scholarly journals Multienzyme Super-Dosing in Broiler Chicken Diets: The Implications for Gut Morphology, Microbial Profile, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jacoba Madigan-Stretton ◽  
Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽  
Elham Assadi Soumeh
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Microbial Profiling ◽  
Soybean Diet

Optimizing gut health has a large impact on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability, and super-dosing feed enzymes may be one solution to achieve this. A 42-day grow-out trial was conducted using 192 Ross 308 broilers to determine if super-dosing Natuzyme at 0 g/t, 350 g/t, 700 g/t, and 1000 g/t dose rates could improve the gut morphology, alter the cecal microbial profile, enhance bone mineralization, and improve nutrient digestibility of a wheat–corn–soybean diet (six replicates per treatment, eight birds per pen). One bird per pen was slaughtered at day 42 and gut morphology, cecal microbial profile, and nutrient digestibility were studied. The addition of enzymes tended to increase the villus height in the duodenum, villus height, width, and crypt depth in the jejunum, and villus width and the number of goblet cells in the ileum. Microbial profiling revealed diverse communities; however, they did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Yet, 700 g/t Natuzyme promoted microbes belonging to the genus Romboutsia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, while 1000 g/t Natuzyme promoted Barnesiella species. The nutrient digestibility demonstrated a significant improvement in all enzyme doses compared to the control. In conclusion, based on the outcomes of this study, a dose rate of 700 g/t Natuzyme is recommended to improve gut morphology and nutrient digestibility, and promote unique microbes which aid in feed efficiency.

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Biswas ◽  
R. Messam ◽  
M. Kumawat ◽  
M. Namit ◽  
A.B. Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Soybean Diet

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P LESS THAN 0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P Less than 0.05) increased in T3 and T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P less than 0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d, crypt depth (CD) were increased (P less than 0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. Thus, it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.

scholarly journals Influence of butyric acid supplemented diets on growth response, precaecal nutrient digestibility, gut morphology and histopathological measurements in broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-285
Author(s):  
A. F. Agboola ◽  
B. R. O. Omidiwura ◽  
R. O. Ahmed ◽  
O. D. Ayoola
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

In recent time, there has been call for antibiotics substitute in animal feed due to concerns over its residual effects and the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans consuming the meat. Short chain fatty acids are often used as viable alternatives to antibiotics. However, there has conflicting reports on the efficacy of the organic acids. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the effects of butyric acid supplemented diets on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, gut morphology and histopathology of broiler chickens in a 21-day feeding trial. Three hundred and thirty-six, one-day old Arbor Acre plus broiler chicks were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments with six replicate groups of eight chickens each. Diet 1 was the Corn-SBM diet {basal diet (negative control NC)}; Diet 2 (positive control) was basal diet+105g of oxytetracyclene/tonne of feed; Diet 3 comprised NC+0.1% butyric acid); Diet 4 consisted of NC+ 0.2% butyric acid, Diet 5 contained NC+ 0.3% butyric acid, Diet 6 had NC+ 0.4% butyric acid and Diet 7 consisted of NC+ 0.5% butyric acid. Titanium dioxide was added at the rate of 5g/kg as indigestible dietary marker. Performance indices were calculated. On day 21, two chickens per replicate were slaughtered, excised and digesta samples collected at two-thirds to ileo-caeco-colonic junction for digestibility assay. After flushing out the digesta samples, sections of the ileum (5cm posterior to Meckel's diverticulum) were removed for ileal morphological measurements while ileal sections and liver were harvested for histopathological examinations. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the performance indices across the treatments. Digestibility of crude protein, ash and nitrogen free extract in broiler chickens fed diets containing antibiotic and 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% butyric acid supplemented diets were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed basal diet and diet supplemented with 0.1% butyric acid. Ether extract digestibility of those fed basal diet was similar (P>0.05) to chickens on other dietary treatments. Similar crude fibre digestibility was recorded for basal diet and 0.1% butyric acid supplemented diet. Diets had no significant influence on the villus length, villus height, crypt depth, epithelial thickness and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Histopathological observation of chickens on the control diet showed clinical symptoms of villi and hepatocellular atrophy. No lesions were observed in the ilea of chickens on the antibiotics supplemented diets. Clinical symptoms ranging from villi atrophy, necrosis of the villi, clubbing of the villi, loss of enterocyte, hepatocellular atrophy and necrosis, hyperplasia of bile ductular epithelium, accentuation of sinusoids, and focus of lymphoid aggregate in parenchyma of liver were observed for chickens on butyric acid supplemented diets. Due to the equal level of performance recorded across treatments, it may therefore be concluded that using butyric acid up to 0.5% in diet can replace antibiotic usage but had no comparative beneficial effect on broiler productivity at 21 days.

