scholarly journals Pre- and Postharvest Management of Sunburn in ‘Granny Smith’ Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) under Neotropical Climate Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Vivian Severino ◽  
Mercedes Arias-Sibillotte ◽  
Santiago Dogliotti ◽  
Erna Frins ◽  
José Antonio Yuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
New Production ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Fruit Surface

Sun damage on apples is attributed to the occurrence of high temperatures, incident radiation, and fruit and plant water parameters, all dependent on climatic conditions and management. The development of new production areas and climate changes increase the interest in studying the behavior of the fruit under different conditions. The effect on sun damage of three nets and two chemical protectants was evaluated in a commercial orchard of ‘Granny Smith’ in a neotropical climate during the 2012–2016 seasons. We recorded the evolution, incidence and severity of sunburn and sunscald. Fruit surface temperature, fruit size, sprouting and return to flowering was also recorded. Incident radiation and air temperature were considered for the assessment of the crop’s microclimate. The transmittance in PAR wavelength and the air temperature variation on netting treatments reached 0.4 and 9 °C, respectively. The fruit surface temperature for the White-Net and Black-Net-50% treatments was always lower than 46 °C. For the sun damaged fruits, the Black-Net-50% treatment showed the highest proportion of slightly sunburned fruits (94%) and the lowest proportion of heavy damages, with a sunscald index equal to or less than 2 (on a scale of 1–4) in all the tested conditions. In a neotropical climate, protectant applications did not reduce the incidence of sunburn, but with the use of nets it was possible to reduce both sunburn and sunscald without affecting growth processes dependent on leaf net assimilation.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the ice cap on King George Island, Antarctica: field measurements and numerical simulations

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (55) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rückamp ◽  
Norbert Blindow ◽  
Sonja Suckro ◽  
Matthias Braun ◽  
Angelika Humbert
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
King George Island ◽  
Differential Gps ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

AbstractKing George Island is located at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, which is influenced by maritime climate conditions. The observed mean annual air temperature at sea level is –2.4˚C. Thus, the ice cap is regarded as sensitive to changing climatic conditions. Ground-penetrating radar surveys indicate a partly temperate ice cap with an extended water layer at the firn/ice transition of the up to 700 m high ice cap. Measured firn temperatures are close to 0˚C at the higher elevations, and they differ considerably from the measured mean annual air temperature. The aim of this paper is to present ice-flow dynamics by means of observations and simulations of the flow velocities. During several field campaigns from 1997/98 to 2008/09, ice surface velocities were derived with repeated differential GPS measurements. Ice velocities vary from 0.7 m a−1 at the dome to 112.1 m a−1 along steep slopes. For the western part of the ice cap a three-dimensional diagnostic full-Stokes model was applied to calculate ice flow. Parameters of the numerical model were identified with respect to measured ice surface velocities. The simulations indicate cold ice at higher elevations, while temperate ice at lower elevations is consistent with the observations.

scholarly journals Recent Climatic Mass Balance of the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif and Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Climate by Simulating Steady-State Glacier Conditions

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Stephanie Suzanne Weidemann ◽  
Jorge Arigony-Neto ◽  
Ricardo Jaña ◽  
Guilherme Netto ◽  
Inti Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Recent Climate

The Cordillera Darwin Icefield loses mass at a similar rate as the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields, showing contrasting individual glacier responses, particularly between the north-facing and south-facing glaciers, which are subject to changing climate conditions. Detailed investigations of climatic mass balance processes on recent glacier behavior are not available for glaciers of the Cordillera Darwin Icefield and surrounding icefields. We therefore applied the coupled snow and ice energy and mass balance model in Python (COSIPY) to assess recent surface energy and mass balance variability for the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif. We further used COSIPY to simulate steady-state glacier conditions during the Little Ice Age using information of moraine systems and glacier areal extent. The model is driven by downscaled 6-hourly atmospheric data and high resolution precipitation fields, obtained by using an analytical orographic precipitation model. Precipitation and air temperature offsets to present-day climate were considered to reconstruct climatic conditions during the Little Ice Age. A glacier-wide mean annual climatic mass balance of −1.8 ± 0.36 m w.e. a − 1 was simulated between between April 2000 and March 2017. An air temperature decrease between −0.9 ° C and −1.7 ° C in combination with a precipitation offset of up to +60% to recent climate conditions is necessary to simulate steady-state conditions for Schiaparelli Glacier in 1870.

scholarly journals Effects of External Coloured Shade Nets on Sweet Peppers Cultivated in Walk-in Plastic Tunnels

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila OMBÓDI ◽  
Zoltán PÉK ◽  
Péter SZUVANDZSIEV ◽  
Zsuzsanna TÓTHNÉ TASKOVICS ◽  
Ambrus KOHÁZI-KIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Positive Linear Relation ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

