scholarly journals Production Phase Affects the Bioaerosol Microbial Composition and Functional Potential in Swine Confinement Buildings

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Yan ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Zhendong Guo ◽  
Hongfu Zhang ◽  
Jingbo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Swine Confinement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Swine Feces ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Bioaerosols from swine confinement buildings (SCBs) pose a challenge to public health,and microorganisms within the SCBs bioaerosols originate from swine feces, of which the microbialcomposition is associated with the production phase. The present study adopted the wholemetagenome shotgun sequencing approach, to assess the effects of the production phase on thecomposition and functional potential of microbial populations in SCBs bioaerosols. Most annotatedproteins were assigned into domain bacteria, within which the predominant phylum was Firmicutes.The taxonomical profiles of bioaerosols from different types of piggeries showed that buildingshousing weaning piglets (WP) exhibited higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria thanbuildings housing finishing pigs (FP), gestating sows (GS), farrowing sows (FS), and breeding boars(BB). Regarding the functional potential, the WP bioaerosol had more genes involved in the proteinturnover and fewer genes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism than bioaerosols from othertypes of SCBs. Furthermore, production phase influenced the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)profile of the SCBs bioaerosols. Bioaerosol microbiome of BB, shared a high similarity with GS, andWP bioaerosol microbiome was more similar to FP than other types of SCBs. Our study suggeststhat the production phase plays a key role in the SCBs bioaerosol microbiome.

scholarly journals The Toothbrush Microbiome: Impact of User Age, Period of Use and Bristle Material on the Microbial Communities of Toothbrushes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Kevin Zinn ◽  
Laura Schages ◽  
Dirk Bockmühl
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Ngs Data ◽  
The Impact

Toothbrushes play a central role in oral hygiene and must be considered one of the most common articles of daily use. We analysed the bacterial colonization of used toothbrushes by next generation sequencing (NGS) and by cultivation on different media. Furthermore, we determined the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the impact of different bristle materials on microbial growth and survival. NGS data revealed that Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Actinomycetaceae, and Streptococcaceae comprise major parts of the toothbrush microbiome. The composition of the microbiome differed depending on the period of use or user age. While higher fractions of Actinomycetales, Lactobacillales, and Enterobacterales were found after shorter periods, Micrococcales dominated on both toothbrushes used for more than four weeks and on toothbrushes of older users, while in-vitro tests revealed increasing counts of Micrococcus on all bristle materials as well. Compared to other environments, we found a rather low frequency of ARGs. We determined bacterial counts between 1.42 × 106 and 1.19 × 107 cfu/toothbrush on used toothbrushes and no significant effect of different bristles materials on bacterial survival or growth. Our study illustrates that toothbrushes harbor various microorganisms and that both period of use and user age might affect the microbial composition.

scholarly journals Host range and genetic plasticity explain the co-existence of integrative and extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Cury ◽  
Pedro H. Oliveira ◽  
Fernando de la Cruz ◽  
Eduardo P.C. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Dna Repeats ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Integrative And Conjugative Elements

AbstractSelf-transmissible mobile genetic elements drive horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes. Some of these elements integrate in the chromosome, whereas others replicate autonomously as plasmids. Recent works showed the existence of few differences, and occasional interconversion, between the two types of elements. Here, we enquired on why evolutionary processes have maintained the two types of mobile genetic elements by comparing integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) with extrachromosomal ones (conjugative plasmids) of the highly abundant MPFT conjugative type. We observed that plasmids encode more replicases, partition systems, and antibiotic resistance genes, whereas ICEs encode more integrases and metabolism-associated genes. ICEs and plasmids have similar average sizes, but plasmids are much more variable, have more DNA repeats, and exchange genes more frequently. On the other hand, we found that ICEs are more frequently transferred between distant taxa. We propose a model where differential plasticity and transmissibility range explain the co-occurrence of integrative and extra-chromosomal elements in microbial populations. In particular, the conversion from ICE to plasmid allows ICE to be more plastic, while the conversion from plasmid to ICE allows the expansion of the element‘s host range.

scholarly journals Microbial composition, diversity, and activity varies across different types of basal ice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Doyle ◽  
Brent C. Christner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Read Abundance

ABSTRACTBasal ice often contains entrained subglacial debris and sediment which can serve as a source of nutrients and organic matter and provide habitat for microorganisms adapted to frozen conditions. However, basal ice comes in many different forms and comparatively little is known about how microbial composition, diversity, and activity vary across different types of basal ice. Here, we investigated these parameters in four different types of basal ice from two different glaciers and then used a meta-analysis to compare our findings with microbiome studies of other permanently frozen environments. We found microbiome composition varies substantially between basal ice types, even within the same glacier. Further, the microbiomes of sediment-rich basal ices were distinct from those found in glacial ice and instead were most like those found in permafrost. Consistent with this, microbial diversity was also comparable to that found in permafrost and was much higher relative to glacial ice. Patterns of 16S rRNA read abundance from RNA relative to DNA implicated certain taxa as potentially active in basal ice with ice temperature appearing to be an important predictor for the diversity of taxa inferred to be active. Our results improve our understanding of the microbial ecology of different basal ice types and provide insight into which types are likely habitats for metabolizing microbial communities.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF DISCOURSE MARKERS IN GERMAN

