scholarly journals Exploring the Traveler’s Intentions to Use Public Transport during the COVID-19 Pandemic While Complying with Precautionary Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3630
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdullah ◽  
Nazam Ali ◽  
Charitha Dias ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf Javid
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Safety Guidelines

Public transport use has drastically declined during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus spreads through close contact with infected people and contaminated surfaces, especially in closed-environments. Evidence suggests that following the necessary safety guidelines can limit the spread of the virus, however, non-compliance to precautionary measures has been reported widely. Ignoring the precautionary measures may lead to quick transmission of the virus since public transport vehicles generally resemble closed-environments. This study explores people’s intentions to use public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic while adhering to precautionary measures. For this purpose, a total of 1516 useable responses were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. Regression models were developed to model the intentions to use public transport during the pandemic, to adhere to the precautionary measures while using public transport during the pandemic, and to use public transport while suffering from COVID-19 disease. The results of this study will help in understanding the intentions of the public transport users during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will also provide insights for policymakers and public transport operators about further necessary actions to promote safe public transport use during the current and any possible future pandemics. As public transport use declined during the pandemic, policy implications for alternative mobility options such as demand-responsive-transport (DRT) are also presented. Considering the study results, a policy interventions framework is proposed to promote the safe use of various public transport modes, particularly in developing regions.

COVID-19 transmission: a positive perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurva Sakarde ◽  
Roshan Takhelmayum ◽  
Seema Garg ◽  
Arvind S Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Perspective ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Objectives To understand the dynamics of infectivity of COVID-19 and allay the fear and anxiety associated with it in healthcare workers and the society. Case presentation Three individuals accompanied their pediatric patients in the COVID ward but did not develop infection. Information about their knowledge and perspective about the disease and the protective measures undertaken by them during their stay in the hospital was gathered by administering a questionnaire 14 days after discharge. Conclusions It was observed that use of proper precautionary measures like wearing a mask and regular hand sanitization helped in prevention from COVID-19 infection even after having close contact with confirmed cases. Such facts/observation will help in sensitizing the public about COVID-19 and eliminate panic in the society.

Value of Travel Time for Public Transport Passenger in Urban and Intercity Trip

2016 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 408-415
Author(s):  
Amirotul M.H. Mahmudah ◽  
Djoko Sarwono ◽  
R.I. Pramesty ◽  
P.S. Rahina
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
The Public ◽  
Trip Purpose ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Study Results

Travel time value of public transport passengers is one of important variables in decision making about transport policy. Giving subsidy for public transport and allocate it to the right passenger will result in more benefits for the passenger of public transport. And as an effect it will increase the number of passengers then increase the public transport usage. As a result, it will reduce the number of private car usage which will reduce the air pollution and oil consumption and finally support sustainability transport. In this study, Travel time value based on questionnaire data, which is designed with stated preference with route choice approach. The multiple linear regression model is used to analyzed factors that influence public transport values of travel time, and traveler's income and trip purpose are introduced as categories. The study results indicate, in general, travel time value of regional trips is higher than urban travel. In Urban trip, travel time values for school is higher than values for work and other travels, while, for intercity travel, time value for work are higher than school and other travels. It can be comprehended since in this study the passenger of the urban trip who the travel purpose is work has low income. In common, when the personal income increase the travel time value also increase. But within this study, the public transport passengers who have no income consist of students, and their school regulations give hard punishment when their students come late. Based on that, the passenger with no income their travel time value is higher than the passengers have the lowest income.

scholarly journals Individual Travel Behavior Modeling of Public Transport Passenger Based on Graph Construction

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Liang ◽  
Jiancheng Weng ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Selene Baez Santamaria ◽  
Jianming Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
The Public ◽  
Demand Prediction ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavior Choice

This paper presents a novel method for mining the individual travel behavior regularity of different public transport passengers through constructing travel behavior graph based model. The individual travel behavior graph is developed to represent spatial positions, time distributions, and travel routes and further forecasts the public transport passenger’s behavior choice. The proposed travel behavior graph is composed of macronodes, arcs, and transfer probability. Each macronode corresponds to a travel association map and represents a travel behavior. A travel association map also contains its own nodes. The nodes of a travel association map are created when the processed travel chain data shows significant change. Thus, each node of three layers represents a significant change of spatial travel positions, travel time, and routes, respectively. Since a travel association map represents a travel behavior, the graph can be considered a sequence of travel behaviors. Through integrating travel association map and calculating the probabilities of the arcs, it is possible to construct a unique travel behavior graph for each passenger. The data used in this study are multimode data matched by certain rules based on the data of public transport smart card transactions and network features. The case study results show that graph based method to model the individual travel behavior of public transport passengers is effective and feasible. Travel behavior graphs support customized public transport travel characteristics analysis and demand prediction.