Influence of butyric acid supplemented diets on growth response, precaecal nutrient digestibility, gut morphology and histopathological measurements in broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
A. F. Agboola ◽  
B. R. O. Omidiwura ◽  
R. O.``` Ahmed ◽  
O. D. Ayoola
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

In recent time, there has been call for antibiotics substitute in animal feed due to concerns over its residual effects and the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans consuming the meat. Short chain fatty acids are often used as viable alternatives to antibiotics. However, there has conflicting reports on the efficacy of the organic acids. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the effects of butyric acid supplemented diets on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, gut morphology and histopathology of broiler chickens in a 21-day feeding trial. Three hundred and thirty-six, one-day old Arbor Acre plus broiler chicks were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments with six replicate groups of eight chickens each. Diet 1 was the Corn-SBM diet {basal diet (negative control NC)}; Diet 2 (positive control) was basal diet+105g of oxytetracyclene/tonne of feed; Diet 3 comprised NC+0.1% butyric acid); Diet 4 consisted of NC+ 0.2% butyric acid, Diet 5 contained NC+ 0.3% butyric acid, Diet 6 had NC+ 0.4% butyric acid and Diet 7 consisted of NC+ 0.5% butyric acid. Titanium dioxide was added at the rate of 5g/kg as indigestible dietary marker. Performance indices were calculated. On day 21, two chickens per replicate were slaughtered, excised and digesta samples collected at two-thirds to ileo-caeco-colonic junction for digestibility assay. After flushing out the digesta samples, sections of the ileum (5cm posterior to Meckel's diverticulum) were removed for ileal morphological measurements while ileal sections and liver were harvested for histopathological examinations. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the performance indices across the treatments. Digestibility of crude protein, ash and nitrogen free extract in broiler chickens fed diets containing antibiotic and 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% butyric acid supplemented diets were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed basal diet and diet supplemented with 0.1% butyric acid. Ether extract digestibility of those fed basal diet was similar (P>0.05) to chickens on other dietary treatments. Similar crude fibre digestibility was recorded for basal diet and 0.1% butyric acid supplemented diet. Diets had no significant influence on the villus length, villus height, crypt depth, epithelial thickness and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Histopathological observation of chickens on the control diet showed clinical symptoms of villi and hepatocellular atrophy. No lesions were observed in the ilea of chickens on the antibiotics supplemented diets. Clinical symptoms ranging from villi atrophy, necrosis of the villi, clubbing of the villi, loss of enterocyte, hepatocellular atrophy and necrosis, hyperplasia of bile ductular epithelium, accentuation of sinusoids, and focus of lymphoid aggregate in parenchyma of liver were observed for chickens on butyric acid supplemented diets. Due to the equal level of performance recorded across treatments, it may therefore be concluded that using butyric acid up to 0.5% in diet can replace antibiotic usage but had no comparative beneficial effect on broiler productivity at 21 days.

Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elbaz ◽  
Said El-sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on broiler performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period with probiotics. Results: Chickens fed on probiotic or antibiotic diets had linear improvement in live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control group, while the best LBW and FCR were in the AP group. An improvement in the nutrient digestibility was observed in the probiotic added groups (PRO and AP). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents decreased when antimicrobial (probiotic or antibiotic) supplementations were used, while there was an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, serum total protein, and albumin levels. Among all groups, cecum Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli counts decreased; however, there was an increase in Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. In probiotic supplemented groups (PRO and AP), a significant (P<0.05) improvement in ilea architecture. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using probiotic after initial treatment with an antibiotic in broiler diets had a positive effect on broiler growth performance, gut health (improved cecum microbial populations and ileum histomorphology), and nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals 231 Impact of Brachyspira hyodysentariae on intestinal function and integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Susanne J Lin ◽  
Nicholas Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) causes colitis and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in grow-finish pigs, however little is known about the physiological changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during Bhyo infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Bhyo challenge on intestinal function and integrity of pigs fed two divergent diets. A total of 36 Bhyo negative gilts (24.3 ± 3.6 kg BW) were selected and assigned to one of three treatment groups (n=12 pigs/trt): 1) Bhyo negative, 20% DDGS diet (CON), 2) Bhyo challenged, 20% DDGS diet (DDGS), and 3) Bhyo challenged, 10% DDGS, 5% beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch diet (RS). Pigs were fed diets 21 days prior to challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with Bhyo or sham. Fecal samples were collected for ATTD and pigs were euthanized for colon collection within 72 hours of initial observation of clinical SD, or at the end of the study (dpi 10-16). Tissues were assessed for ex vivo measures of intestinal integrity and mitochondrial function. The challenge resulted in high morbidity, with 88% of DDGS and RS pigs developing clinical SD. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased in DDGS pigs compared with CON and RS pigs (P=0.005), and colon macromolecule permeability was reduced in both DDGS and RS pigs compared with CON pigs (P=0.006), likely due to mucoid discharge. Colonic mitochondrial oxygen consumption was not impacted by treatment (P &gt;0.10). Further, ATTD of DM, OM, N, and GE were reduced in DDGS pigs compared with CON pigs (P&lt; 0.001), whilst nutrient digestibility was not reduced in RS pigs. Taken together, these data show Bhyo does not appear to reduce ex vivo colonic integrity. Further, the RS diet may reduce severity of a Bhyo challenge.

