use of chemical pesticides. Keywords: diseases, pesticides, pests, Upsus

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Pengendalian Hama Penyakit Terpadu untuk Mengurangi Kerusakan pada Tanaman Padi di Desa Mekar Sari Kecamatan Gunung Sari

Jurnal Gema Ngabdi ◽

10.29303/jgn.v2i1.68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 88-94

Author(s):

Made Suma Wedastra ◽

I Dewa Gede Suartha ◽

Theresia Suzanna Catharina ◽

Ida Ayu Ketut Marini ◽

Ni Wayan Putu Meikapasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Community Service ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Question And Answer ◽

Production Value ◽

The One ◽

Chemical Pesticides

Until now farmers still use synthetic chemical pesticides in eradicating pests and diseases. On the one hand, the use of synthetic chemical pesticides is beneficial because of the poison power or the ability to kill pests and diseases that are high and fast, but the excessive use of toxic pesticides, in addition to the increasingly resistant pests and diseases to pesticide poisons, can also pollute the environment. In addition, pesticide poisons tend to increase in price, so that economically it does not increase production value. Community service is carried out in the form of agricultural counseling, carried out in Mekar Sari Village, Gunung Sari District, aiming that farmers have better knowledge and are willing to implement integrated pest and disease control (IPM) methods on rice plants. This counseling material was delivered with lecture techniques, then followed by question and answer sessions. The agricultural extension activities in Mekar Sari Village, Gunung Sari Subdistrict went smoothly and most of the extension participants were able to increase their knowledge to be better, so that they were expected to increase their understanding and be able to apply the technology

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Medically Important Vector Borne Disease Control-Botanical Plant Extract Trials

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2018.v04i04.20 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 513

Author(s):

Rakhshan .

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Vector Borne Disease ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

High Level ◽

Continuous Use ◽

Chemical Pesticides

Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens which causes serious human diseases like Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Zika virus which constitute a major public health problem globally. Mosquito borne diseases cause high level of economic impact all over the world and result in millions of death every year. They infect around 700,000,000 people annually worldwide and 40,000,000 only in India. The continuous use of synthetic pesticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance, toxic effect on human health, environmental pollution and addition to these, its adverse effects can be observed on non-target organisms. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been proved to be effective, but overall in last 5 decades indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides against vector borne disease control have originated several ecological issues due to their residual accumulation and development of resistance in target vectors and their chronic effects.

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Organic Hits the Mainstream

Organic Futures ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300199451.003.0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Connor J. Fitzmaurice ◽

Brian J. Gareau

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Consumer Choice ◽

Organic Foods ◽

Regulatory Processes ◽

Federal Recognition ◽

Chemical Inputs ◽

Consistent Basis ◽

Definition Of ◽

Chemical Pesticides ◽

The U.S

With the passage of the U.S. Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) of 1990, organic food left the fringes of America’s agricultural economy and received federal recognition— and regulation. But how did organic farming become a niche market governed by regulations aimed at limiting the use of synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers, rather than by more holistic concerns about society and ecology? This chapter provides an overview of the regulatory processes that yielded both the OFPA and the final USDA organic standards implemented in 2000. While the federal government’s approach to organic farming began with a holistic, process-based definition of organic agriculture in the USDA’s 1980 “Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming,” the final standards came to focus on issues surrounding chemical inputs. This process served to settle the organic market by providing commensurability, offering a consistent basis for consumer choice, not broad agricultural sustainability.

