The Influence of Temperature on the Growth, Sporulation, Colonization, and Survival of Trichoderma spp. in Grapevine Pruning Wounds

Trichoderma is a genus of fungi used for the biological control of plant diseases and a large number of its bio-formulates are available in the market. However, its efficacy under field conditions remains unclear, especially for the protection of grapevine plants against Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs). These diseases are caused by a complex of fungal pathogens whose main point of entrance into the affected plants is through pruning wounds. In this research, different Trichoderma native strains have been evaluated according to their ability to grow at different temperatures and their capacity to colonize pruning wounds in adverse climatic conditions. Strains from section Trichoderma have adapted to cooler conditions. On the other hand, strains from clade Harzianum/Virens grow at higher temperatures. However, differences can also be found between strains inside the same clade/section. Native strains were able to colonize more than 70% of vine pruning wounds in winter conditions. The Trichoderma strain T154 showed a significantly higher re-isolation degree from vine plants and its concentration was optimized for spraying onto vine plants. In conclusion, Trichoderma native strains are better adapted to survive in a changing environment, and they could give better protection to grapevine plants in co-evolution with each specific vineyard.

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Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 802

Author(s):

Pierluigi Reveglia ◽

Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽

Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽

Marco Masi ◽

Alessio Cimmino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Diplodia Seriata ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

One Year ◽

Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

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Biochar and Trichoderma spp. in management of plant diseases caused by soilborne fungal pathogens: a review and perspective

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. e296101522465

Author(s):

Erika Valente de Medeiros ◽

Lucas Figueira da Silva ◽

Jenifer Sthephanie Araújo da Silva ◽

Diogo Paes da Costa ◽

Carlos Alberto Fragoso de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Plant Disease ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Management Tool ◽

Production Plant ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Health Concept ◽

Plant Disease Management

A better understanding of the use of biochar with Trichoderma spp. (TRI), considered the most studied tool for biological control, would increase our ability to set priorities. However, no studies exist using the two inputs on plant disease management. Here, we hypothesized that biochar and TRI would be used for the management of soilborne plant pathogens, mainly due to changes in soil properties and its interactions. To test this hypothesis, this review assesses papers that used biochar and TRI against plant diseases and we summarize the handling mechanisms for each input. Biochar acts by mechanisms: induction to plant resistance, sorption of allelopathic and fungitoxic compounds, increase of beneficial microorganisms, changes the soil properties that promote health and nutrient availability. Trichoderma as biocontrol agents by different mechanisms: mycoparasitism, enzyme and secondary metabolic production, plant promoter agent, natural decomposition agent, and biological agent of bioremediation. Overall, our findings expand our knowledge about the reuse of wastes transformed in biochar combined with Trichoderma has potential perspective to formulate products as alternative management tool of plant disease caused by soilborne fungal pathogen and add important information that can be suitable for development of strategy for use in the global health concept.

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Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae causing grapevine trunk diseases and their spatial distribution under different climatic conditions in Algeria

European Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10658-021-02377-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mounia Arkam ◽

Artur Alves ◽

Anabela Lopes ◽

Jana Čechová ◽

Robert Pokluda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Trunk Diseases

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Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1696 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 293

Author(s):

Elia Choueiri ◽

Fouad Jreijiri ◽

Paulette Chlela ◽

Valérie Mayet ◽

Gwénaelle Comont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Numerical Evaluation ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Esca Disease ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Micro Organisms

Aims: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.Methods and results: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.Conclusion: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea and species of the ascomycete family Botryosphaeriaceae were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.Significance and impact of the study: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that Botryosphaeriaceae species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.