scholarly journals Dietary sophorolipid accelerates growth by modulation of gut microbiota population and intestinal environments in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Jin Kwak ◽  
Min-Young Park ◽  
Yong-Soon Choi ◽  
Junghwan Cho ◽  
Duleepa Pathiraja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Abstract Background Gut is a crucial organ for the host’s defense system due to its filtering action of the intestinal membrane from hazardous foreign substances. One strategy to strengthen the gut epithelial barrier function is to upregulate beneficial microflora populations and their metabolites. Sophorolipid (SPL), which is a glycolipid bio-surfactant, could increase beneficial microflora and decrease pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, herein, we conducted an experiment with broiler chickens to investigate the fortifying effects of SPL on the host’s gut defense system by modulating the microbiota population. Methods A total of 540 1-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were used, and they were immediately allotted into three treatment groups (6 replications with 30 chicks/pen) according to their initial body weight. The dietary treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), BAM (10 mg/kg bambermycin), and SPL (10 mg/kg SPL). During the experiment, birds freely accessed feed and water, and body weight and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. On d 35, birds (one bird/pen) were sacrificed to collect jejunum and cecum samples. Results Dietary SPL and BAM supplementation significantly accelerated birds’ growth and also significantly improved feed efficiency compared to CON. Intestinal microbial community was significantly separated by dietary SPL supplementation from that of CON, and dietary SPL supplementation significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila. Moreover, birds fed with dietary SPL also showed the highest concentration of cecal butyrate among all treatment groups. Gut morphological analysis showed that dietary SPL significantly increased villus height, ratio of villus height to crypt depth, goblet cell numbers, and the gene expression levels of claudin-1 and mucin 2. Additionally, dietary SPL significantly decreased the mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, and increased that of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, compared to other treatments. Conclusions Dietary SPL increases the beneficial bacterial population and butyrate concentration, which leads to a strengthened gut barrier function. In addition, the intestinal inflammation was also downregulated by dietary SPL supplementation.

scholarly journals Wheat bran fermented by mixed fungal strains improves the digestibility of crude fiber and may benefit the gut health without impacting the growth performance in weaned pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2962-2971
Author(s):  
Yuheng Luo ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Cong Lan ◽  
Jingyi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Fungal Strains

This study was conducted to compare the effect of raw (WB) or mixed fungi-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets.

scholarly journals 173 Lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass from lysine production as a novel feed additive to enhance gut health and growth of newly-weaned pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
Yi-Chi Cheng ◽  
Marcos E Duarte ◽  
Sung Woo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the functional and nutritional values of Corynebacterium glutamicum Cell Mass (CGCM) on growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs. Forty newly-weaned pigs (21 d of age; initial BW 7.1 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments based on randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The lysine broth of CGCM (CJ Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) was homogenized by using French press and dried to obtain lysed CGCM. Dietary treatments were: basal diet with lysed CGCM at 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.1%, and with 1.4% intact CGCM. Experimental diets were formulated based on nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012) and pigs were fed based on 2 phases (10 and 11 d for each phase). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 10, and 21. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure TNF-α, IL-8, MDA, IgA, and IgG concentrations. Diets and ileal digesta were collected to measure AID. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED, REG, and GLM procedures. Overall, increasing daily lysed CGCM intake increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG (211 to 296 g) and ADFI (432 to 501 g). Increasing levels of lysed CGCM decreased (P &lt; 0.05) MDA and changed (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) IgA (max: 4.90 ng/mg at 1.13%) and IgG (max: 3.37 ng/mg at 1.04%) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing daily lysed CGCM intake had quadratic effect (P&lt; 0.05) of protein carbonyl (max: 6.3 μmol/mg at 4.9 g/d). Lysed CGCM potentially benefits growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs by reducing oxidative stress and increasing immune response.

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