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The role of organic farming in the formation of the harvest and the nutrition value of potatoes on unused arable lands and fallow lands of Altay Region (Western Siberia)

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2017_132 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 388-392

Author(s):

D. A. Durnikin ◽

O. Y. Voronkova ◽

V. A. Kundius ◽

L. I. Petrova

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Altai Region ◽

Fallow Lands

In the article, a comprehensive evaluation of the role of organic farming in the formation of the crop and the nutritional value of perspective varieties cultivated within the climatic zone of Western Siberia is considered. The most favorable conditions for growing potatoes in the Altai Region of the Western Siberia are compared with other regions of Russia and those of foreign countries. In the southern and southeastern regions of the Altai region, where the formation of tubers coincides with the hot period of the first half of summer, the high soil temperature negatively affects the eyes of the tubers. Therefore, the seed material here rapidly degenerates. To avoid this, summer potatoes are planted. Irrigation ensures high and stable potato yields irrespective of weather conditions. Moisture content of soil during the period from planting potatoes to shoots should be maintained at the level of 65-70 per cent, in the budding and flowering phases - of 75-85 per cent and during the period from the beginning of wilting of potato tops – of 60-65 per cent. The number of irrigations, their terms and standards, are determined by taking into account soil-climatic conditions, the phase of plant development and the application area of a crop. The most effective irrigation method is sprinkling. The irrigation norm ranges from 500 to 800 m3 per hectare. On irrigated lands, plowing of potato fields is carried out necessarily with a soil cultivator, preventing the formation of a plow pan. Rows are located across the slope, or angle-wise. After watering space between rows are loosened (on heavy soils also before watering). During irrigation process it is necessary to apply higher quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers and to carry out a set of measures to control weeds, pests and diseases of potatoes.

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Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy after switching from reference infliximab to biosimilar SB2 compared with continuing reference infliximab and SB2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomised, double-blind, phase III transition study

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211741 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 234-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Josef S Smolen ◽

Jung-Yoon Choe ◽

Nenad Prodanovic ◽

Jaroslaw Niebrzydowski ◽

Ivan Staykov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Transition Period ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Double Blind ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

American College Of Rheumatology ◽

Registration Number ◽

Phase Iii Study ◽

Transition Study ◽

To Receive

ObjectivesEfficacy, safety and immunogenicity results from the phase III study of SB2, a biosimilar of reference infliximab (INF), were previously reported through 54 weeks. This transition period compared results in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who switched from INF to SB2 with those in patients who maintained treatment with INF or SB2.MethodsPatients with moderate to severe RA despite methotrexate treatment were randomised (1:1) to receive SB2 or INF at weeks 0, 2 and 6 and every 8 weeks thereafter until week 46. At week 54, patients previously receiving INF were rerandomised (1:1) to switch to SB2 (INF/SB2 (n=94)) or to continue on INF (INF/INF (n=101)) up to week 70. Patients previously receiving SB2 continued on SB2 (SB2/SB2 (n=201)) up to week 70. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity were assessed up to week 78.ResultsEfficacy was sustained and comparable across treatment groups. American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 responses between weeks 54 and 78 ranged from 63.5% to 72.3% with INF/SB2, 66.3%%–69.4% with INF/INF and 65.6%–68.3% with SB2/SB2. Treatment-emergent adverse events during this time occurred in 36.2%, 35.6% and 40.3%, respectively, and infusion-related reactions in 3.2%, 2.0% and 3.5%. Among patients who were negative for antidrug antibodies (ADA) up to week 54, newly developed ADAs were reported in 14.6%, 14.9% and 14.1% of the INF/SB2, INF/INF and SB2/SB2 groups, respectively.ConclusionsThe efficacy, safety and immunogenicity profiles remained comparable among the INF/SB2, INF/INF and SB2/SB2 groups up to week 78, with no treatment-emergent issues or clinically relevant immunogenicity after switching from INF to SB2.Trial registration numberNCT01936181; EudraCT number: 2012-005733-37.