scholarly journals Understanding cognitive transport mode choice structures: means-ends chains as a type of second-order cybernetics

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaž Kolar ◽  
Iztok Kolar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology

Purpose This paper aims to inform the promotion of sustainable modes of transport. For this purpose, it deploys a means-ends framework as a type of second-order cybernetics and uses it to explore cognitive transport mode choice structures. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study relies on a purposive sample and a qualitative research methodology known as laddering. It is aimed at the identification and comparative analysis of the cognitive means-ends structures of transport users. Findings The results reveal more positive and complex associations for the car than for public transport. Two main positive means-ends structures are identified for public transport, one related with the relaxation and the other with doing useful things while travelling. Dominant positive structures for the car are related with self-confidence, satisfaction and personal freedom. Negative means-ends structures in addition reveal important justifications and rationalizations for car use. Practical implications Based on the identified distinct means-ends elements and structures, this study holds important implications for developing a communications strategy and policy interventions seeking to promote public transport. Originality/value Means-ends theory is proposed as an integrative cybernetic framework for the study of stakeholders’ (customers’) mental models. The empirical study is the first to concurrently and comparatively examine positive and negative means-ends chains for the car and for the public transport modes.

scholarly journals Influence of Socio-Cultural Attributes on Stigmatizing Public Transport in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12075
Author(s):  
Kh Md Nahiduzzaman ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Amin Mohammadpour Shotorbani ◽  
Khaled Assi ◽  
Kasun Hewage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Privacy Concern ◽  
Inference System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Bus Service

Several factors over the years have contributed to stigma in public transport. Many studies have highlighted the need to make the transport system more equitable both from economic and gender perspectives. This study attempts to demonstrate how the perceptions of public transport users and non-users are stigmatized from social and cultural standpoints. Thus, it identifies the social and cultural stigma-induced barriers embedded with the use and people’s general perception about the public bus service, taking SAPTCO (Saudi Public Transport Company) as a case study. The study results suggest that privacy concern is the primary cause of stigma. Most of the users are unwilling to ride with their families as SAPTCO does not account for gender needs (e.g., privacy, travel convenience, safety, comfort, etc.). Moreover, people from the high-income classes are more stigmatized against this ridership. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) model is used to analyze the survey questionnaire responses and understand what stigma means for the public bus service. Expert opinions are employed to generate “if–then” rules of the FIS models. Sensitivity of the defined fuzzy model is conducted to different aspects of the ridership. The study results further suggest that “inconvenience” poses the highest impact while “feeling safe”, “privacy”, “fare”, “timing”, and “comfort” are found to be the medium impact-making variables for stigma. The stigma-defining variables would be critical for the public bus service to improve its service quality and help (re-)design the policies that would attract a high amount of ridership. Some solutions are suggested in the end that would complement, strengthen, and promote the current SAPTCO service. The demonstrated methodology of this study would be relevant and adaptive to any relevant context to improve public transportation service and pertaining policies.

scholarly journals Swine flu awareness in pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1981
Author(s):  
Nilesh Doshi ◽  
Aditi J. Upadhye ◽  
Jayshree J. Upadhye
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Background: Swine influenza outbreaks are common in pigs year-round and infection in humans is a result of close contact with infected animals. Understanding the perception of the public and their potential resources would help public health agencies in developing educational programs to increase the awareness of the public. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices on different aspects of swine flu.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 pregnant women was conducted at Varun Arjun Medical College, Banthara, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India to test their knowledge, attitudes, and use of precautionary measures against influenza infection.Results: In this study, 98 (98%) of pregnant women were aware of swine flu infection, 85 (85%) of pregnant women knew that swine flu is due to viral infection while 65 (65%) of pregnant women were aware that swine flu infection spreads through air while sneezing and coughing. In this study, 95 (96%) of pregnant women knew fever as symptom of swine flu, 83 (83%) of pregnant women knew cough and cold as symptoms while 64 (64%) of pregnant women knew headache and body ache as symptoms. 94 (94%) of pregnant women were aware that vaccination against swine flu can prevent swine flu infection. 80 (80%) of pregnant women knew that covering mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing can prevent spread of swine flu infection while 52 (52%) of pregnant women knew that frequent hand washing helps in preventing spread of swine flu infection. 76 (76%) of pregnant women received vaccination against swine flu while 24 (24%) of pregnant women did not receive vaccination against swine flu.Conclusions: Learning more about the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public during swine flu and other infectious disease outbreak can be crucial to improve efforts by public health officials and clinicians.