Shading effect of external nets of different colours (white, green, yellow and red) on the yield of two “kapija” pepper (Capsicum anuum L.) cultivars was examined in walk-in plastic tunnels in Hungary under real cultivation circumstances. Shading nets decreased incoming radiation by 23-39% and reduced photosynthetically active radiation by 32-46%. The highest retention was obtained by yellow and green nets, in the range of 450-550 nm and 550-670 nm, respectively. Relation was reported between the degree of shading and the average air temperature of the tunnels, however, treatments did not decrease tunnel air temperature significantly, compared to that of unshaded and paint-shaded control tunnels. This can be explained by the applied proper ventilation and mist irrigation. A strong and negative relation was noted between the intensity of shading and the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of leaves. Shading net treatments did not increase yields, yellow and green nets even decreased it. Instead of tunnel air temperature, yield was mainly affected by photosynthetically active radiation in the experiment. Strong positive linear relation was declared between the chlorophyll content of the leaves and the yield. Results of the current research led to the conclusions that under Hungarian climatic conditions the use of shading nets was less justified if proper cooling techniques (ventilation and mist irrigation) were applied; even under the relatively high incident radiation experienced during the trials. In greenhouses of less favourable climatic conditions, red or white shading nets are recommended instead of commonly used green ones in Hungary.

scholarly journals CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION AND THEIR CHANGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rаside B. Sharipova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
June July August ◽  
Ulyanovsk Region ◽  
Average Monthly Precipitation ◽  
June July

The article summarizes the results of changes in climate conditions: the average annual air temperature for 1961-2018 in the Ulyanovsk region increased by 1.8°C, the most significant increase in temperature was observed in the last twenty-five-year period of time, in the winter pe-riod. There is a tendency to increase both average and seasonal values. When analyzing the time values of the dynamics of the average monthly precipitation amounts, it was found that: the min-imum amount of precipitation falls in the winter months, in June – July they are maximum. There is a clear trend of their growth in September, in the winter months: December, January, February, March. A steady decline in precipitation is observed in June, July, August, and November.

scholarly journals Association between Climatic Conditions, Population Density and COVID-19 in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-887
Author(s):  
AZIZAH R. ◽  
SANTI MARTINI SANTI MARTINI ◽  
LILIS SULISTYORINI LILIS SULISTYORINI ◽  
MAHMUDAH MAHMUDAH ◽  
ADITYA SUKMA PAWITRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Populated Region

The first emergence of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed cases found in Wuhan, China, has become a global crisis. At least 177 countries have been affected over 43,000,000 confirmed cases of corona positive and more than one million deaths until October 27th, 2020. Recent research has analyzed any possible factors causing the COVID-19 spreads were climate factors and population density. Indonesia was a tropical region known as the high-populated country in the World, with a 52.9% area with a high mean air temperature and over 267.7 million populations. Our study aims to analyze the correlation between climate, population density, and COVID-19 in Indonesia. We used the K-means cluster method and Fisher’s exact test to determine climatic conditions, population density, and COVID-19 clusters and study the correlation. Our research found that there is a correlation between climatic conditions and population density with COVID-19 (p: 0,034; p:0,004). Warmer climate conditions and densely populated regions contributed to the risen COVID-19 transmission in Indonesia. These are highlighted by the evidence of the top six provinces with highest COVID-19 cases are province classified in warmer climatic conditions (high air temperature, low rainfall, and humidity) and a fairly-dense to densely populated region.

Trends in the Phenology of Climber Roses under Changing Climate Conditions in Mazovia Lowland in Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Monder
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Urban Green Spaces

The genetic pool of valuable old ornamental cultivars and their in situ maintenance may be threated by climate change. Meanwhile, the ornamental plants like roses make up an important share of both gardens and urban green spaces, where they are particularly vulnerable to multistress growth conditions. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of changing climatic conditions on growth and flowering of 11 historic climber roses through long-term studies (2000-2017) conducted in Central Europe. The evaluation of plants consisted of assessment of frost damage and the timing of early phenological stages (starting of bud break, leaf unfolding) as well as gathering data on beginning, fullness and end of flowering and its abundance. Frost damage was not recorded in any year only in ‘Mme Plantier’, and did not occur for any cultivar after the winter in the years 2007, 2008, and 2014. Only a little damage to one-year shoots was recorded after the winter in the years 2015-2017. Frost damage to ‘Alberic Barbier’, ‘Albertine’, ‘Chaplin's Pink Climber’, ‘Orange Triumph clg’ and ‘Venusta Pendula’ led to pruning to ground level in every year excluding those listed above. Frost damage of once blooming roses limited their flowering; however, the many-year data-sets showed a trend for decreased frost damage and improved abundance of flowering, and these results can be interpreted as a response to the increase of average air temperature. The timing of bud breaking and leaf development in all climber roses was strictly correlated with average air temperature in the dormancy period. The reactions of climber roses to weather conditions confirmed the influence of climatic changes on ornamental crop plants in Central Europe, introducing the potential possibility for the wider application of climber roses, but without certainty of flowering every year.