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Effect of ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg on disease control in patients (pts) with M1c-stage melanoma in relation to baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9041 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 9041-9041

Author(s):

M. Smylie ◽

S. Francis ◽

B. Neyns ◽

M. Maio ◽

D. Minor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Tumor Burden ◽

Clinical Activity ◽

Melanoma Metastasis ◽

Phase Ii Studies ◽

Similar Disease ◽

To Receive

9041 Background: Ipilimumab, a fully human, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 monoclonal antibody, enhances antitumor immunity. Ipilimumab is clinically active in advanced melanoma, with a 1-year survival rate of ∼50% in Phase II studies (Wolchok et al. CRI-CVC annual meeting 2008. Oral presentation). Serum LDH level is an independent prognostic factor for malignant melanoma, and is strongly predictive of reduced survival in stage IV disease (Bedikian et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4738–4745.). This analysis evaluated the association between baseline LDH levels and disease control (stable or reduced measurable tumor burden) in previously treated pts with M1c-stage melanoma (metastasis to vital organs other than the lungs) who received ipilimumab in 2 recently completed Phase II studies (CA184008 and 022). Methods: Ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg was given every 3 weeks (Q3W) × 4; eligible pts could continue to receive ipilimumab Q12W beginning at Week 24. In study 022, pts were randomized to receive ipilimumab induction dosing at 0.3, 3.0, or 10 mg/kg Q3W × 4; study 008 was a single- arm trial of ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg. Disease control data were pooled from the 2 Phase II studies for pts treated with ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg and stratified by normal and elevated (>1× upper normal limit [UNL]) LDH levels. Elevated LDH was not capped. Results: For 227 pts treated at 10 mg/kg, 123 had M1c-stage disease: 42 had normal LDH and 81 had LDH >1 × UNL (of which 32 had LDH 2 × UNL). Among these 123 pts, 17/81 (21.0%) [95% CI 12.7–31.5] with elevated LDH levels experienced disease control, whereas 12/42 (28.6%) [95% CI 15.7–44.6] with LDH levels at or below the UNL experienced disease control. Conclusions: Our data show that ipilimumab exerts similar disease control in pts with normal and elevated LDH levels. Ipilimumab therefore appears to have clinical activity in the form of disease control in pts with a very poor prognosis, i.e., M1c-stage melanoma and elevated LDH levels. [Table: see text]

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INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL MUNGBEAN PESTS AND DISEASES

Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.21082/ijas.v22n1.2021.p8-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Marida Santi Yudha Ika Bayu ◽

Yusmani Prayogo ◽

Gatut Wahyu Anggoro Susanto

Keyword(s):

Spodoptera Litura ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Block Design ◽

Field Research ◽

Biological Agents ◽

The Other ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Biological Technology ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Chemical Pesticides

The main constraints to increase mungbean production in Indonesia are pests and diseases. The application of integrated biological agents can improve the efficacy of controlling the mungbean pests and diseases. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of integrated biological agents to suppress mungbean pests and diseases. This field research was conducted from May to July 2018 using a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: T1 = Trichol + NSP, T2 = Trichol + SlNPV, T3 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV, T4 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas, T5 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas + GE, T6 = chemical pesticides, and T7 = control. The results showed that the highest efficacy occurred in T4 and T5 treatments which saved the yield loss from major pests and diseases attack, and did not differ significantly with chemical pesticides (T6). Treatments T4 was able to reduce the development of soil borne diseases by 3% and suppress Spodoptera litura attack by 9.8% as compared to chemical treatment. T4 was also more efficient than T5 because it uses less biological agents. The advantage of biological agents is compatible if they were used together with predators such as Oxyopes sp., Paederus sp. and Coccinella sp; and also Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. parasitoids. On the other hand, the chemical pesticides (T6) killed all existing natural enemies. Therefore, T4 could be recommended for controlling mungbean pests and diseases.