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Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.726461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Charis K. Ramsing ◽

David Gramaje ◽

Sara Mocholí ◽

Javier Agustí ◽

Félix Cabello Sáenz de Santa María ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Xylem Anatomy ◽

Dna Concentration ◽

Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Potential Association ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Stem Surface Area ◽

Detrimental Impact

Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

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Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Pruning Wound Protectants to Control Grapevine Trunk Diseases Pathogens Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-08-21-0113-rs ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Blundell ◽

Akif Eskalen

Keyword(s):

Recovery Rate ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Field Trials ◽

Positive Control ◽

Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽

Eutypa Lata ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Pruning Wound ◽

Wound Protection ◽

Trunk Diseases

Grapevine trunk diseases, caused by many different fungal pathogens, are one of the most economically important diseases affecting the grapevine industry worldwide. Pruning wounds are the main point of entry for these fungal pathogens and thus, disease control is focused on preventative pruning wound protection by chemical products and/or biological control agents (BCAs). In this study we evaluated a broad variety of already registered or at the experimental stage of chemical and BCAs in greenhouse and in field trials for the protection of table- and wine-grape vines against infection of Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum, major pathogens responsible for Eutypa and Botryosphaeria dieback, respectively. Our study showed that Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii consistently provided pruning wound protection in greenhouse and field trials, with a mean percent disease control (MPDC) of 88% and 100% for E. lata and N. parvum, respectively, when compared to the water treated-inoculated positive control (P<0.05). The chemical protectants, thiophanate-methyl + myclobutanil and fluopyram and trifloxystrobin were also able to effectively protect wounds with a MPDC of up to 86% when compared to the water treated-inoculated positive control (P<0.05). When biological treatments were evaluated for recovery from treated canes at the end of the growing season, Trichoderma-based treatments had a rate of recovery between 0 and 100%, Aureobasidium-based treatments had a recovery rate between 25 and 100%, and Bacillus-based treatments had a recovery rate between 0 and 25%.

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Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01818-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (18) ◽

pp. 6474-6483 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Rebeca Cobos ◽

Rosa María Mateos ◽

José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez ◽

Miguel Angel Olego ◽

Silvia Sevillano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Field Trials ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Content Type ◽

Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTGrapevine trunk fungal pathogens, such asDiplodia seriataandPhaeomoniella chlamydospora, can infect plants through pruning wounds. They cause grapevine trunk diseases and are involved in grapevine decline. Accordingly, the protection of pruning wounds is crucial for the management of grapevine trunk diseases. The efficacy of different natural antifungals in inhibiting the growth of several fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases was evaluatedin vitro. The fungi showing greaterin vitroefficacy were tested on autoclaved grape wood assays againstD. seriataandP. chlamydospora. Based on results from these assays, chitosan oligosaccharide, vanillin, and garlic extract were selected for further evaluation on pruning wounds inoculated withD. seriataandP. chlamydosporain field trials. A significant decrease in plant mortality was observed after 2 years of growth in the plants treated with the different natural antifungals compared to the mortality rate observed in infected plants that were not treated with antifungals. Also, the infection rate for the inoculated pathogens was significantly reduced in plants treated with the selected natural antifungals. Therefore, natural antifungals represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the grape-growing industry.

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Nanohybrid Antifungals for Control of Plant Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7010048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Mousa A. Alghuthaymi ◽

Rajkuberan C. ◽

Rajiv P. ◽

Anu Kalia ◽

Kanchan Bhardwaj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Current Status ◽

Great Promise ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Use Efficiency

The changing climatic conditions have led to the concurrent emergence of virulent microbial pathogens that attack crop plants and exhibit yield and quality deterring impacts on the affected crop. To counteract, the widespread infections of fungal pathogens and post-harvest diseases it is highly warranted to develop sustainable techniques and tools bypassing traditional agriculture practices. Nanotechnology offers a solution to the problems in disease management in a simple lucid way. These technologies are revolutionizing the scientific/industrial sectors. Likewise, in agriculture, the nano-based tools are of great promise particularly for the development of potent formulations ensuring proper delivery of agrochemicals, nutrients, pesticides/insecticides, and even growth regulators for enhanced use efficiency. The development of novel nanocomposites for improved management of fungal diseases can mitigate the emergence of resilient and persistent fungal pathogens and the loss of crop produce due to diseases they cause. Therefore, in this review, we collectively manifest the role of nanocomposites for the management of fungal diseases.