On nature’s shoulders

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A Cunha-e-Sá ◽  
Rita Freitas ◽  
Luis Catela Nunes ◽  
Vladimir Otrachshenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Local Municipality

The use of counterfactual methods in the evaluation of policy interventions has been accepted today as the best approach in the estimation of a program’s performance. However, the simplest evaluations are often quite demanding in terms of the resources and the time needed to be implemented. In this article, we study the economic impact of a tourism media campaign launched in Nazaré, an old fishing community on the west coast of Portugal, to make big waves visible to the world. The campaign provided the required “informational media infrastructure” that created the public awareness necessary to boost tourism in the region. To measure the economic impact of that campaign on the local economy, we show how a counterfactual analysis can be implemented using regional statistical data on domestic and international tourist arrivals. We show how the method can be adapted to account for the presence of potential spillover effects that may have occurred, as neighboring municipalities could also have been affected by the intervention. We further compare the estimated impact on revenues with the costs incurred by the local municipality in the marketing campaign. Based on our empirical findings, we discuss policy implications to the municipalities in the region.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FATWA ULAMA COUNCIL ACEH CONCERNING MAINTAINING FARDHU KIFAYAH FOR THE MUSLIM’S CORPSE INFECTED BY COVID 19 IN BANDA ACEH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Nirwana
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstract: The phenomenon of the people who forcibly took covid's corpse 19 from the hospital to be taken care of by Fardhu Kifayah by his family and the community, became a conclusion that there was community doubt about the management of Tajhiz Mayat conducted by the hospital. Coupled with the circulation of the video of the Ruku movement 'in the corpse prayer conducted by unscrupulous parties at the Hospital, became added doubts from the public against the hospital. To solve this problem, this research uses a Descriptive Analysis approach, namely by formulating a question, namely How to arrange Covid 19's body in Banda Aceh and this question will be answered with several theories and data sets from the field. So it was concluded in a conclusion that answered the formulation of the problems mentioned. Theoretically the spread of covid 19 is very fast, the size of the virus is only 0.1 micrometer and is in body fluids, especially nasopharyngeal fluid and oropharyngeal fluids of infected people, fluids in the body of covid 19 bodies can get out through every gap of the body such as mouth, nose, eye and rectum, because it requires special techniques in its management. Fardhu kifayah to covid 19 bodies should be carried out by trained Ustad and trained health workers, so that the spread stopped. The results of this study concluded that the management of the Moslem bodies died at Zainal Abidin Hospital in Banda Aceh was in accordance with the Fatwa of the Aceh Ulama Council (MPU) and the bodies were handled by trained Ustad and health workers.

Fiduciary Principles and Public Offices

2019 ◽  
pp. 302-322
Author(s):  
Ethan J. Leib ◽  
Stephen R. Galoob
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Normative Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Law

This chapter examines how fiduciary principles apply to public offices, focusing on what it means for officeholders to comport themselves to their respective public roles appropriately. Public law institutions can operate in accordance with fiduciary norms even when they are enforced differently from the remedial mechanisms available in private fiduciary law. In the public sector, fiduciary norms are difficult to enforce directly and the fiduciary norms of public office do not overlap completely with the positive law governing public officials. Nevertheless, core fiduciary principles are at the heart of public officeholding, and public officers need to fulfill their fiduciary role obligations. This chapter first considers three areas of U.S. public law whose fiduciary character reinforces the tenet that public office is a public trust: the U.S. Constitution’s “Emoluments Clauses,” administrative law, and the law of judging. It then explores the fiduciary character of public law by looking at the deeper normative structure of public officeholding, placing emphasis on how public officeholders are constrained by the principles of loyalty, care, deliberation, conscientiousness, and robustness. It also compares the policy implications of the fiduciary view of officeholding with those of Dennis Thompson’s view before concluding with an explanation of how the application of fiduciary principles might differ between public and private law settings and how public institutions might be designed or reformed in light of fiduciary norms.

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