scholarly journals Growth and Body Composition of Artificially-Reared Lambs Exposed to Three Different Rearing Regimens

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3370
Author(s):  
Hitihamy M. G. P. Herath ◽  
Sarah J. Pain ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Hugh T. Blair ◽  
Patrick C. H. Morel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Protein Milk

This study was designed to investigate the influence of pellet fibre level, milk replacer composition and age at weaning on growth and body composition of lambs reared artificially. Romney ram lambs were randomly allocated to one of three rearing treatments; HFP57: commercial milk replacer to 57 days of age, and high fibre concentrate pellets; HFP42: commercial milk replacer with early weaning at 42 days of age, and high fibre concentrate pellets; LFP42: high protein milk replacer from 2–16 days of age followed by commercial milk replacer with early weaning at 42 days of age, and low fibre concentrate pellets. Lambs were slaughtered at 57 days of age. Overall average daily liveweight gain of lambs did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Dressing out percentage, carcass weight, empty small intestine and omental fat were higher (p < 0.05) in HFP57 than in both HFP42 and LFP42 lambs. HFP42 and LFP42 lambs had heavier (p < 0.05) empty rumen weights. Whole body protein content was higher (p < 0.05) in HFP42 lambs compared to both HFP57 and LFP42 lambs. Fat content and daily fat deposition were greater (p < 0.05) in HFP57 lambs than HFP42 and LFP42 lambs. Weaning lambs at 42 days of age with provision of either low or high fibre concentrate pellets, resulted in similar growth rates, reduced whole body fat deposition and was a more cost-effective rearing regimen.

scholarly journals Rumen Development of Artificially-Reared Lambs Exposed to Three Different Rearing Regimens

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3606
Author(s):  
Hitihamy M. G. P. Herath ◽  
Sarah J. Pain ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Hugh T. Blair ◽  
Patrick C. H. Morel
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Dorsal Wall ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Protein Milk

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of three different rearing regimens on rumen development in lambs reared artificially. Romney ram lambs were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: commercial milk replacer fed to 57 d of age and high fibre concentrate pellets (HFP57); commercial milk replacer, high fibre concentrate pellets, and early weaning from milk replacer at 42 d of age (HFP42); high protein milk replacer from 2–16 d of age followed by commercial milk replacer, low fibre concentrate pellets, and early weaning from milk replacer at 42 d of age (LFP42). Lambs were slaughtered at 57 d of age. Volatile fatty acid content in rumen fluid at slaughter was analysed and rumen tissue samples were collected for histological examination. The rumen n-butyric content was greater (p < 0.05) in both LFP42 and HFP42 treatment lambs compared to HFP57 lambs. The n-valeric content was greater (p < 0.05) in LFP42 lambs compared to both HFP57 and HFP42 treatment lambs. Thickness of the rumen dorsal wall determined by ultrasound scanning at 49 d was greater (p < 0.05) in both HFP42 and LFP42 lambs compared to HFP57 lambs. There was an interaction (p < 0.05) between treatment and site of rumen tissue sampling on papillae width, density, and rumen muscular layer thickness. Collectively, early weaning and the provision of a low fibre pellet leads to improved rumen function and physical development.

scholarly journals A Comparison between Chicken Viscera and Housefly Maggot Cultured from this By-products for Nile Tilapia Diets: Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Whole Body Composition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Cayen S. Alofa ◽  
Youssouf Abou
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fishmeal Replacement ◽  
Chicken Viscera