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Fungal pathogens associated with black foot of grapevine in China

Phytopathologia Mediterranea ◽

10.36253/phyto-12353 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 303-319

Author(s):

Qingtong YE ◽

Wei ZHANG ◽

Jingyi JIA ◽

Xinghong LI ◽

Yueyan ZHOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Control Measures ◽

Field Surveys ◽

First Report ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Dactylonectria Torresensis ◽

Black Foot

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most destructive diseases in grape-growing regions worldwide. Black foot is one of the important GTDs affecting young vineyards and nurseries. This disease has not been reported in China. During 2017 and 2019, field surveys were carried out in the Guangxi, Hebei, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Xinjiang provinces of China. Incidence of plants with black foot symptoms was 0.1% to 1% in the surveyed vineyards. Plant samples with poorly developed shoots and canes, chlorotic leaves, and necrotic trunks or roots were collected from the five provinces. In total, 50 fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissues. Based on morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, five species were identified as Cylindrocladiella lageniformis, Dactylonectria torresensis, D. macrodidyma, D. alcacerensis and Neonectria sp.1. Pathogenicity was assessed using young, healthy detached green shoots of grapevine ‘Summer Black’ and potted 3-month-old ‘Summer Black’ cuttings. Inoculated detached shoots developed necroses after 7 d, and inoculated cuttings after 80 d. Fungi were re-isolated from necrotic lesions. Among the five species, D. macrodidyma was the most aggressive. This is the first report of C. lageniformis, D. torresensis, D. macrodidyma, D. alcacerensis, and Neonectria sp. 1 associated with black foot in China. This study has enhanced knowledge of the fungi associated with black foot in China, and will assist development of control measures for this disease.

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Grapevine wood microbiome analysis identifies key fungal pathogens and potential interactions with the bacterial community implicated in grapevine trunk disease appearance

Environmental Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40793-021-00390-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bekris Fotios ◽

Vasileiadis Sotirios ◽

Papadopoulou Elena ◽

Samaras Anastasios ◽

Testempasis Stefanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Strong Interactions ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Bacterial Microbiome ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Fungal Microbiome ◽

Potential Interactions

Abstract Background Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) is a disease complex caused by wood pathogenic fungi belonging to genera like Phaeomoniella, Phaeoacremonium, Fomitiporia, Eutypa and members of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. However, the co-occurrence of these fungi in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines at equivalent abundances has questioned their role in GTDs. Hence, we still lack a good understanding of the fungi involved in GTDs, their interactions and the factors controlling their assemblage in vines. We determined the fungal and bacterial microbiome in wood tissues of asymptomatic and symptomatic vines of three main Greek cultivars (Agiorgitiko, Xinomavro, Vidiano), each cultivated in geographically distinct viticultural zones, using amplicon sequencing. Results We noted that cultivar/biogeography (lumped factor) was the strongest determinant of the wood fungal microbiome (p < 0.001, 22.7%), while GTD symptoms condition had a weaker but still significant effect (p < 0.001, 3.5%), being prominent only in the cultivar Xinomavro. Several fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), reported as GTD-associated pathogens like Kalmusia variispora, Fomitiporia spp., and Phaemoniella chlamydosporα (most dominant in our study), were positively correlated with symptomatic vines in a cultivar/viticultural zone dependent manner. Random Forest analysis pointed to P. chlamydosporα, K. variispora, A. alternata and Cladosporium sp., as highly accurate predictors of symptomatic vines (0% error rate). The wood bacterial microbiome showed similar patterns, with biogeography/cultivar being the main determinant (p < 0.001, 25.5%) of its composition, followed by the GTD status of vines (p < 0.001, 5.2%). Differential abundance analysis revealed a universal positive correlation (p < 0.001) of Bacillus and Streptomyces ASVs with asymptomatic vines. Network analysis identified a significant negative co-occurrence network between these bacterial genera and Phaemoniella, Phaeoacrominum and Seimatosporium. These results point to a plant beneficial interaction between Bacillus/Streptomyces and GTD pathogens. Conclusions Our study (a) provides evidence that GTD symptomatic plants support a wood fungal microbiome, showing cultivar and biogeography-dependent patterns, that could be used as a proxy to distinguish between healthy and diseased vines, (b) points to strong interactions between the bacterial and fungal wood microbiome in asymptomatic vines that should be further pursued in the quest for discovery of novel biocontrol agents.

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