scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stresses

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1308
Author(s):  
Monica Boscaiu ◽  
Ana Fita
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress

Abiotic stress represents a main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity. Drought and soil salinity, especially, are major causes of reduction of crop yields and food production worldwide. It is not unexpected, therefore, that the study of plant responses to abiotic stress and stress tolerance mechanisms is one of the most active research fields in plant biology. This Special Issue compiles 22 research papers and 4 reviews covering different aspects of these responses and mechanisms, addressing environmental stress factors such as drought, salinity, flooding, heat and cold stress, deficiency or toxicity of compounds in the soil (e.g., macro and micronutrients), and combination of different stresses. The approaches used are also diverse, including, among others, the analysis of agronomic traits based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical studies, and transcriptomics or transgenics. Despite its complexity, we believe that this Special Issue provides a useful overview of the topic, including basic information on the mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance as well as practical aspects such as the alleviation of the deleterious effects of stress by different means, or the use of local landraces as a source of genetic material adapted to combined stresses. This knowledge should help to develop the agriculture of the (near) future, sustainable and better adapted to the conditions ahead, in a scenario of global warming and environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Genomics Applied to the Analysis of Flowering Time, Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Disease Resistance: A Review of What We Have Learned in Lolium spp.

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Elisa Pasquali ◽  
Gianni Barcaccia
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Forage Crops

Flowering time, abiotic stress tolerance and disease resistance are important agronomic traits of forage species like Lolium spp. Understanding the genetic control of these traits is enabled by the combination of genomic tools with conventional breeding techniques. Flowering time in this genus represents a complex trait due to the differences in the primary induction requirements among the species. In total, 36 QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus) were identified across all seven linkage groups of Italian and perennial ryegrass involved in the flowering pathways, with several putative orthologous/homologous genes that have been characterized in other major crops. From the perspective of climate change, abiotic stress tolerance has become an essential feature; many QTLs that are involved in the control of plant responses have been identified, and transcriptional studies focusing on drought tolerance reported several DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) involved in carbon and lipid metabolism and signal transduction. Due to the incidence of microbial diseases, QTLs useful to developing cultivars resistant to bacterial wilt (Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis), ryegrass crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. Lolii) and gray leaf spot (Magnaporthe grisea/oryzae) have been mapped in both L. perenne and L. multiflorum populations. Due to the great importance of Lolium species, especially as forage crops, additional information about the three aforementioned agronomic traits is needed.

scholarly journals Assessing salt-stress tolerance in barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Rajeswari Somasundaram ◽  
Neeru Sood ◽  
Gokhale Trupti Swarup ◽  
Ramachandran Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance

Identifying naturally existing abiotic-stress tolerant accessions in cereal crops is central to understanding plant responses toward sstress. Salinity is an abiotic stressor that limits crop yields. Salt stress triggers major physiological changes in plants, but individual plants may perform differently under salt stress. In the present study, 112 barley accessions were grown under controlled salt stress conditions (1 Sm-1 salinity) until harvest. The accessions were then analyzed for set of agronomic and physiological traits. Under salt stress, less than 5 % of the assessed accessions (CIHO6969, PI63926, PI295960, and PI531867) displayed early flowering. Only two (< 2 %) of the accessions (PI327671 and PI383011) attained higher fresh and dry weight, and a better yield under salt stress. Higher K+/Na+ ratios were maintained by four accessions PI531999, PI356780, PI452343, and PI532041. These top-performing accessions constitute naturally existing variants within barley’s gene pool that will be instrumental to deepen our understanding of abiotic-stress tolerance in crops.

scholarly journals Molecular Markers Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Adnan Younis ◽  
Fahad Ramzan ◽  
Yasir Ramzan ◽  
Faisal Zulfiqar ◽  
Muhammad Ahsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.

scholarly journals Mutation of GmAITR Genes by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Results in Enhanced Salinity Stress Tolerance in Soybean