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Antiviral and Antinematodal potentials of chitosan: Review

Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology ◽

10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 055-059

Author(s):

Abd El-Aziz Mahmoud Hamdy ◽

Khalil Mohamed Salah

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Low Cost ◽

Environmental Risks ◽

Economic Losses ◽

The Novel ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Chemical Pesticides

For many years, chemical pesticides have been performed to control different pests and diseases and this may be due to their broad spectrum of action, easy of application and the relatively low cost. But these chemicals have environmental risks, thus alternative control agents are needed. Chitosan is one of the novel suggested solutions to reduce the economic losses associated with chemical pesticides. Chitosan is naturally-occurring compound, as well as safe and biodegradable which obtained from certain natural sources. Chitosan have unique properties which help to control viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, plant nematodes and other pests locally and systemically.

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Caracterización Molecular de la Diversidad Fúngica de los Bosques Llucud y Palictahua: Potencialidades en Control Biológico/Molecular Characterization of Diversity Fungic of the Llucud and Palictahua Forests: Potential in Biological Control

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v5i2.6249 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N. S. Erazo Sandoval ◽

J. C. Manzano Ocaña ◽

B. D. Patiño Castillo

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Ecosystem ◽

Metarhizium Robertsii ◽

Killer Activity ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽

Chemical Pesticides ◽

Generation Sequencing

Dentro de los microorganismos más abundantes que se pueden encontrar en formaciones ecosistémicas naturales como los bosques andinos del Ecuador se encuentran los hongos microscópicos, los cuales desempeñan funciones cruciales en dichos ecosistemas. Por lo cual el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar molecularmente la diversidad de hongos presentes en los bosques nativos Llucud y Palictahua, estableciendo sus potencialidades de uso en el control biológico de plagas y enfermedades que afectan a los cultivos agrícolas y cuyo control en su mayoría se lo realiza con plaguicidas químicos. Mediante secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS por sus siglas en inglés) de las muestras compuestas de suelo tomadas del horizonte “A” (rizósfera) de cada bosque, se identificaron 56 especies de hongos en Palictahua y 38 en Llucud, presentándose en ambos bosques un total de 6 hongos con importantes potencialidades para su uso en el control biológico, dentro de las cuales se encontraron: Brachyphoris oviparasitica (nematófago), Simplicillium (entomopatógeno y micoparásito), Hamamotoa lignophila (levadura con actividad Killer) en Llucud, y Metarhizium robertsii (entomopatógeno), Brachyphoris oviparasitica (nematófago) y Paraphaeosphaeria parmeliae (micoparásito) en Palictahua. El Bosque Palictahua presentó mayor diversidad de hongos que el bosque Llucud, sin embargo es importante cuidar ambos bosques, pues poseen una gran riqueza microbiana con un sinnúmero de posibilidades de uso en la medicina, industria, biotecnología y otros campos. Among the most abundant microorganisms that can be found in natural ecosystem formations such as the Andean forests of Ecuador are microscopic fungi, which play crucial roles in these ecosystems. So that the objective of this research was to molecularly characterize the diversity of fungi present in the native forests Llucud and Palictahua, establishing their potential for use in the biological control of pests and diseases that affect agricultural crops and whose control is mostly carried out with chemical pesticides. Through next-generation sequencing (NGS for its acronym in English) of compound samples of soil took from “A” horizon (rhizosphere). 56 species of fungi were identified in Palictahua and 38 in Llucud, presenting in both forests a total of 6 fungi with significant potential for use in biological control, among which were found: Brachyphoris oviparasitica (nematophagous), Simplicillium sp. (entomopathogen and mycoparasite), Hamamotoa lignophila (yeast with Killer activity) in Llucud, and Metarhizium robertsii (entomopathogen), Brachyphoris oviparasitica (nematophagous) and Paraphaeosphaeria parmeliae (mycoparasite) in Palictahua. The Palictahua forest presented greater diversity of fungi than the Llucud forest, however it is important to take care of both forests, since they have a great microbial richness with a myriad of possibilities of use in medicine, industry, biotechnology and other fields. Palabras clave: Biodiversidad, Microbiota, Plaguicidas. Keywords: Biodiversity, Microbiota, Pesticides.

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