Antimicrobial Resistance and PFGE Molecular Typing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Isolates from Chickens in South Korea from 2013 to 2018

Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological relationship between field outbreak isolates of S. enterica ser. Gallinarum. Thirty S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates collected from poultry farms with FT outbreaks from 2013 to 2018 in South Korea were analyzed. All isolates were resistant to at least 3 of the 18 antimicrobials tested and exhibited an MDR phenotype. All isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and colistin. One isolate was resistant to 9 antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance profile, streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-colistin-nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-gentamicin (18/30, 60.0%), was the most prevalent. PFGE types were classified into 10 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for 30 field isolates. The dominant PFGE types were 1 (8/30, 26.7%), 4 (7/30, 23.3%), and 9 (5/30, 16.7%). Interestingly some isolates collected from the same and different companies had the same PFGE type. We reported a high MDR rate in S. enterica ser. Gallinarum isolates. The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal spread and cyclic contamination of MDR S. enterica ser. Gallinarum within the same company. Furthermore, we showed cross-contamination between different companies. The characterization of these isolates would be helpful in the development of prevention and control strategies for MDR S. enterica ser. Gallinarum infection in South Korea.

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Typing of Listeria Monocytogenes Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle and Beef Meat

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy ◽

10.2478/bvip-2013-0033 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 179-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Katarzyna Dmowska ◽

Kinga Wieczorek ◽

Orla Lynch ◽

Jacek Osek

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Restriction Analysis ◽

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Pfge Type ◽

Common Source ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Beef Meat ◽

Long Time ◽

Pfge Profiles

Abstract A total of 135 L. monocytogenes strains isolated from slaughtered cattle and beef meat were tested by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AscI restriction analysis revealed a genetic heterogeneity among investigated isolates since 31, 9, and 35 profiles were distinguished among hide, carcass, and meat strains, respectively. The PFGE profiles of the isolates were also analysed in relation to serotypes, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance. It was shown that strains displaying the same PFGE type were of the same serotype while correlation between pulsotype and antimicrobial resistance was poor. The obtained results suggest that a cross-contamination between bovine hides and carcasses may occur during the slaughter process. Moreover, identification of identical PFGE types among L. monocytogenes found during a study period may suggest a common source of contamination or presence of persistent strains able to survive for a long time. These results emphasise the importance of molecular subtyping methods, including PFGE, in monitoring and tracking pathogen contamination along food chain.

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Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Molecular Typing of Thermophilic Campylobacter Spp. in a Greek Poultry Slaughterhouse

Acta veterinaria ◽

10.2478/acve-2019-0027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 325-339

Author(s):

Ioannis Sakaridis ◽

Theofilos Papadopoulos ◽

Evridiki Boukouvala ◽

Loukia Ekateriniadou ◽

Georgios Samouris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Environmental Samples ◽

Pfge Type ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Abstract Campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of its transmission to humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken carcasses, the environment, and processing equipment of a poultry slaughterhouse in Greece, to identify the dominant Campylobacter species and to determine if there are clonal relationships among the isolates. Fifty poultry samples and 25 environmental samples were examined using microbial cultures and PCR. Forty-nine of 50 poultry samples (98%) were found to be positive for Campylobacter spp. The environment of the slaughterhouse was also found to be significantly contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Thirty-seven isolates were found to be susceptible to all antimicrobials tested (56.1%) and 29 isolates showed resistance to at least two of the antimicrobials tested (43.9%). We observed 24 different PFGE-types among the 53 isolates with 14 of them isolated only once, while five PFGE-types were represented by two isolates. The remaining 29 isolates were represented by five PFGE-types each consisting of three to 12 isolates. Regarding the relationship of the PFGE types and corresponding resistance profiles, all strains of each PFGE-type shared the same antimicrobial resistance profile. This study reports evidence for Campylobacter spp. cross-contamination among broiler carcasses in a Greek slaughterhouse.