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianya Wang ◽  
Hongwei Xun ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xiaoyang Ding ◽  
Hainan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Entire Family

Breeding of stress-tolerant plants is able to improve crop yield under stress conditions, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been shown to be an efficient way for molecular breeding to improve agronomic traits including stress tolerance in crops. However, genes can be targeted for genome editing to enhance crop abiotic stress tolerance remained largely unidentified. We have previously identified abscisic acid (ABA)-induced transcription repressors (AITRs) as a novel family of transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of ABA signaling, and we found that knockout of the entire family of AITR genes in Arabidopsis enhanced drought and salinity tolerance without fitness costs. Considering that AITRs are conserved in angiosperms, AITRs in crops may be targeted for genome editing to improve abiotic stress tolerance. We report here that mutation of GmAITR genes by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing leads to enhanced salinity tolerance in soybean. By using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we found that the expression levels of GmAITRs were increased in response to ABA and salt treatments. Transfection assays in soybean protoplasts show that GmAITRs are nucleus proteins, and have transcriptional repression activities. By using CRISPR/Cas9 to target the six GmAITRs simultaneously, we successfully generated Cas9-free gmaitr36 double and gmaitr23456 quintuple mutants. We found that ABA sensitivity in these mutants was increased. Consistent with this, ABA responses of some ABA signaling key regulator genes in the gmaitr mutants were altered. In both seed germination and seedling growth assays, the gmaitr mutants showed enhanced salt tolerance. Most importantly, enhanced salinity tolerance in the mutant plants was also observed in the field experiments. These results suggest that mutation of GmAITR genes by CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient way to improve salinity tolerance in soybean.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Tae Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Global Food

Climate change is affecting agriculture in a number of ways, such as changing water distribution, daily temperatures and salinity patterns. In this regard, plant breeding innovations and genetic engineering approaches to improve abiotic stress tolerance are necessary to avoid a decline in crop yields caused by climate change during the 21st century. In the last few years, genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system has attracted attention as a powerful tool that can generate hereditary mutations. So far, only a few studies using the CRISPR/Cas system have been reported to improve abiotic stress tolerance, but they have clearly suggested its effective role for future applications in molecular breeding to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Accordingly, the CRISPR/Cas system application is introduced in this mini-review as a way to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Although editing efficiency and target discovery for plant CRISPR/Cas systems require further improvement, CRISPR/Cas systems will be the key approach to maintaining global food security during climate change.

scholarly journals Genome Editing to Integrate Seed Size and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Traits in Arabidopsis Reveals a Role for DPA4 and SOD7 in the Regulation of Inflorescence Architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Chen ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
Qimeng Zhang ◽  
Ganghua Zhou ◽  
Hainan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Transcription Repressors

Both seed size and abiotic stress tolerance are important agronomic traits in crops. In Arabidopsis, two closely related transcription repressors DPA4 (Development-Related PcG Target in the APEX4)/NGAL3 and SOD7 (Suppressor of da1-1)/NGAL2 (NGATHA-like protein) function redundantly to regulate seed size, which was increased in the dpa4 sod7 double mutants. Whereas ABA-induced transcription repressors (AITRs) are involved in the regulation of ABA signaling and abiotic stress tolerance, Arabidopsis aitr2 aitr5 aitr6 (aitr256) triple mutant showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salt. Here we performed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to disrupt DPA4 and SOD7 in aitr256 mutant, trying to integrate seed size and abiotic stress tolerance traits in Arabidopsis, and also to examine whether DPA4 and SOD7 may regulate other aspects of plant growth and development. Indeed, seed size was increased in the dpa4 sod7 aitr256 quintuple mutants, and enhanced tolerance to drought was observed in the mutants. In addition, we found that shoot branching was affected in the dpa4 sod7 aitr256 mutants. The mutant plants failed to produce secondary branches, and flowers/siliques were distributed irregularly on the main stems of the plants. Floral organ number and fertility were also affected in the dpa4 sod7 aitr256 mutant plants. To examine if these phenotypes were dependent on loss-of-function of AITRs, dpa4 sod7 double mutants were generated in Col wild type background, and we found that the dpa4 sod7 mutant plants showed a phenotype similar to the dpa4 sod7 aitr256 quintuple mutants. Taken together, our results indicate that the integration of seed size and abiotic stress tolerance traits by CRISPR/Cas9 editing was successful, and our results also revealed a role of DPA4 and SOD7 in the regulation of inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors in Pleurotus ostreatus