Dependence of Air Temperature, Enclosing Structures and Floor in Livestock Premises

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Aleksey V. Kuz’michev ◽  
Dmitriy A. Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Thermal Mode ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Floor Surface ◽  
Floor Temperature

The comfort of the animals is determined by temperature factors, such as air temperature, radiation temperature of the room and floor. For a reasonable technical decision on the choice of power equipment for creating normal conditions for keeping animals, it is necessary to identify possible variations in the temperature parameters of the environment in the animal housing zone. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in considering the models for calculating heat losses to the ground and determining the limit values for changes in floor temperature in areas where animals are housed. (Materials and methods) The article presents the studied physical model of heat transfer. The article presents the boundaries of changes in floor temperature in the areas of animal keeping in livestock premises. (Results and discussion) The thermal mode of a room depends on the climatic conditions that affect the state of the internal environment through the enclosing structures and ventilation, and technical factors, as the building structure, the size and thermal insulation properties of fences, heating. There are many types of designs of livestock premises for various purposes, and therefore it is necessary to conduct an additional assessment of the floor surface temperature. The engineering method of calculating the floor surface temperature determines the temperature in the room at known current values, and allows to predict the thermal state of the floor surfaces in the locations of animals. (Conclusions) Meteorological conditions and construction of buildings, thermal insulation properties of fences, thermal characteristics of the soil, floor insulation affect the temperature mode in the room. For buildings with lightweight structures of walls and ceilings, the surface temperature affects the thermal mode of floors in the room.

scholarly journals Possible impacts of temperature changes on recreational and tourist activities in Ukraine’s regions

2017 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
T. Safranov ◽  
V. Khokhlov ◽  
A. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Recreation And Tourism

Temperature is one of the main meteorological parameters. It determines the weather and climatic conditions, and impacts on human activities. Weather and climate conditions (precisely air temperature) are the most important factors which affect natural and recreational resources and also stipulate recreational and tourist activities. The article discusses the possible impact of air temperature changes from 2021 to 2050 on recreational and tourist activities in Ukrainian regions. We have analyzed the data gathered by 85 observation stations which are located in various Ukrainian regions. The analysis was based on scenario due to average level of greenhouse gases emissions (medium climate change pattern) for 30 years (2021-2050). The coastal zone in North-western part of the Black Sea has one of the high level of recreational-tourism potential. The fore-cast in this region makes rather small increasing of the temperature in summer time. So, it has not significant influence to the present forms of recreation and tourism activities. The research indicates that changes in average annual, average summer and winter air temperatures according to the scenario will not significantly affect the possibility of summer recreational and tourism activities. Also climate changes will not affect sustainable development of recreation and the level of thermal impact on recreants (tourists) within Ukrainian regions. Following this climate change scenario we don’t anticipate significant deterioration of weather conditions for winter recreation and tourism activities, especially for the Ukrainian Carpathians.

scholarly journals The Effect of Natural Light on Changes in Antioxidant Content and Color Parameters of Vine-ripened Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Pék ◽  
Péter Szuvandzsiev ◽  
András Nemenyi ◽  
Lajos Helyes ◽  
Andrea Lugasi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Color Parameters ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Antioxidant Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fruit Surface

During the vine ripening of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the change in antioxidant content and color was studied under two different solar exposures. An experiment was carried out in 2008 and 2009 to determine how color evolution, surface temperature, and antioxidant content of tomato fruits were influenced by fruit position and exposure on trellised tomato plants. Trellised rows were oriented so that non-shaded fruits were subjected to full solar irradiation from 0900 hr to 1600 hr, whereas shaded fruits were completely shaded during the same time period. A significant difference (P = 0.001) between fruit surface temperatures of shaded or non-shaded fruits was observed. The more direct solar irradiation the fruits were exposed to, the higher the fruit surface temperatures increased. At 1400 hr, only the average temperature of non-shaded fruits was significantly higher (7.0 and 9.3 °C in 2008 and 2009, respectively) than the air temperature. At the end of the ripening process, color change of non-shaded fruits showed significantly higher CIELab hue compared with shaded fruits. A close negative correlation (R2 = 0.51) was detected between the hue color parameters and the cumulative fruit surface–air temperature difference of non-shaded fruits, but in the case of shaded fruits, there was only a weak (R2 = 0.29) correlation. Solar exposure had a great effect on the antioxidant content of tomato fruits. A higher fruit surface temperature resulted in significantly less lycopene and more polyphenols and ascorbic acid content in tomato fruits.

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