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Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella spp. Strains from Three Poultry Processing Plants in Colombia

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 491

Author(s):

Alejandra Ramirez-Hernandez ◽

Ana K. Carrascal-Camacho ◽

Andrea Varón-García ◽

Mindy M. Brashears ◽

Marcos X. Sanchez-Plata

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Microbial Profile ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Poultry Processing ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

And Control ◽

Sequence Types

The poultry industry in Colombia has implemented several changes and measures in chicken processing to improve sanitary operations and control pathogens’ prevalence. However, there is no official in-plant microbial profile reference data currently available throughout the processing value chains. Hence, this research aimed to study the microbial profiles and the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in three plants. In total, 300 samples were collected in seven processing sites. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and levels of Enterobacteriaceae were assessed. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was conducted to characterize the isolated strains genotypically. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in each establishment was 77%, 58% and 80% for plant A, B, and C. The mean levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the chicken rinsates were 5.03, 5.74, and 6.41 log CFU/mL for plant A, B, and C. Significant reductions were identified in the counts of post-chilling rinsate samples; however, increased levels were found in chicken parts. There were six distinct Salmonella spp. clusters with the predominant sequence types ST32 and ST28. The serotypes Infantis (54%) and Paratyphi B (25%) were the most commonly identified within the processing plants with a high abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes.

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12121389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1389 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sol Jeong ◽

Dong-Hun Lee ◽

Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽

Yu-Jin Kim ◽

Sun-Hak Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

South Korea ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

H5n8 Virus ◽

And Control ◽

Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis

In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B. All genes share high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAI viruses identified from Europe during early 2020. Enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is needed to monitor the introduction and spread of HPAI via wild birds and to inform the design of improved prevention and control strategies.

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Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of QX(GI-19)-Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in South Korea

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13061163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

So-Youn Youn ◽

Ji-Youn Lee ◽

You-Chan Bae ◽

Yong-Kuk Kwon ◽

Hye-Ryoung Kim

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Disease Prevention ◽

South Korea ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Genetic Recombination ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Reference Sequences ◽

And Control

Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. In this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant IBVs isolated from chickens in South Korea between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 IBV isolates belonged to GI-19, which includes nephropathogenic IBVs. Ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from those of reference sequences. Recombination events in the S1 gene were identified, with putative parental strains identified as QX-like, KM91-like, and GI-15. Recombination detection methods identified three patterns (rGI-19-I, rGI-19-II, and rGI-19-III). To better understand the pathogenicity of recombinant IBVs, we compared the pathogenicity of GI-19 with that of the rGI-19s. The results suggest that rGI-19s may be more likely to cause trachea infections than GI-19, whereas rGI-19s were less pathogenic in the kidney. Additionally, the pathogenicity of rGI-19s varied according to the genotype of the major parent. These results indicate that genetic recombination between heterologous strains belonging to different genotypes has occurred, resulting in the emergence of new recombinant IBVs in South Korea.

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1667. Change in characteristics of community-onset ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates causing community-acquired acute pyelonephritis in South Korea

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1845 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S820-S820

Author(s):

Bongyoung Kim ◽

Ki Tae Kwon ◽

Seong-yeol Ryu ◽

Seong-Heon Wie ◽

Hyun-uk Jo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

South Korea ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Acute Pyelonephritis ◽

Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Community Onset

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine the change in characteristics of community-onset ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP-R) E. coli isolates causing community-acquired acute pyelonephritis (CA-APN) in South Korea between 2010-2011 and 2017-2018. Methods E. coli samples isolated from the blood or urine were collected from patients with CA-APN aged 19 years and more who were admitted to 8 Korean hospitals from September 2017 to August 2018, prospectively. One isolate was collected from each patient. Phylogenetic typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and molecular characterization of β-lactamase resistance and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were performed. The data were compared with those from the previous study with same design in 2010-2011. Results A total of 346 and 300 isolates were collected during 2017-2018 and 2010-2011, respectively. Among them, 76 (22.0%) and 77 (25.7%) were CIP-R isolates. Significantly higher antimicrobial resistance against ampicillin (75.7% vs. 100%, P < 0.001) and cefotaxime (23.9% vs. 77.9%, P < 0.001) were observed for isolates in 2017-2018 compared to those in 2010-2011. The proportion of phylogenic group B2 had increased significantly (44.7% vs. 79.2%, P < 0.001). As for MLST, the proportion of ST131 (27.6% vs. 66.2%, P < 0.001) had increased while that of ST393 (18.4% vs. 3.9%, P =0.004) had decreased significantly. Higher proportion of CIP-R E. coli isolates in 2017-2018 had extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (PABL) (23.7% vs. 79.2%, P < 0.001) and PMQR determinant (11.8% vs. 40.8%, P < 0.001) compared to those in 2010-2011. Phlogenetic tree Analyzed by SplitsTree Conclusion Among uropathogenic CIP-R E. coli isolates in South Korea, ST131 predominance had become more prominent and the proportion of containing ESBL/PABL and/or PMQR determinants had increased. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Recurrent and Sporadic Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in Alheiras Represents Considerable Diversity, Including Virulence-Attenuated Isolates

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02912-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 3887-3895 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

M. T. S. Felï¿½cio ◽

T. Hogg ◽

P. Gibbs ◽

P. Teixeira ◽

M. Wiedmann

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Molecular Serotyping ◽

Production And Distribution ◽

Invasion Assays

ABSTRACT Microbiological characterization of alheiras, traditional smoked meat sausages produced in northern Portugal, had previously shown that more than 60% of the lots analyzed were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes at levels higher than 100 CFU/g. In order to better understand L. monocytogenes contamination patterns in alheiras, we characterized 128 L. monocytogenes isolates from alheiras using a variety of subtyping techniques (i.e., molecular serotyping; arsenic, cadmium, and tetracycline resistance typing; and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]). Subtyping of isolates from products collected on two separate dates provided evidence for the persistence of specific L. monocytogenes PFGE types in the production and distribution chains of alheiras from four different processors. A subset of 21 isolates was further characterized using ribotyping and Caco-2 cell invasion assays to evaluate the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes present in alheiras. Caco-2 invasion assays revealed seven isolates with invasion efficiencies that were less than 20% of that of the control strain 10403S. All seven isolates had premature stop codons in inlA that represented three distinct mutations, which had previously been observed in isolates from the United States or France. Our findings indicate the need for a comprehensive approach to control L. monocytogenes in alheiras, including strategies to reduce persistence. The presence of considerable diversity in invasion phenotypes among L. monocytogenes strains present in alheiras, including the presence of subtypes likely to be virulence attenuated, may provide an opportunity to initially focus control strategies on the subtypes most likely to cause human disease.

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Moving from rhetoric to action: how Africa can use scientific evidence to halt the COVID-19 pandemic

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-020-00740-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Olushayo Oluseun Olu ◽

Joy Luba Lomole Waya ◽

Sylvester Maleghemi ◽

John Rumunu ◽

David Ameh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Scale Up ◽

High Impact ◽

The Social ◽

And Control

Abstract The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 has spread rapidly to all countries of the world. Africa is particularly predisposed to an escalation of the pandemic and its negative impact given its weak economy and health systems. In addition, inadequate access to the social determinants of health such as water and sanitation and socio-cultural attributes may constrain the implementation of critical preventive measures such as hand washing and social distancing on the continent. Given these facts, the continent needs to focus on targeted and high impact prevention and control strategies and interventions which could break the chain of transmission quickly. We conclude that the available body of scientific evidence on the coronavirus disease 2019 holds the key to the development of such strategies and interventions. Going forward, we recommend that the African research community should scale up research to provide scientific evidence for a better characterization of the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, prevention and control of the virus on the continent.

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