Aims: The feeding trials were conducted to compare the effects of partial fishmeal replacement by two different animal protein sources on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of juvenile Nile tilapia. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Aquaculture Research Center, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University of Abomey-Calavi for a period of 84 days. Methodology: Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing fishmeal (CD), chicken viscera meal (CVM) and housefly maggot meal (HMM), as partial fishmeal replacement. Commercial diet Skretting (SK) was used as reference diet. All male Oreochromis niloticus with an average initial body weight of 8.65 g were fed thrice a day to apparent satiation. Each treatment was randomly attributed to three replicates. Results: Fish fed all experimental diets showed no effects (P>.05) on survival rate (91.33-96.00 %), condition factor (1.85-1.9), protein efficient ratio (2.05-2.37) and feed conversion ratio (1.21-1.40), although higher values were observed with control diets. Final mean weight and daily weight gain of fish fed HMM diet (88.31 g ; 0.95 g. days-1) were not significantly different from those fed control diets C (88.54 g; 0.95 g/j) and Sk (87.59 g; 0.94 g/j) respectively. Growth performances significantly decreased (P<.05) in CVM group (75.09 g; 0.75 ± g/j). Whole-body protein contents were similar in all groups, whereas lipid content was highest in those fed CVM. Conclusion: The results indicated that 200 g fishmeal per kilo diet can be successfully replaced with 250 g.Kg-1 of HMM without adverse effect on growth and feed utilization whereas CVM inclusion did not perform also well. 

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

scholarly journals Protein metabolism in glucocorticoid excess: study in Cushing's syndrome and the effect of treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. E1426-E1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton G. Burt ◽  
James Gibney ◽  
Ken K. Y. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
The Impact

How protein metabolism is perturbed during chronic glucocorticoid excess is poorly understood. The aims were to investigate the impact of chronic glucocorticoid excess and restoration of eucortisolemia in Cushing's syndrome (CS) on whole body protein metabolism. Eighteen subjects with CS and 18 normal subjects (NS) underwent assessment of body composition using DEXA and whole body protein turnover with a 3-h constant infusion of l-[13C]leucine, allowing calculation of rates of leucine appearance (leucine Ra), leucine oxidation (Lox), and leucine incorporation into protein (LIP). Ten subjects with CS were restudied after restoration of eucortisolemia. Percentage FM was greater (43.9 ± 1.6 vs. 33.8 ± 2.4%, P = 0.002) and LBM lower (52.7 ± 1.6 vs. 62.1 ± 2.3%, P = 0.002) in CS. LBM was significantly correlated ( r2 > 0.44, P < 0.005) to leuceine Ra, Lox, and LIP in both groups. After correcting for LBM, leucine Ra (133 ± 5 vs. 116 ± 5 μmol/min, P = 0.02) and Lox (29 ± 1 vs. 24 ± 1 μmol/min, P = 0.01) were greater in CS. FM significantly correlated ( r2 = 0.23, P < 0.05) with leucine Ra and LIP, but not Lox in CS. In multiple regression, LBM was an independent determinant of all three indexes of leucine turnover, FM of leucine Ra, and LIP and CS of Lox. Following restoration of eucortisolemia, Lox was reduced (Δ−7.5 ± 2.6 μmol/min, P = 0.02) and LIP increased (Δ+15.2 ± 6.2 μmol/min, P = 0.04). In summary, whole body protein metabolism in CS is influenced by changes in body composition and glucocorticoid excess per se, which increases protein oxidation. Enhanced protein oxidation is a likely explanation for the reduced protein mass in CS. Successful treatment of CS reduces protein oxidation and increases protein synthesis to prevent ongoing protein loss.

Relationship of maternal protein turnover and lean body mass during pregnancy and birth length

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. DUGGLEBY ◽  
Alan A. JACKSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Birth Length ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Size At Birth

Epidemiological evidence shows that small size at birth is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adult life. We have examined the relationships between size at birth and maternal body composition and protein turnover in normal pregnant women. A group of 27 multiparous Caucasian women with singleton pregnancies were studied at around 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. Body composition was determined by anthropometry, and whole-body protein turnover was estimated by using a single oral dose of [15N]glycine and the end-product method. The baby's weight and length were measured within 48 h of birth. Mothers with a greater lean body mass had higher rates of protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation. This association was largely accounted for by differences in the mother's visceral, rather than muscle, mass. Mothers who had higher protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation had babies that were longer at birth. After adjustment for the duration of gestation and the baby's sex, 26% of the variation in length at birth was accounted for by maternal protein synthesis at 18 weeks' gestation. Maternal protein intake was not associated with the baby's birth length. Thus the mother's ability to nourish her fetus is influenced by her body composition and her rate of protein turnover. Dietary intake does not adequately characterize this ability.