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12654
Author(s):  
Qiangqiang Ding ◽  
Hongyuan Zhao ◽  
Peilei Zhu ◽  
Xiangting Jiang ◽  
Fan Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress

The C2H2-type zinc finger proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) regulate various developmental processes and abiotic stress responses in eukaryotes. Yet, a comprehensive analysis of these transcription factors which could be used to find candidate genes related to the control the development and abiotic stress tolerance has not been performed in Pleurotus ostreatus. To fill this knowledge gap, 18 C2H2-ZFs were identified in the P. ostreatus genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these proteins have dissimilar amino acid sequences. In addition, these proteins had variable protein characteristics, gene intron-exon structures, and motif compositions. The expression patterns of PoC2H2-ZFs in mycelia, primordia, and young and mature fruiting bodies were investigated using qRT-PCR. The expression of some PoC2H2-ZFs is regulated by auxin and cytokinin. Moreover, members of PoC2H2-ZFs expression levels are changed dramatically under heat and cold stress, suggesting that these genes may participate in abiotic stress responses. These findings could be used to study the role of P. ostreatus-derived C2H2-ZFs in development and stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Insights on Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CPKs) Signaling for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif ◽  
Shahid ◽  
Waqas ◽  
Ali ◽  
Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases

Abiotic stresses are the major limiting factors influencing the growth and productivity of plants species. To combat these stresses, plants can modify numerous physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes through cellular and subcellular signaling pathways. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs or CPKs) are the unique and key calcium-binding proteins, which act as a sensor for the increase and decrease in the calcium (Ca) concentrations. These Ca flux signals are decrypted and interpreted into the phosphorylation events, which are crucial for signal transduction processes. Several functional and expression studies of different CPKs and their encoding genes validated their versatile role for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. CPKs are indispensable for modulating abiotic stress tolerance through activation and regulation of several genes, transcription factors, enzymes, and ion channels. CPKs have been involved in supporting plant adaptation under drought, salinity, and heat and cold stress environments. Diverse functions of plant CPKs have been reported against various abiotic stresses in numerous research studies. In this review, we have described the evaluated functions of plant CPKs against various abiotic stresses and their role in stress response signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Polyamine Metabolism and Abiotic Stress Tolerance

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parimalan Rangan ◽  
Rajkumar Subramani ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
Rakesh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis

Global warming is an alarming problem in agriculture and its effect on yield loss has been estimated to be five per cent for every degree centigrade rise in temperature. Plants exhibit multiple mechanisms like optimizing signaling pathway, involvement of secondary messengers, production of biomolecules specifically in response to stress, modulation of various metabolic networks in accordance with stress, and so forth, in order to overcome abiotic stress factors. Many structural genes and networks of pathway were identified and reported in plant systems for abiotic stress tolerance. One such crucial metabolic pathway that is involved in normal physiological function and also gets modulated during stress to impart tolerance is polyamine metabolic pathway. Besides the role of structural genes, it is also important to know the mechanism by which these structural genes are regulated during stress. Present review highlights polyamine biosynthesis, catabolism, and its role in abiotic stress tolerance with special reference to plant systems. Additionally, a system based approach is discussed as a potential strategy to dissect the existing variation in crop species in unraveling the interacting regulatory components/genetic determinants related to PAs mediated abiotic stress tolerance.

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