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Evgeniya R. Zhuravleva ◽  
◽  
Svetlana V. Shustova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Markers ◽  
German Language ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Text Cohesion

The article aims at studying the functions of discourse markers of the German language in communication. Despite a considerable number of Russian and foreign works researching discourse markers, there is still no common opinion about the boundaries of this group of words, neither there are principles and criteria for their classification. We identify and summarize possible functions of discourse markers in different types of discourse. It was discovered that being the units of functional-pragmatic level, they provide text cohesion. Discourse markers are represented by various grammatical word classes, are used mostly in preposition and are characterized by dynamic nature.

scholarly journals Effects of treatment with enrofloxacin or tulathromycin on fecal microbiota composition and function of dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Foditsch ◽  
Richard V.V. Pereira ◽  
Julie D. Siler ◽  
Craig Altier ◽  
Lorin D. Warnick
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe increasing concerns with antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for studies evaluating the impacts of antimicrobial use in livestock on antimicrobial resistance using new sequencing technologies. Through shotgun sequencing, we investigated the changes in the fecal microbiome composition and function, with a focus on functions related to antimicrobial resistance, of dairy calves. Heifers 2 to 3 weeks old, which were not treated with antibiotics by the farm before enrollment, were randomly allocated to one of three study groups: control (no treatment), enrofloxacin, or tulathromycin. Fecal samples were collected at days 4, 14, 56 and 112 days after enrollment, and DNA extraction and sample preparation and sequencing was conducted. The effect of antibiotic treatment on each taxon and functional level by time (including Day 0 as a covariate) revealed few changes in the microbiota. At the genus level, enrofloxacin group had higher abundance of Blautia, Coprococcus and Desulfovibrio and lower abundance of Bacteroides when compared to other treatment groups. The SEED database was used for functional analyses, which showed that calves in the enrofloxacin group started with a higher abundance of “Resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds” function on Day 0, however an increase in antibiotic resistance genes after treatment with enrofloxacin was not observed. “Resistance to Fluoroquinolones” and “Erythromycin resistance”, of relevance given the study groups, were not statistically different in abundance between treatment groups. “Resistance to fluoroquinolones” increased during the study period regardless of treatment group. Despite small differences over the first weeks between treatment groups, at Day 112 the microbiota composition and functional profile was similar among all study groups. These findings show that metaphylaxis treatment of dairy calves with either enrofloxacin or tulathromycin have minimal impacts on the microbial composition and functional microbiota of dairy calves over time.

scholarly journals RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR UTILIZATION BY MICROORGANISMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
N.B. Golub ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Effect

With the development of antibiotics application, their spread in the natural environment increases dramatically. The presence of antibiotics in the environment changes microorganism and other living beings ratio and composition, which causes a negative impact on biochemical processes that take place in the environment. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental microorganisms is a growing problem of environmental safety and human health. Aim. The objective of the work was to analyze the adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms to the influence of antibiotics and methods for antibiotics utilization. Results. The mechanisms of microorganisms’ adaptation to antibiotics are shown. The conditions for utilization of different antibiotics classes by microorganisms are provided. Conclusions. Methods of antibiotics destruction depend on its structure and physicochemical properties. Physico-chemical methods are used for local waste purification and are not suitable for antibiotics disposal in the natural environment. The decomposition products can also have a negative effect on the microorganisms’ cells. Depending on the class of antibiotics, their biodegradation occurs by different types of microorganisms. It has been shown that sulfonamides and amphinecoles are easily destroyed by many heterotrophic bacteria; biodegradation of aminoglycosides occurs by a strain of Pseudomonas spp.; tetracyclines - mushrooms; β-lactams - through the microorganisms’ association including: Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, Sphingobacteriales. A consortium of destructors must be created to dispose of a specific classes of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Untreated Wastewater From Three Different Hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiurong Guo ◽  
Nan Tang ◽  
Hui Lei ◽  
Qi Fang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Different Types

Controlling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a worldwide intervention to ensure global health. Hospital wastewater is the main pollution source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ARGs in the environment. Expanding our knowledge on the bacterial composition of hospital wastewater could help us to control infections in hospitals and decrease pathogen release into the environment. In this study, a high-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic approach was applied to investigate the community composition of bacteria and ARGs in untreated wastewater from three different types of hospitals [the general hospital, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospital, and stomatology hospital]. In total, 130 phyla and 2,554 genera were identified from the microbiota of the wastewaters, with significantly different bacterial community compositions among the three hospitals. Total ARG analysis using the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB) and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) revealed that the microbiota in the wastewaters from the three hospitals harbored different types and percentage of ARGs, and their composition was specific to the hospital type based on the correlation analysis between species and ARG abundance, some ARGs contributed to different bacterial genera with various relationships in different hospitals. In summary, our findings demonstrated a widespread occurrence of ARGs and ARG-harboring microbiota in untreated wastewaters of different hospitals, suggesting that protection measures should be applied to prevent human infections. Concurrently, hospital wastewater should be treated more specifically for the removal of pathogens before its discharge into the urban sewage system.

Distinct differences in gut microbial composition and functional potential from lean to morbidly obese subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Meijnikman ◽  
O. Aydin ◽  
A. Prodan ◽  
V. Tremaroli ◽  
H. Herrema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Obese Subjects
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