Effects of index selection at bacon weight on early growth rate and body composition in Large White pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Henderson ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
R. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Breed Improvement

ABSTRACTConsistent age differences at around 27 kg live weight have been found between control (C) and selection (S) line boars of the Large White breed in a coordinated breed improvement programme (89·8 v. 94·6 days, P<001). After 10 generations of index selection on feeding ad libitum, a sample of 20 boars from the programme, 10 C and 10 S, were slaughtered at 27·6 (s.e. 0·48) kg live weight for a more comprehensive examination of this finding. Physical dissection of the carcass and whole body chemical analysis were carried out. Differences between C and S boars were apparent even at this light weight: S boars were older than C (92·7 v. 83·5 days, P<0·01), contained less dissected fat (2·93 v. 3·58kg, P<005) and chemical lipid (315 v. 3·59kg, P<0·05), and had a higher lean proportion (0·477 v. 0·458, P<0·01). There was no significant difference between lines in weight of dissected lean or whole body protein. Index selection has clearly affected early growth and body composition, which questions current assumptions underlying pig testing methods.

Monoclonal antibody enhancement of the effects of human growth hormone on growth and body composition in mice

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Holder ◽  
J. A. Blows ◽  
R. Aston ◽  
P. C. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Growth Hormone ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Dwarf Mice

ABSTRACT Dwarf mice were treated for 10 days with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), human growth hormone (hGH) or hGH with monoclonal antibody EB1 (hGH/MAB-EB1); for each treatment there were three groups which received 50, 75 or 100% of the amount of food eaten when available ad libitum. The PBS control groups lost more or gained less weight than equivalent groups receiving hGH alone, and mice given hGH/MAB-EB1 showed a greater weight gain than those in comparable groups receiving hGH alone. When weight gain or loss was expressed as g/g food eaten, groups treated with hGH gained more or lost less than the PBS groups. Similarly, weight gain/g food was significantly greater in hGH/MAB-EB1 animals than in the comparable groups given hGH alone. A similar pattern of response was observed for increases in tail length and uptake of 35SO42− into costal cartilage in vivo. For mice given hGH alone, fat content was decreased compared with that in the equivalent group given PBS, and mice treated with hGH/MAB-EB1 had less fat than the equivalent group given hGH alone. Administration of hGH alone caused a concomitant increase in protein content and body weight such that, compared with mice given PBS, there was no significant increase in protein as a proportion of body weight. However, hGH/MAB-EB1 caused an increase in whole body protein which was significantly greater than that for the equivalent group given hGH alone, when expressed as per cent body weight. Monoclonal antibody EB1 has been shown to enhance the actions of hGH on growth and body composition in Snell dwarf mice and to increase food conversion efficiency. J. Endocr. (1988) 117,85–90

Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P &lt; 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P &lt; 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratu

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Belsare ◽  
Hukam Singh Dhaker ◽  
A. S. Pawase ◽  
V. R> Joshi ◽  
S. A. Mohite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Body Protein

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth, feed utilization and body composition of goldfish, Carassius auratus juveniles (1.66 ± 0.018 g). Six diets containing two protein levels (300 and 400 g/kg) and three lipid levels (40, 80 and 120 g/kg) were formulated. Fifteen fish were randomly allotted to 18 aquaria (0.6 × 0.3 × 0.45 m) and fed to apparent satiation. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased in response to higher dietary proteins with highest weight gain and SGR recorded in diet containing 400 g/kg protein with 80 g/kg lipid. Both feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were dependent on dietary protein and lipid level (P less than 0.05). Lipid retention (LR) was negatively correlated while hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) was positively correlated with dietary lipid levels. Whole body protein content decreased (P less than 0.05) while, lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid at each protein level. Second-order polynomial regression also revealed diet containing 400 g/kg protein level and 80 g/kg lipid level optimal for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile goldfish, C. auratus.

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